4-壬基酚的微生物降解研究
摘要
壬基酚是环境激素中雌激素效应比较强,难生物治理的化合物,治理洗涤、日化废水的关键就是对壬基酚的有效治理。本文通过大量的实验研究工作,系统地对4-壬基酚降解菌分离与生长繁殖特性、高效降解菌对4-壬基酚降解性能、生物强化因子等进行了初步研究,为治理工业废水中4-壬基酚提供了理论依据。
1.对采集的样品进行好氧驯化,从分离出的31株菌中筛选出了5株细菌,它们可以在固体培养基上良好生长,并对4—壬基酚有较好的降解效果。
2.分离出的5株细菌,标记为菌株A、菌株B、菌株C、菌株D、菌株E、对它们的菌落形态特征进行了初步研究。
3.通过对初筛菌株生长特性的研究,A、B、C、E四菌都是在48h后就进入稳定期,其中A、B两菌的生长情况比较接近,D菌则比其它四株菌较快的进入稳定期(24h),C菌相比其它四株菌在同一时间内细胞增殖的最快。
4.环境因素对菌株生长的有一定的影响,在实验室条件下,五株菌在不同的pH下生长差异比较大,A菌株在pH5.0和pH9.0生长都比较差,在pH6.0-8.0生长都比较好。B菌在pH5.0时的生长受到了抑制,20℃和25℃时A和B菌的生长都差不多,25℃时两株菌的生长量要略高一点;C菌在中性偏碱性条件下生长都较好,最适温度为35℃;D菌反而在两个极端生长较好,在pH6.0-8.0时一般,E菌在pH5.0时生长受到了抑制,D和E菌的最适温度为20℃。
5.采用人工诱变-紫外线照射诱变法,对分离筛选出的五株降解菌进行了诱变处理,经扩大培养,得到三株生长与降解效果较好的菌株X、Y、Z。菌株降解效果测定结果表明,菌株X和Y降解性能高于菌株Z。
6.对诱变得到的高效降解菌株的特性进行了较为详细的研究,主要是在多种环境条件下,对菌株生长繁殖、降解4—壬基酚能力的变化进行了实验研究,摸索出了最适的菌株培养条件,在这些条件共同存在并作用下,菌株降解4—壬基酚的效率有很大的提高,最高壬基酚去除率可达76.4%。
7.通过共代谢初级碳源和氮源对菌株降解性能比较,实验结果得出4—NP并不是X和Z菌株的唯一碳源,外碳源的加入在一定浓度上促进了菌株的降解,而葡萄糖浓度的改变反而降低了Y菌株的降解率,说明葡萄糖在一定程度上抑制了菌株对碳源的吸收。当培养液中硝酸铵的浓度为40mg/L时促进了X和Y菌株的降解,降解率分别为79.8%和78.6%。对Z菌株,随着培养液中硝酸铵浓度的增大,降解率逐渐降低,可见培养液中氮源浓度的增长抑制了Z菌株对4—NP碳源的利用。
8.在菌株Y最佳生长温度,pH值条件下,进行实验室模拟实验。有诱变菌株的一组降解效果较对照组好,在100mg/L的4—壬基酚浓度下,1d后加诱变菌组在降解率可达到75.2%,而对照组仅达到5.1%;在300mg/L的4—壬基酚浓度下,1d后加诱变菌组在可降解67.5%,而对照组降解率仅达到3.9%。
Nonylphenolp(NP)is a kind of compound which is hard to dispose under biology fathering,and has comparatively high toxicity to EEDs.The key point of washing waste water is the effective fathering of lignin.Through a large amount of experiment, such as the separation of high effect bacilli and its' growth trait,the degradation capability of high effect to 4-NP,and experiment of biology strengthen gene,the thesis provides theory support of improving the disposal effect of 4-NP in the washing waste water.
1.Screening out 5 bacilli from 31 kinds of bacilli,which can grow well in the solid culture medium,making elementary research of the degradating capability of these 5 bacilli to 4-NP.
2.Separating the animalcule which can grow comparatively well in the culture medium which includes 4-NP after domesticating the gathered sample.Screening out 5 bacilli from 31 kinds of bacilli after separating them though flat score,and marking them as strain A、strain B、strain C、strain D、strain E,all of them can grow well in the culture medium which includes 4-NP.We also make research of its shape character.
