黄河上游灌区麦后复种油葵田N_2O排放特征研究
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摘要
N_2O已成为引起全球气候变化和平流层臭氧损耗的主要气体之一，其在100年内的增温潜势约是C_O2和CH_4的310倍和13.5倍，且在大气中的滞留时间长，约达114年，被认为是导致全球变暖的重要因素之一。同时，N_2O经排放进入大气反应生成NO_x，最终可导致臭氧层破坏。目前，宁夏黄灌区N_2O排放量较大，该区以盐碱土为主，油葵因具有耐碱、耐旱、耐瘠薄且生长快、秆叶盘产量高等特点，已成为冬小麦收获后复种的首选作物。但该地区有关温室气体排放的研究较少，尤其缺乏对稻麦轮作后复种油葵农田N_2O的排放特征和排放通量的研究。
本研究针对目前宁夏引黄灌区典型轮作制度下农田N_2O排放量的估算存在较大不确定性的问题，通过大田观测并结合室内模拟，研究麦后复种油葵农田N_2O通量和影响因素，为准确估计宁夏灌区农田生态系统的N_2O排放提供一定的数据支持。2009-2011年种植作物为水稻-水稻-冬小麦，设置不同施肥处理，研究在此基础上开展，研究对象为麦后复种油葵田，在整个生长季不施入肥料。采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对长期不同施肥处理下形成不同肥力的油葵农田生态系统，进行N_2O通量日变化与季节变化特征研究，分析长期不同施肥处理对后茬油葵田N_2O通量的影响，并分析土壤湿度、温度、pH值、无机氮（NO_3~--N和NH4~+-N）含量、降雨等因素对N_2O通量的影响，揭示稻麦轮作后复种油葵农田N_2O通量与单个及综合因子的关系。
研究主要得出以下结果：
（1）有机肥与化学氮肥的长期配合施用对后茬作物油葵生长季N_2O排放通量有较大影响。不同处理（N300-OM、N240-1/2OM、N300、N240、N0）条件下N_2O平均排放通量和季节排放通量差异显著，且长期有机肥与化学氮肥的配合施用显著高于单施化学氮肥处理（P<0.05），各施肥处理均显著高于不施肥处理。土壤N_2O平均通量分别为44.82±15.07μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、47.58±15.20μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、20.25±9.10μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、18.05±8.38μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、7.58±5.94μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，即N240-1/2OM＞N300-OM＞N300＞N240＞N0。
（2）受土壤温度、含水量、pH、无机氮及降雨等的交互影响，油葵生长季N_2O通量随季节变化不明显。在油葵整个生长季总体上有从高到低的趋势，各处理在油葵播种后的第一个月出现较高的N_2O排放通量，在8月底各处理出现次高峰。在播种后第一个月内N300-OM、N240-1/2OM、N300、N240、N0各处理的N_2O平均排放通量分别为116.51±33.16μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、113.92±37.25μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、97.09±25.23μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、60.75±10.06μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、21.06±22.82μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，其他阶段N_2O平均通量分别为20.93±6.27μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、25.47±7.96μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、7.98±17.95μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、3.81±13.10μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.3±15.06μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。在油葵生长的第一个月N_2O平均排放量显著高于其他阶段N_2O平均排放通量（P<0.05），之后随着油葵对土壤氮的吸收利用和温度的降低N_2O通量逐渐降低，在较小的范围内上下波动。
（3）长期不同施肥处理后油葵田N_2O通量日变化未表现出明显的昼高夜低趋势，但日变化在不同生长季受不同施肥处理影响显著。油葵苗期，N300-OM处理N_2O通量日变化出现两个峰值，分别在11:00-13:00和18:00-22:00前后；N300和N0处理N_2O通量变化相似，呈现单峰曲线，排放高峰出现在上午9:00前后。油葵开花期，N300-OM处理N_2O通量日变化呈现两个峰值，峰值出现在11:00和22:00前后。N300和N0处理日变化通量相似，呈现出多峰曲线，峰值分别出现在11:00、18:00和2:00左右。
（4）在油葵生长的不同时期，土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤pH以及土壤中无机氮含量均对N_2O通量存在影响作用，且在不同施肥处理下作用大小不同。土壤含水量在7.5%~46.8%之间时，各处理下N_2O通量与土壤含水量有显著正相关关系；土壤pH为6.5~10.0时，各处理N_2O通量与其呈显著负相关。降雨会引起N_2O大量排放，多是在降雨量不太大或降雨后一段时间，短时间内有水分积存时土壤-植物系统N_2O呈吸收状态。生长季油葵田N_2O通量和土壤硝态氮、铵态氮的相关性受有机肥配施影响显著。N300-OM处理下N_2O通量随铵态氮含量的增加而增长，达到0.05的显著水平。其他处理土壤铵态氮含量与N_2O通量没有明显的关系。土壤硝态氮含量与N_2O通量也没有明显的关系。拟合油葵田生长季N_2O通量与各因子间的关系，5cm地温、土壤湿度、pH、NO_3--N、NH4+-N含量，5种因子可以解释油葵田整个观测期52.5%的N_2O排放通量的变化。
