非接触IC卡系统研究与设计
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摘要
随着IC卡技术的发展，感应式非接触IC卡出现了。近年来，人们已经成功地将非接触IC卡应用到高速公路收费管理，公交收费，自动门禁管理，物流管理中。本论文研究非接触IC卡原理，设计读写器具，提供系统方案，主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：
首先，通过分析非接触IC卡感应电源天线近区场和电磁感应原理工作原理，建立了非接触IC卡感应电源的等效电路模型，用EWB软件进行了电路仿真，与实际测试结果比较，证明了建立的感应电源电路模型是正确的。
第二，在分析非接触IC卡读写器功能的基础上，设计基于时间片算法的非接触IC卡控制器软件流程图和读写器硬件电路以及非接触IC卡读卡器的天线。并将设计的非接触IC卡读卡器的天线实际应用，结果表明，设计的天线有效提高了非接触IC卡的作用范围。
第三，在系统软件设计中采用CRC校验码检错、出错重发相结合的方法确保非接触IC卡与读写器串行通讯可靠。这样既控制了误码率也保证了较高的通讯效率，实现读卡器与计算机的完整数据通信。并从实际应用出发，设计了利用计算机和多台读卡器终端组成主从局域网的应用方案。
最后，从安全通信的角度考虑，提出将混沌数字序列应用于读卡器系统的数据保密通信中去，并设计了实现模型，进行了计算机保密通信模拟仿真。此外，对非接触IC卡的发展趋势进行了初步探讨。
In receat years, with the developmellt of IC card technology, contactless IC card
l
aPpeared and has been aPPlied to highWay charge and management, public ndc fee
collection, automatic gate mangemen and material flow managemeni. In this thesis, the
StruCtUr Principle tal the systeIn project of coodess IC card were investigated and the
reader was also designed. The main researches are as follows:
. Firstly, an equvalent circuit model of the indution power sapply of contatless IC card
was presented by anaiyzing its work princiPle. CirCuit simulation wtth EWB software was
also done, and the simulation results are agreement with the experimenal results. It is shown
that our presented circuit model was correct.
Secondly, on the basis of analghng the fhahon of PCD reader of contactless IC card,
the softwar flow chat of cothetless IC card controller based on chip-thoing algorithIn and
the hardwar circuit and anenna of the reader were designed. Then the designed PCD reader
and wtnna were aPPlied to the real system. It is shown that the detCctive scope of
contactless IC card was boroved.
thedly, the method of cyclic redUndancy check (CRC) in system softwar design was
used to ensure the serial conununication reliability betWen contactless IC card and reader.
This method can also control the presented bit ermr rate, ensure a higher conununication
efficiency and obtain the correct data comInunication betWeen the reader and the host
computer. Based on the act'Ual aPplication, an aPplication project of hosts1ave local netWork
was also designed, Which is comPosed of the host computer and several readers.
Finally, chaotic digital sequences were aPplied to secrecy comrnunication among IC
card system. The system model was designed and a simulation analysis for the secrecy
coInInunication with computer was also given. The development trCnds of contactless of IC
card were Primary discussed.
首先，通过分析非接触IC卡感应电源天线近区场和电磁感应原理工作原理，建立了非接触IC卡感应电源的等效电路模型，用EWB软件进行了电路仿真，与实际测试结果比较，证明了建立的感应电源电路模型是正确的。
第二，在分析非接触IC卡读写器功能的基础上，设计基于时间片算法的非接触IC卡控制器软件流程图和读写器硬件电路以及非接触IC卡读卡器的天线。并将设计的非接触IC卡读卡器的天线实际应用，结果表明，设计的天线有效提高了非接触IC卡的作用范围。
第三，在系统软件设计中采用CRC校验码检错、出错重发相结合的方法确保非接触IC卡与读写器串行通讯可靠。这样既控制了误码率也保证了较高的通讯效率，实现读卡器与计算机的完整数据通信。并从实际应用出发，设计了利用计算机和多台读卡器终端组成主从局域网的应用方案。
最后，从安全通信的角度考虑，提出将混沌数字序列应用于读卡器系统的数据保密通信中去，并设计了实现模型，进行了计算机保密通信模拟仿真。此外，对非接触IC卡的发展趋势进行了初步探讨。
In receat years, with the developmellt of IC card technology, contactless IC card
l
aPpeared and has been aPPlied to highWay charge and management, public ndc fee
collection, automatic gate mangemen and material flow managemeni. In this thesis, the
StruCtUr Principle tal the systeIn project of coodess IC card were investigated and the
reader was also designed. The main researches are as follows:
. Firstly, an equvalent circuit model of the indution power sapply of contatless IC card
was presented by anaiyzing its work princiPle. CirCuit simulation wtth EWB software was
also done, and the simulation results are agreement with the experimenal results. It is shown
that our presented circuit model was correct.
Secondly, on the basis of analghng the fhahon of PCD reader of contactless IC card,
the softwar flow chat of cothetless IC card controller based on chip-thoing algorithIn and
the hardwar circuit and anenna of the reader were designed. Then the designed PCD reader
and wtnna were aPPlied to the real system. It is shown that the detCctive scope of
contactless IC card was boroved.
thedly, the method of cyclic redUndancy check (CRC) in system softwar design was
used to ensure the serial conununication reliability betWen contactless IC card and reader.
This method can also control the presented bit ermr rate, ensure a higher conununication
efficiency and obtain the correct data comInunication betWeen the reader and the host
computer. Based on the act'Ual aPplication, an aPplication project of hosts1ave local netWork
was also designed, Which is comPosed of the host computer and several readers.