3.Through the research of the growth characteristic of these bacilli,we find out that A、B、C、E come into stabilization 48 hours later,among them,A grows close to B,D enters into stabilization quicker than the other four,C proliferate cells faster than the other four in the same time.
4.The environment has some effect on the growth of the bacilli.Under the condition of the lab,there exists difference among the 5 bacilli with different pH.A grows bad under pH5.0 and pH 9.0,while grows well under pH 6.0-8.0.B restrains its growth under pH5.0.A grows close to B under 20℃and 25℃.These two grow a litter bit high under 25℃.C grows well under the condition of alkalescent,the proper temperature is 35℃.However,D grows well in the two extremes, commonly under pH6.0-8.0.D restrains its growth under pH5.0,and the proper temperature for D and E is 20℃.
5.Adopting the method of mutation law-ultraviolet irradiation mutagenic law,and making a series of disposal to the 5 bacilli by use of the appropriate mutagen dosage,we can get 3 bacilli X、Y、Z which grows well,making favorable foundation of degradation.The result indicates that the degradating capability of X and Y is higher than Z.
6.We do detailed research on the characteristic of the high effect bacilli,particularly under various environment condition.By studying the propagation of bacilli and the change of the capability to degrade 4-NP,we can find out the suitable condition.We can improve the efficiency of the high effect bacilli under these condition,wiping off 4-NP 76.4%.The result indicates that the condition of temperature is 30℃.
7.Through the medium of manifold cometabolism primary carbon source and nitrogen source efficiency comare,we found that 4-NP degradation can be increased with the concentration of external carbon source for straint X and straint Y,but not the straint of Y.
8.Under the optimal combination of temperature,pH.some laboratorial simulation experiments were carried out.The experimental results show that the performance of the group containing mutated strain is better the performance of CK.When the density of 4-NP was 100mg/L,the removal rate of mutated group was 75.2%after 1d degradation and that of CK was 5.1%.When the density of 4-NP was 300mg/L, the removal rate of mutated group was 67.5%after 1d degradation and that of CK was 3.9%.
1.对采集的样品进行好氧驯化,从分离出的31株菌中筛选出了5株细菌,它们可以在固体培养基上良好生长,并对4—壬基酚有较好的降解效果。
2.分离出的5株细菌,标记为菌株A、菌株B、菌株C、菌株D、菌株E、对它们的菌落形态特征进行了初步研究。
3.通过对初筛菌株生长特性的研究,A、B、C、E四菌都是在48h后就进入稳定期,其中A、B两菌的生长情况比较接近,D菌则比其它四株菌较快的进入稳定期(24h),C菌相比其它四株菌在同一时间内细胞增殖的最快。
4.环境因素对菌株生长的有一定的影响,在实验室条件下,五株菌在不同的pH下生长差异比较大,A菌株在pH5.0和pH9.0生长都比较差,在pH6.0-8.0生长都比较好。B菌在pH5.0时的生长受到了抑制,20℃和25℃时A和B菌的生长都差不多,25℃时两株菌的生长量要略高一点;C菌在中性偏碱性条件下生长都较好,最适温度为35℃;D菌反而在两个极端生长较好,在pH6.0-8.0时一般,E菌在pH5.0时生长受到了抑制,D和E菌的最适温度为20℃。
5.采用人工诱变-紫外线照射诱变法,对分离筛选出的五株降解菌进行了诱变处理,经扩大培养,得到三株生长与降解效果较好的菌株X、Y、Z。菌株降解效果测定结果表明,菌株X和Y降解性能高于菌株Z。
6.对诱变得到的高效降解菌株的特性进行了较为详细的研究,主要是在多种环境条件下,对菌株生长繁殖、降解4—壬基酚能力的变化进行了实验研究,摸索出了最适的菌株培养条件,在这些条件共同存在并作用下,菌株降解4—壬基酚的效率有很大的提高,最高壬基酚去除率可达76.4%。
7.通过共代谢初级碳源和氮源对菌株降解性能比较,实验结果得出4—NP并不是X和Z菌株的唯一碳源,外碳源的加入在一定浓度上促进了菌株的降解,而葡萄糖浓度的改变反而降低了Y菌株的降解率,说明葡萄糖在一定程度上抑制了菌株对碳源的吸收。当培养液中硝酸铵的浓度为40mg/L时促进了X和Y菌株的降解,降解率分别为79.8%和78.6%。对Z菌株,随着培养液中硝酸铵浓度的增大,降解率逐渐降低,可见培养液中氮源浓度的增长抑制了Z菌株对4—NP碳源的利用。
8.在菌株Y最佳生长温度,pH值条件下,进行实验室模拟实验。有诱变菌株的一组降解效果较对照组好,在100mg/L的4—壬基酚浓度下,1d后加诱变菌组在降解率可达到75.2%,而对照组仅达到5.1%;在300mg/L的4—壬基酚浓度下,1d后加诱变菌组在可降解67.5%,而对照组降解率仅达到3.9%。
Nonylphenolp(NP)is a kind of compound which is hard to dispose under biology fathering,and has comparatively high toxicity to EEDs.The key point of washing waste water is the effective fathering of lignin.Through a large amount of experiment, such as the separation of high effect bacilli and its' growth trait,the degradation capability of high effect to 4-NP,and experiment of biology strengthen gene,the thesis provides theory support of improving the disposal effect of 4-NP in the washing waste water.