（5）室内模拟条件下土壤N_2O排放积累量随着温度的升高而增加，并随着培养时间的不断延长而逐渐减小，约在第7天后均达到最低值，几乎接近于0。土壤N_2O排放积累量与温度和培养天数之间的拟合方程为：Y=（-2.15T~2+108.87T-1041.9）+[403.38ln(T)-984.36] ln(t)，其中T表示温度，t表示培养时间。
Nitrous oxide, as one of the third-most abundant greenhouse gas, has an important effect on theglobal warming and climate change. It comprises a smaller portion of greenhouse gas emissions.However, N_2O is estimated to have310and13.5times of the globlal warming potential per molecule ofC_O2and CH_4. N_2O atmospheric lifetime is approximately114years. Once released, it may linger in theatmosphere for decades. N_2O reduction efforts have the potential to mitigate climate change. It has beenconsidered to the important factor to cause globle warming. In addition to being one cause of climatechange and globle warming, N_2O is also an ozone-depleting substance. Through a series of reactions, itcan produce NO_x, ultimately lead to ozone depletion. N_2O has become one of the primary gases thatcause global climate change and ozone depletion. N_2O emission flux is high in Ningxia irrigation area.Due to its characteristics to endure alkali, drought and barrenness, Oil-sunflower has been an importantcrop that can improve soil fertility and increase the output in Ningxia irrigation area. Oil-sunflower isregard as the important economic crop and the common and widely planting pattern to grow multiplecropping oil-sunflower after winter wheat harvest. We can turn soil with straw manuring afterharvesting the seeds of oil-sunflower to improve soil fertility. And the yield of oil-sunflower will be100-150kg per mu after harvesting winter wheat to cultivate oil-sunflower. The research on greenhousegas emissions is less in this area, especially about N_2O emission in the oil-sunflower farmland croppingafter winter wheat harvest. Therefore, it has practical significance to study N_2O emissionscharacteristics under the main planting pattern to sustainable development in the irrigation area.
The study on N_2O emission in oil-sunflower farmland under the long term fertilization treatmentswere carried out at Lingwu farm of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Retion. We studied N_2O flux and itsinfluencing factors in oil-sunflower farmland through fied observation and indoor soil column simulatedexperiments. In the first two years we grew rice and then to grow winter wheat from2009to2011.Different amount of fertilizer in the rice-wheat rotation farmland can form different soil fertility inoil-sunflower farmland. We studied oil-sunflower farmland that was no fertilizer application after winterwheat. N_2O emission was determined by using the static closed chamber-GC technique. We studied thedaily and seasonal dynamics of N_2O emission in oil-sunflower farmland and analysis the change in timeof N_2O flux in the long term of different fertilizer treatment conditions. And the effects of soil moisture,soil temperature, soil pH, inorganic nitrogen content and rain fall on N_2O flux have been analyzed.