1.Screening out 5 bacilli from 31 kinds of bacilli,which can grow well in the solid culture medium,making elementary research of the degradating capability of these 5 bacilli to 4-NP.
2.Separating the animalcule which can grow comparatively well in the culture medium which includes 4-NP after domesticating the gathered sample.Screening out 5 bacilli from 31 kinds of bacilli after separating them though flat score,and marking them as strain A、strain B、strain C、strain D、strain E,all of them can grow well in the culture medium which includes 4-NP.We also make research of its shape character.
3.Through the research of the growth characteristic of these bacilli,we find out that A、B、C、E come into stabilization 48 hours later,among them,A grows close to B,D enters into stabilization quicker than the other four,C proliferate cells faster than the other four in the same time.
4.The environment has some effect on the growth of the bacilli.Under the condition of the lab,there exists difference among the 5 bacilli with different pH.A grows bad under pH5.0 and pH 9.0,while grows well under pH 6.0-8.0.B restrains its growth under pH5.0.A grows close to B under 20℃and 25℃.These two grow a litter bit high under 25℃.C grows well under the condition of alkalescent,the proper temperature is 35℃.However,D grows well in the two extremes, commonly under pH6.0-8.0.D restrains its growth under pH5.0,and the proper temperature for D and E is 20℃.
5.Adopting the method of mutation law-ultraviolet irradiation mutagenic law,and making a series of disposal to the 5 bacilli by use of the appropriate mutagen dosage,we can get 3 bacilli X、Y、Z which grows well,making favorable foundation of degradation.The result indicates that the degradating capability of X and Y is higher than Z.
6.We do detailed research on the characteristic of the high effect bacilli,particularly under various environment condition.By studying the propagation of bacilli and the change of the capability to degrade 4-NP,we can find out the suitable condition.We can improve the efficiency of the high effect bacilli under these condition,wiping off 4-NP 76.4%.The result indicates that the condition of temperature is 30℃.
7.Through the medium of manifold cometabolism primary carbon source and nitrogen source efficiency comare,we found that 4-NP degradation can be increased with the concentration of external carbon source for straint X and straint Y,but not the straint of Y.
8.Under the optimal combination of temperature,pH.some laboratorial simulation experiments were carried out.The experimental results show that the performance of the group containing mutated strain is better the performance of CK.When the density of 4-NP was 100mg/L,the removal rate of mutated group was 75.2%after 1d degradation and that of CK was 5.1%.When the density of 4-NP was 300mg/L, the removal rate of mutated group was 67.5%after 1d degradation and that of CK was 3.9%.
引文
[1]邹国辉.环境荷尔蒙.环境导报,2001(4):48-49.
[2]楼静.膜生物反应器技术在环境激素废水处理中的应用.中国环境管理干部学院学报,2003(3):18-20.
[3]Maria J,Lopez de Alda.Damio Barcelo.Review of analytical methods for the determination of estrogens and progestogens in waste waters.Fresenius J Anal Chem,2001,(371):437-47.
[4]西川淳一,治井爱莉.环境激素及其对内分泌系统的干扰.城市管理与科技,2004,6(2):60-62.
[5]刘晓庚.环境激素对食品安全的危害及防治.食品科学,2003,24(8):196-200.
[6]任仁.环境激素的种类和污染途径.大学化学,2001,16(1):28-32.
[7]姜安玺,李文兰,季宇彬等.当前环境激素的研究状况.城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(5):29-31.
[8]梁玉兰,李福仁.环境激素污染对生物影响及防治研究.闽西职业大学学报,2002,1,74-77.
[9]Jones K.,Voogt P.Persistent organic pollutants(POPS):state of the Science,Environmental pollution,1999(100).
[10]朱广香,马恒东.环境激素的危害及研究进展简述.河南畜牧兽医,2003,24(8):9-10.
[11]王琳玲,黄卫红,邵秀梅等.环境内分泌干扰素分析方法进展.分析科学学报,2003,19(2):179-184.
[12]匡少平,张书圣.环境激素污染研究进展及污染防治.环境污染治理技术与设备.2002,3(6):8-12.
[13]夏星辉,杨居荣,许嘉琳.环境激素污染研究进展.上海环境科学.2001,20(2):56-59.
[14]冯碧,劭健忠.环境激素对动物生存的威胁,四川动物,2002,21(1):25-27.
[15]McCarty J.Auk,Potential of a new biotreatment:Sphingomonas cloacae S-3T degrades nonylphenol in industrial wastewater 1999,1(16):55-63.
[16]方昌阁,张才乔,乔惠理等.环境激素生殖毒性作用的研究进展.国外畜牧科技,2000,27(2):31-34.
[17]Key S.New study highlights hazardson hormone disrupting chemicals.World Disease(Weekly Plus),1998,(9):11-12.
[18]刘顺枝,刘雯,张建桃.环境激素对环境的影响及其防治.广州大学学报(自然科学版),2006.5(2):24-29.
[19]刘萍.环境荷尔蒙与人类健康.云南环境科学,2001,12(增刊):42-45.
[20]刘先利,刘彬,邓南圣.环境内分泌干扰物研究进展.上海环境科学.2003.22(1):57-62.
[21]牛静萍,刘亚平,阮烨.黄河兰州段环境激素的污染水平环境与健康杂志2006,23(6):527-529.
[22]保毓书,周树森.环境因素与生殖健康.北京,化学工业出版社,2002.
[23]孟紫强.环境毒理学基础.北京,高等教育出版社,2003.
[24]韩灏,邵兵,马亚鲁等.高效液相色谱法测定饮料食品中的类雌激素.色谱,2005,23(2):176-179.
[25]Sekela M.,Brewer R.,Moyle G.Occurrence of an Environmental Estrogen(4-Nonylphenol)in Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent and the Aquatic Receiving Environment.Water Science and Technology.1999,39:217-220.
[26]Ashley J.,Moore A.,Stapleton H.Sedimentary nonylphenol contamination in an urbanized industrialized segment of the Delaware River Estuary,USA.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol,2003,70:978-984.
[27]Groshar C.,Okkerman P.,Wassenberg W.Chemical study on alkylphenols.Ministerie van Verkeeren,2001.
[28]《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》,商务部2006年51号公告.
[29]Soares A.,Guieysse B.,Mattiasson B.Biodegradation of nonylphenol in a continuous packed-bed bioreactor.Biotechnology Letters 2003,25:927-933.
[30]Sacramento Co.,Sigma Chemical Co.,Aldrich Chemical Co.Material safety data sheet:Nonylphenol,tech,1993.
[31]Julia N.,Yakovleva.,Anna Y.,Lobanova Ekaterina A.Express detection of nonylphenol in water samples by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.Anal Bioanal Chem 2005,378:634-641.
[32]Kawana R.,Stmssmann C.,Hashimoto S.Effect of p-Nonylphenol on sperm motility in Japanese medaka.Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2003,28:213-214.
[33]Gye M.Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of liver proteins following nonylphenol treatment of bombina orientalis boulenger bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.2006,73:411-415.
[34]刘红玲,周宇,许妍等.氯代酚和炕基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育影响的研究.安全与环境学报.2004,4(4):3-6.
[35]吴鹰,孟艳玲,周忠良.环境内分泌干扰物对河川沙塘鳢的雌激素效应检测环境监测管理与技术,2006,18(6):13-17.
[36]朱毅,舒为群,田怀军等.壬基酚体外雌激素活性评价及其作用.西南国防医药.2003,13(2):119-123.
[37]National Research Council of Canada.Nonylphenol and related chemicals.Jornal of pesticide reform.1996,16(1):15-20.
[38]Northwest coalition for alternatives to pesticides.Nonylphenol and related chemicals.Journal of pesticide reform.1996,16(1):15-20.