The main conclusions of this dissertation as follows:
(1) There were great influences on N_2O emission fluxes in oil-sunflower growth period from theapplication of long term organic fertilizer and chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The treatment of addingorganic fertilizer were obvious above of that of only used chemical fertilizer (P<0.05). And alltreatments were significantly above that of N0(no fertilizer treatment). The average emission andseasonal emission flux of N_2O under different treatment （N300-OM, N240-1/2OM, N300, N240, N0）were significant. The average emission flux of N_2O were respectively44.82±17.70μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),47.58± 17.90μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),30.25±16.28μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),18.05±10.02μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),9.24±7.77μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), it showedthat N240-1/2OM＞N300-OM＞N300＞N240＞N0.
(2) The season dynamic of N_2O flux did not change significantly during oil-sunflower growthperiod under the mutual influence of soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, inorganic nitrogen contentand rain fall. N_2O flux has a trend of changing from high to low in general during oil-sunflower growthperiod. In all treatments, N_2O emission fluxes were higher during the first month after oil-sunflowersowed. And the processing appeared the second peak in the end of August. During the first month, theaverage N_2O emission flux of the treatments N300-OM, N240-1/2OM, N300, N240, N0were116.51±33.16μg·m-2·h-1,113.92±37.25μg·m-2·h-1,97.09±25.23μg·m-2·h-1,60.75±10.06μg·m-2·h-1,21.06±22.82μg·m-2·h-1respectively, and the other stages N_2O average flux were20.93±6.27μg·m-2·h-1,25.47±7.96μg·m-2·h-1,7.98±17.95μg·m-2·h-1,3.81±13.10μg·m-2·h-1,5.3±15.06μg·m-2·h-1respectively.In the first month of oil-sunflower growth N_2O average emission fluxes were higher significantly thanother stages N_2O average emission fluxes (P<0.05). N_2O flux decreased gradually with the soil nitrogenabsorbed and fall of temperature, and fluctuated in a much tighter range.
(3) Daily dynamic of N_2O emission in the long term of different fertilizer treatment in theoil-sunflower fields did not show the obvious trend of day and night. However, daily dynamic of N_2Oemission fluxes were different obviously by the effects of fertilizer treatments. During seeding, therewere two peaks in11:00-13:00and18:00-22:00of N_2O daily dynamic in N300-OM treatment. Therewas a similar trend of N_2O flux change in N300and N0treatments. The trend had the single apex andappeared in the9:00. During anthesis, there were two peaks in11:00and22:00of N_2O daily dynamic inN300-OM treatment. There was a similar trend of N_2O flux change in N300and N0treatments. Thetrend had the multi-peaks, and appeared in the11:00,18:00and2:00.
(4) There were different effects on N_2O flux among soil moisture, soil temperature, soil pH andinorganic nitrogen content on N_2O flux during different periods of oil-sunflower growth. The flux ofN_2O has significant positive correlation with soil moisture content (7.5%-46.8%) and has significantnegative correlation with soil pH (6.5-10.0). Rainfall can cause N_2O emissions largely, and it often tookplace after the small rainfall or a period of time after rainfall. Rain infiltrate slowly during a short time.The surface of soil could store up some water. It could be found that the absorption of N_2O flux insoil-plant system. The soil was dry during the growth period of oil-sunflower. The soil moisture contentwas low, and it would influence the potential of N_2O flux determined by the temperature. Thecorrelation analysis between N_2O flux and soil inorganic nitrogen showed that N_2O flux of the treatmentN300-OM would increase with the improvement of ammonium nitrogen content. It was significant(P<0.05). The other treatments had no obvious relationship with the content of ammonium nitrogen andthe same with soil nitrate nitrogen and N_2O flux. We analysised the influence of each factor on the N_2Oflux, the factors had interaction with N_2O flux. It showed that above5factors can explain52.5%changeof N_2O emissions flux during the oil-sunflower growth period.