[39]陈正夫,环境激素的分析和评价.北京,化学工业出版社,2003.
[40]Renner R.Trace Organic Contaminants,including toxaphene and trifluralin,in cotton field soils from Georgia and south Carolina,USA.Environ.Toxicol.1997,31,316.
[41]袁理,曾光明,张长.痕量壬基酚及相关化合物的样品预处理和测定.环境污染与防治2004,26(6):476-478.
[42]Blackburn M,Waldock M.Concentrations of alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales.Water Research,1995,29:1623-1629.
[43]李正炎,Donghao Li.西瓦湖中壬基酚和双酚A的污染特征.青岛海洋大学学报.2003,33(6):847-853.
[44]Vazquz-DuhalR.Marquez-Rochae.Nonylphenol,an intergrated vision of a pollutant.Applide ecology and environmental research 2006,4(1):1-25.
[45]周鸿,张晓健,胡建英等.饮水中壬基酚极其前提物的分布特征.环境与健康杂志.2004,21(5):288-290.
[46]Croce L.Patrolecco S.Polesello.Extraction of Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates from River Sediments:Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques Chromatographia 2003,58:145-149.
[47]沈钢,余刚,张祖麟.壬基酚及其短链聚氧乙烯醚在污泥和土壤中的存在和降解.环境污染与防治.2004,26(4):263-267.
[48]Tom T.,Willy B.Adsorption of Nonylphenol onto granular activated carbon.Water,air and soil pollution.2001,131:61-72.
[50]Porter N.Hayden Nonylphenol in the Environment:A Critical Review.2005.
[51]范奇元,金泰,将学之等.我国部分地区环境中壬基酚的检测.中国公共卫生,2002,18(11):1372-1373.
[52]郝永梅,麦碧娴,李春雷,澳门南湾湖钻孔沉积物中烷基酚的初步研究.环境科学,2006,25(4):129-133.
[53]薛晓飞,吴峰,邓南圣,关于武汉地区河流与湖泊中内分泌干扰物质的调查与分析.洛阳大学学报,2005,20(4):33-36.
[54]段菁春,陈兵,麦碧娴,洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究.环境科学,2004,25(3):48-52.
[55]刘昕宇,张曙光,渠康,黄河上游重点河段特征有机污染物现状调查分析.人民黄河,2006,28(3):49-52.
[56]曾北危,环境激素.北京,化学工业出版社,2005.
[57]Jennifer A,Ralphl R.Subcritical(hot)water / ethanol extraction of nonylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates from industrial and municipal sludges.Environ.Sci.Technol,1999,33:2782-2787.
[58]Lee B.,Peart T.,Bennie D.Determination of nonylphenol polyethoylates and their carboxylic acid metabolites in sewage treatment plant sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.J.Chrom.A.1997.785:385-394.
[59]EU working document on sludge 3rd draft.Statutory order from the ministry of environment and energy,on application of waste products for agricultural use.Ministry of Environment and Energy.2000.
[60]金星龙,江桂斌,黄国兰等.污水处理流程中几种典型酚类化合物的分布.环境科学学报,2004,6(24):1027-1031.
[61]Thiele B.,Gunther K,Schwuger M.Alkyphenol ethoxylates:Trace analysis and environmental behavior.Chem.Rev.1997,97:3247-3272.
[62]赵劲松,袁星.环境激素对鱼的影响.环境科学研究,2001,14(3):12-15.
[63]Corvini M.,Elend J.,Hollender R.Metabolism of a nonylphenol isomer by Sphingomonassp.strain TTNP3.Environ Chem Lett,2005,2:185-189.
[64]李素玉.环境微生物分类与检测技术.北京,化学工业出版社,2005.
[65]祖若夫,胡宝龙,周德庆.微生物学教程.上海,复旦大学出版社,1993.
[66]王家玲.环境微生物学.北京,高等教育出版社.2003.
[67]张海云.碱法草浆造纸黑液中木质素生物降解研究.[硕士学位论文].合肥:安徽农业大学,2006.
[2]楼静.膜生物反应器技术在环境激素废水处理中的应用.中国环境管理干部学院学报,2003(3):18-20.
[3]Maria J,Lopez de Alda.Damio Barcelo.Review of analytical methods for the determination of estrogens and progestogens in waste waters.Fresenius J Anal Chem,2001,(371):437-47.
[4]西川淳一,治井爱莉.环境激素及其对内分泌系统的干扰.城市管理与科技,2004,6(2):60-62.
[5]刘晓庚.环境激素对食品安全的危害及防治.食品科学,2003,24(8):196-200.
[6]任仁.环境激素的种类和污染途径.大学化学,2001,16(1):28-32.
[7]姜安玺,李文兰,季宇彬等.当前环境激素的研究状况.城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(5):29-31.
[8]梁玉兰,李福仁.环境激素污染对生物影响及防治研究.闽西职业大学学报,2002,1,74-77.
[9]Jones K.,Voogt P.Persistent organic pollutants(POPS):state of the Science,Environmental pollution,1999(100).
[10]朱广香,马恒东.环境激素的危害及研究进展简述.河南畜牧兽医,2003,24(8):9-10.
[11]王琳玲,黄卫红,邵秀梅等.环境内分泌干扰素分析方法进展.分析科学学报,2003,19(2):179-184.
[12]匡少平,张书圣.环境激素污染研究进展及污染防治.环境污染治理技术与设备.2002,3(6):8-12.
[13]夏星辉,杨居荣,许嘉琳.环境激素污染研究进展.上海环境科学.2001,20(2):56-59.
[14]冯碧,劭健忠.环境激素对动物生存的威胁,四川动物,2002,21(1):25-27.
[15]McCarty J.Auk,Potential of a new biotreatment:Sphingomonas cloacae S-3T degrades nonylphenol in industrial wastewater 1999,1(16):55-63.
[16]方昌阁,张才乔,乔惠理等.环境激素生殖毒性作用的研究进展.国外畜牧科技,2000,27(2):31-34.
[17]Key S.New study highlights hazardson hormone disrupting chemicals.World Disease(Weekly Plus),1998,(9):11-12.
[18]刘顺枝,刘雯,张建桃.环境激素对环境的影响及其防治.广州大学学报(自然科学版),2006.5(2):24-29.
[19]刘萍.环境荷尔蒙与人类健康.云南环境科学,2001,12(增刊):42-45.
[20]刘先利,刘彬,邓南圣.环境内分泌干扰物研究进展.上海环境科学.2003.22(1):57-62.
[21]牛静萍,刘亚平,阮烨.黄河兰州段环境激素的污染水平环境与健康杂志2006,23(6):527-529.
[22]保毓书,周树森.环境因素与生殖健康.北京,化学工业出版社,2002.
[23]孟紫强.环境毒理学基础.北京,高等教育出版社,2003.
[24]韩灏,邵兵,马亚鲁等.高效液相色谱法测定饮料食品中的类雌激素.色谱,2005,23(2):176-179.
[25]Sekela M.,Brewer R.,Moyle G.Occurrence of an Environmental Estrogen(4-Nonylphenol)in Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent and the Aquatic Receiving Environment.Water Science and Technology.1999,39:217-220.
[26]Ashley J.,Moore A.,Stapleton H.Sedimentary nonylphenol contamination in an urbanized industrialized segment of the Delaware River Estuary,USA.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol,2003,70:978-984.
[27]Groshar C.,Okkerman P.,Wassenberg W.Chemical study on alkylphenols.Ministerie van Verkeeren,2001.
[28]《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》,商务部2006年51号公告.
[29]Soares A.,Guieysse B.,Mattiasson B.Biodegradation of nonylphenol in a continuous packed-bed bioreactor.Biotechnology Letters 2003,25:927-933.
[30]Sacramento Co.,Sigma Chemical Co.,Aldrich Chemical Co.Material safety data sheet:Nonylphenol,tech,1993.
[31]Julia N.,Yakovleva.,Anna Y.,Lobanova Ekaterina A.Express detection of nonylphenol in water samples by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.Anal Bioanal Chem 2005,378:634-641.
[32]Kawana R.,Stmssmann C.,Hashimoto S.Effect of p-Nonylphenol on sperm motility in Japanese medaka.Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2003,28:213-214.
[33]Gye M.Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of liver proteins following nonylphenol treatment of bombina orientalis boulenger bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.2006,73:411-415.
[34]刘红玲,周宇,许妍等.氯代酚和炕基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育影响的研究.安全与环境学报.2004,4(4):3-6.
[35]吴鹰,孟艳玲,周忠良.环境内分泌干扰物对河川沙塘鳢的雌激素效应检测环境监测管理与技术,2006,18(6):13-17.