（5）The accumulations of N_2O emission rised as temperature increased, and they reducedgradually with the experiment time extended and reduce. They reached the lowest about7days later, almost close to0. The accumulation of N_2O emission had interaction with soil temperature andincubation time and the equation can be showed that Y=（-2.15T~2+108.87T-1041.9）+[403.38ln(T)-984.36] ln(t), T represents soil temperature and t represents incubation time.
本研究针对目前宁夏引黄灌区典型轮作制度下农田N_2O排放量的估算存在较大不确定性的问题，通过大田观测并结合室内模拟，研究麦后复种油葵农田N_2O通量和影响因素，为准确估计宁夏灌区农田生态系统的N_2O排放提供一定的数据支持。2009-2011年种植作物为水稻-水稻-冬小麦，设置不同施肥处理，研究在此基础上开展，研究对象为麦后复种油葵田，在整个生长季不施入肥料。采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对长期不同施肥处理下形成不同肥力的油葵农田生态系统，进行N_2O通量日变化与季节变化特征研究，分析长期不同施肥处理对后茬油葵田N_2O通量的影响，并分析土壤湿度、温度、pH值、无机氮（NO_3~--N和NH4~+-N）含量、降雨等因素对N_2O通量的影响，揭示稻麦轮作后复种油葵农田N_2O通量与单个及综合因子的关系。
研究主要得出以下结果：
（1）有机肥与化学氮肥的长期配合施用对后茬作物油葵生长季N_2O排放通量有较大影响。不同处理（N300-OM、N240-1/2OM、N300、N240、N0）条件下N_2O平均排放通量和季节排放通量差异显著，且长期有机肥与化学氮肥的配合施用显著高于单施化学氮肥处理（P<0.05），各施肥处理均显著高于不施肥处理。土壤N_2O平均通量分别为44.82±15.07μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、47.58±15.20μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、20.25±9.10μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、18.05±8.38μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、7.58±5.94μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，即N240-1/2OM＞N300-OM＞N300＞N240＞N0。
（2）受土壤温度、含水量、pH、无机氮及降雨等的交互影响，油葵生长季N_2O通量随季节变化不明显。在油葵整个生长季总体上有从高到低的趋势，各处理在油葵播种后的第一个月出现较高的N_2O排放通量，在8月底各处理出现次高峰。在播种后第一个月内N300-OM、N240-1/2OM、N300、N240、N0各处理的N_2O平均排放通量分别为116.51±33.16μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、113.92±37.25μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、97.09±25.23μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、60.75±10.06μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、21.06±22.82μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，其他阶段N_2O平均通量分别为20.93±6.27μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、25.47±7.96μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、7.98±17.95μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、3.81±13.10μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.3±15.06μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。在油葵生长的第一个月N_2O平均排放量显著高于其他阶段N_2O平均排放通量（P<0.05），之后随着油葵对土壤氮的吸收利用和温度的降低N_2O通量逐渐降低，在较小的范围内上下波动。
（3）长期不同施肥处理后油葵田N_2O通量日变化未表现出明显的昼高夜低趋势，但日变化在不同生长季受不同施肥处理影响显著。油葵苗期，N300-OM处理N_2O通量日变化出现两个峰值，分别在11:00-13:00和18:00-22:00前后；N300和N0处理N_2O通量变化相似，呈现单峰曲线，排放高峰出现在上午9:00前后。油葵开花期，N300-OM处理N_2O通量日变化呈现两个峰值，峰值出现在11:00和22:00前后。N300和N0处理日变化通量相似，呈现出多峰曲线，峰值分别出现在11:00、18:00和2:00左右。
（4）在油葵生长的不同时期，土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤pH以及土壤中无机氮含量均对N_2O通量存在影响作用，且在不同施肥处理下作用大小不同。土壤含水量在7.5%~46.8%之间时，各处理下N_2O通量与土壤含水量有显著正相关关系；土壤pH为6.5~10.0时，各处理N_2O通量与其呈显著负相关。降雨会引起N_2O大量排放，多是在降雨量不太大或降雨后一段时间，短时间内有水分积存时土壤-植物系统N_2O呈吸收状态。生长季油葵田N_2O通量和土壤硝态氮、铵态氮的相关性受有机肥配施影响显著。N300-OM处理下N_2O通量随铵态氮含量的增加而增长，达到0.05的显著水平。其他处理土壤铵态氮含量与N_2O通量没有明显的关系。土壤硝态氮含量与N_2O通量也没有明显的关系。拟合油葵田生长季N_2O通量与各因子间的关系，5cm地温、土壤湿度、pH、NO_3--N、NH4+-N含量，5种因子可以解释油葵田整个观测期52.5%的N_2O排放通量的变化。
（5）室内模拟条件下土壤N_2O排放积累量随着温度的升高而增加，并随着培养时间的不断延长而逐渐减小，约在第7天后均达到最低值，几乎接近于0。土壤N_2O排放积累量与温度和培养天数之间的拟合方程为：Y=（-2.15T~2+108.87T-1041.9）+[403.38ln(T)-984.36] ln(t)，其中T表示温度，t表示培养时间。
Nitrous oxide, as one of the third-most abundant greenhouse gas, has an important effect on theglobal warming and climate change. It comprises a smaller portion of greenhouse gas emissions.However, N_2O is estimated to have310and13.5times of the globlal warming potential per molecule ofC_O2and CH_4. N_2O atmospheric lifetime is approximately114years. Once released, it may linger in theatmosphere for decades. N_2O reduction efforts have the potential to mitigate climate change. It has beenconsidered to the important factor to cause globle warming. In addition to being one cause of climatechange and globle warming, N_2O is also an ozone-depleting substance. Through a series of reactions, itcan produce NO_x, ultimately lead to ozone depletion. N_2O has become one of the primary gases thatcause global climate change and ozone depletion. N_2O emission flux is high in Ningxia irrigation area.Due to its characteristics to endure alkali, drought and barrenness, Oil-sunflower has been an importantcrop that can improve soil fertility and increase the output in Ningxia irrigation area. Oil-sunflower isregard as the important economic crop and the common and widely planting pattern to grow multiplecropping oil-sunflower after winter wheat harvest. We can turn soil with straw manuring afterharvesting the seeds of oil-sunflower to improve soil fertility. And the yield of oil-sunflower will be100-150kg per mu after harvesting winter wheat to cultivate oil-sunflower. The research on greenhousegas emissions is less in this area, especially about N_2O emission in the oil-sunflower farmland croppingafter winter wheat harvest. Therefore, it has practical significance to study N_2O emissionscharacteristics under the main planting pattern to sustainable development in the irrigation area.
The study on N_2O emission in oil-sunflower farmland under the long term fertilization treatmentswere carried out at Lingwu farm of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Retion. We studied N_2O flux and itsinfluencing factors in oil-sunflower farmland through fied observation and indoor soil column simulatedexperiments. In the first two years we grew rice and then to grow winter wheat from2009to2011.Different amount of fertilizer in the rice-wheat rotation farmland can form different soil fertility inoil-sunflower farmland. We studied oil-sunflower farmland that was no fertilizer application after winterwheat. N_2O emission was determined by using the static closed chamber-GC technique. We studied thedaily and seasonal dynamics of N_2O emission in oil-sunflower farmland and analysis the change in timeof N_2O flux in the long term of different fertilizer treatment conditions. And the effects of soil moisture,soil temperature, soil pH, inorganic nitrogen content and rain fall on N_2O flux have been analyzed.