[36]朱毅,舒为群,田怀军等.壬基酚体外雌激素活性评价及其作用.西南国防医药.2003,13(2):119-123.
[37]National Research Council of Canada.Nonylphenol and related chemicals.Jornal of pesticide reform.1996,16(1):15-20.
[38]Northwest coalition for alternatives to pesticides.Nonylphenol and related chemicals.Journal of pesticide reform.1996,16(1):15-20.
[39]陈正夫,环境激素的分析和评价.北京,化学工业出版社,2003.
[40]Renner R.Trace Organic Contaminants,including toxaphene and trifluralin,in cotton field soils from Georgia and south Carolina,USA.Environ.Toxicol.1997,31,316.
[41]袁理,曾光明,张长.痕量壬基酚及相关化合物的样品预处理和测定.环境污染与防治2004,26(6):476-478.
[42]Blackburn M,Waldock M.Concentrations of alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales.Water Research,1995,29:1623-1629.
[43]李正炎,Donghao Li.西瓦湖中壬基酚和双酚A的污染特征.青岛海洋大学学报.2003,33(6):847-853.
[44]Vazquz-DuhalR.Marquez-Rochae.Nonylphenol,an intergrated vision of a pollutant.Applide ecology and environmental research 2006,4(1):1-25.
[45]周鸿,张晓健,胡建英等.饮水中壬基酚极其前提物的分布特征.环境与健康杂志.2004,21(5):288-290.
[46]Croce L.Patrolecco S.Polesello.Extraction of Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates from River Sediments:Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques Chromatographia 2003,58:145-149.
[47]沈钢,余刚,张祖麟.壬基酚及其短链聚氧乙烯醚在污泥和土壤中的存在和降解.环境污染与防治.2004,26(4):263-267.
[48]Tom T.,Willy B.Adsorption of Nonylphenol onto granular activated carbon.Water,air and soil pollution.2001,131:61-72.
[50]Porter N.Hayden Nonylphenol in the Environment:A Critical Review.2005.
[51]范奇元,金泰,将学之等.我国部分地区环境中壬基酚的检测.中国公共卫生,2002,18(11):1372-1373.
[52]郝永梅,麦碧娴,李春雷,澳门南湾湖钻孔沉积物中烷基酚的初步研究.环境科学,2006,25(4):129-133.
[53]薛晓飞,吴峰,邓南圣,关于武汉地区河流与湖泊中内分泌干扰物质的调查与分析.洛阳大学学报,2005,20(4):33-36.
[54]段菁春,陈兵,麦碧娴,洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究.环境科学,2004,25(3):48-52.
[55]刘昕宇,张曙光,渠康,黄河上游重点河段特征有机污染物现状调查分析.人民黄河,2006,28(3):49-52.
[56]曾北危,环境激素.北京,化学工业出版社,2005.
[57]Jennifer A,Ralphl R.Subcritical(hot)water / ethanol extraction of nonylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates from industrial and municipal sludges.Environ.Sci.Technol,1999,33:2782-2787.
[58]Lee B.,Peart T.,Bennie D.Determination of nonylphenol polyethoylates and their carboxylic acid metabolites in sewage treatment plant sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.J.Chrom.A.1997.785:385-394.
[59]EU working document on sludge 3rd draft.Statutory order from the ministry of environment and energy,on application of waste products for agricultural use.Ministry of Environment and Energy.2000.
[60]金星龙,江桂斌,黄国兰等.污水处理流程中几种典型酚类化合物的分布.环境科学学报,2004,6(24):1027-1031.
[61]Thiele B.,Gunther K,Schwuger M.Alkyphenol ethoxylates:Trace analysis and environmental behavior.Chem.Rev.1997,97:3247-3272.
[62]赵劲松,袁星.环境激素对鱼的影响.环境科学研究,2001,14(3):12-15.
[63]Corvini M.,Elend J.,Hollender R.Metabolism of a nonylphenol isomer by Sphingomonassp.strain TTNP3.Environ Chem Lett,2005,2:185-189.
[64]李素玉.环境微生物分类与检测技术.北京,化学工业出版社,2005.
[65]祖若夫,胡宝龙,周德庆.微生物学教程.上海,复旦大学出版社,1993.
[66]王家玲.环境微生物学.北京,高等教育出版社.2003.
[67]张海云.碱法草浆造纸黑液中木质素生物降解研究.[硕士学位论文].合肥:安徽农业大学,2006.