The main conclusions of this dissertation as follows:
(1) There were great influences on N_2O emission fluxes in oil-sunflower growth period from theapplication of long term organic fertilizer and chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The treatment of addingorganic fertilizer were obvious above of that of only used chemical fertilizer (P<0.05). And alltreatments were significantly above that of N0(no fertilizer treatment). The average emission andseasonal emission flux of N_2O under different treatment （N300-OM, N240-1/2OM, N300, N240, N0）were significant. The average emission flux of N_2O were respectively44.82±17.70μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),47.58± 17.90μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),30.25±16.28μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),18.05±10.02μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),9.24±7.77μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1), it showedthat N240-1/2OM＞N300-OM＞N300＞N240＞N0.
(2) The season dynamic of N_2O flux did not change significantly during oil-sunflower growthperiod under the mutual influence of soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, inorganic nitrogen contentand rain fall. N_2O flux has a trend of changing from high to low in general during oil-sunflower growthperiod. In all treatments, N_2O emission fluxes were higher during the first month after oil-sunflowersowed. And the processing appeared the second peak in the end of August. During the first month, theaverage N_2O emission flux of the treatments N300-OM, N240-1/2OM, N300, N240, N0were116.51±33.16μg·m-2·h-1,113.92±37.25μg·m-2·h-1,97.09±25.23μg·m-2·h-1,60.75±10.06μg·m-2·h-1,21.06±22.82μg·m-2·h-1respectively, and the other stages N_2O average flux were20.93±6.27μg·m-2·h-1,25.47±7.96μg·m-2·h-1,7.98±17.95μg·m-2·h-1,3.81±13.10μg·m-2·h-1,5.3±15.06μg·m-2·h-1respectively.In the first month of oil-sunflower growth N_2O average emission fluxes were higher significantly thanother stages N_2O average emission fluxes (P<0.05). N_2O flux decreased gradually with the soil nitrogenabsorbed and fall of temperature, and fluctuated in a much tighter range.
(3) Daily dynamic of N_2O emission in the long term of different fertilizer treatment in theoil-sunflower fields did not show the obvious trend of day and night. However, daily dynamic of N_2Oemission fluxes were different obviously by the effects of fertilizer treatments. During seeding, therewere two peaks in11:00-13:00and18:00-22:00of N_2O daily dynamic in N300-OM treatment. Therewas a similar trend of N_2O flux change in N300and N0treatments. The trend had the single apex andappeared in the9:00. During anthesis, there were two peaks in11:00and22:00of N_2O daily dynamic inN300-OM treatment. There was a similar trend of N_2O flux change in N300and N0treatments. Thetrend had the multi-peaks, and appeared in the11:00,18:00and2:00.
(4) There were different effects on N_2O flux among soil moisture, soil temperature, soil pH andinorganic nitrogen content on N_2O flux during different periods of oil-sunflower growth. The flux ofN_2O has significant positive correlation with soil moisture content (7.5%-46.8%) and has significantnegative correlation with soil pH (6.5-10.0). Rainfall can cause N_2O emissions largely, and it often tookplace after the small rainfall or a period of time after rainfall. Rain infiltrate slowly during a short time.The surface of soil could store up some water. It could be found that the absorption of N_2O flux insoil-plant system. The soil was dry during the growth period of oil-sunflower. The soil moisture contentwas low, and it would influence the potential of N_2O flux determined by the temperature. Thecorrelation analysis between N_2O flux and soil inorganic nitrogen showed that N_2O flux of the treatmentN300-OM would increase with the improvement of ammonium nitrogen content. It was significant(P<0.05). The other treatments had no obvious relationship with the content of ammonium nitrogen andthe same with soil nitrate nitrogen and N_2O flux. We analysised the influence of each factor on the N_2Oflux, the factors had interaction with N_2O flux. It showed that above5factors can explain52.5%changeof N_2O emissions flux during the oil-sunflower growth period.
（5）The accumulations of N_2O emission rised as temperature increased, and they reducedgradually with the experiment time extended and reduce. They reached the lowest about7days later, almost close to0. The accumulation of N_2O emission had interaction with soil temperature andincubation time and the equation can be showed that Y=（-2.15T~2+108.87T-1041.9）+[403.38ln(T)-984.36] ln(t), T represents soil temperature and t represents incubation time.
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