Finally, chaotic digital sequences were aPplied to secrecy comrnunication among IC
card system. The system model was designed and a simulation analysis for the secrecy
coInInunication with computer was also given. The development trCnds of contactless of IC
card were Primary discussed.
引文
1．王卓人等．IC卡的技术与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1999年2月
2 王爱英．智能IC卡技术．清华大学出版社，2000年．
3 黄淼水等．智能卡应用系统．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年．
4. ISO/IEC14443-2:1998-10-22 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Part2: Radio frequency power and signal interface.
5. ISO/IEC14443-3:1998-10-22 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Pan3: Initialization and anti-collision.
6. ISO/IECI4443-4:1998-10-22 Identification cards-contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Part4: Protocols and commands.
7. Kaiser U, Steinhagen W. A low-power transponder IC for high-performance identification systems[J]. IEEE JSol Sta Circ, 30(3):306～310.
8. Adam C. A magnetic power and communication interface for a CMOS die[A]. ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers[C], 1988:264～265.
9. Vittoz E. MOS transistors operated in the lateral bipolar mode and their application in CMOS technology[J]. IEEE J Sol Sta Circ, 1992;18:273～279.
10. Kaiser U, Steinhagen W. A low-power transponder IC for high-performance identification systems[J]. IEEE JSol Sta Circ, 30(3):306～310.
11. Adam C. A magnetic power and communication interface for a CMOS die [A]. ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers[C], 1988:264～265.
12. Ross Anderson, University computer Laboratory, Cambridge University, England, 'Papers on Smartcard Engineering'.
13．吴先良，王良知．天线原理与工程．合肥：安徽教育出版社，1992年6月．
14．谢处方．电磁场与电磁波．北京：高等教育出版社，1987年
15．王蔷等．电磁场理论基础．清华大学出版社，2001年2月
16．钟文耀等．EWB电路设计入门与应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年5月
17．李少锐等，非接触式识别卡通信方案的比较分析．电路与系统学报，2000．7
18. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,Tag-it~(TM) Reader System Series 6000 Host Protocol Reference Manual, July 1999.
19. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, Tag-it~(TM) Antenna Design Notebook, July 1999.
20．肖斌等．一种非接触式IC卡控制器的设计．半导体技术2000年4月第25卷第2期
21. P. Hawkes;November 1994, Intelligent Tags-Components for Extending the Auto ID Market RFID~(TM),Workshop notes, Keele University
22. M. Ollivier; RFID-A New Solution Technology for Security Problems~(TM), European Convention on Security and Detection. May 1995.
23. E. Dijkstra;March1989, Non-volatile memories in VTI technologies~(TM) CSEM internal report
24. P. Hawkes;April 1995, Supertag-Reading Multiple Devices in a Field Using a Packet Data Communications Protocol~(TM), CardTech/SecurTech ~(TM)95 Washington DC.
25. Philips Semiconductors. Dual Interface Cards-A migration path towards contactless future [A], Nov. 1998.
26. C.Berrou, A.Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, "Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes:Turbo codes", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., 1994, pp. 1064-1070
27．林舒、科斯特洛．差错控制编码基础和应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，1986年12月第一版
28．马秀莲，李廷芳．数字通信差错控制技术．北京：中国铁道出版社，1991
29．钱晓捷等．汇编语言程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
30．曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
31．廖彬山等．Visual Basic中文版面向对象与可视化程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年10月
32．钱晓捷等．微机原理与接口程序设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1999
33．范逸之等，利用Visual Basic实现串并行通信技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2001年3月
34．郝柏林．从抛物线谈起——混沌动力学引论．上海：上海科技教育出版社，1993．
35．王亥．Logistic-map混沌扩频序列．电子学报，1997，25(1)：19～23
36. E.Ott, C.Grebogi, J.A.Yorke. Controlling Chaos[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65:1196-1199.
37. L.M.Pecora, T.L.Carroll. Driving Systems With Chaotic Singnals[J]. Phys. Rev. 1991.A55:2375-2383.
38. S.Hayes,etal. Communication with Chaos[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993,70:3031-3035.
39. Pecora L M,Carroll T. L. Synchronization in chaotic systems. Phys Rev Lett, 1990,65(8):821～825
40. Carroll T.L. Pecora L. M. Synchronizing chaotic circuits. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems, 1991,38(5):553～556.
41. Pecora L M,Carroll T L.Driving systems with chaotic signals. Physical Rev A, 1991.
42. Oppenheim A.V.,et al. Signal processing in the context of chaotic signals. In: IEEE Proc of ICASSP'92,1992,5:117～120.
43. Cuomo K.M, Oppenheim A V.Chaotic signals and systems for communications. In: IEEE Proc of ICASSP'93,1993.3:137～150.
44. Cuomo K.M., Oppenheim A.V., Strogatz S H. Synchronization of Lorenz-based chaotic circuits with applications to communications. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅱ), 1993,50(10):626～633.
45. Cuomo K M, Oppenheim A V. Robustness and signal recovery in a synchronized chaotic system, Int J Bifurcation Chaos, 1993,3(6): 1629～1638.
46. Frey D. R. Chaotic digital encoding: an approach to secure communication. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅱ), 1993,50(10):660～666.
47. Okasasoglu A., Akgul T. A linear inverse system approach in the context of chaotic communications. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅰ), 1997,55(1):75～79.
48. Special Issue on Chaos in Nonlinear Electronic Circuits Part A,B,C[J].IEEE Trans CAS, 1993,50.
49. HEIDARI-BATERID, MCGILLEMCD. A chaotic direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication system [J].IEEE Trans on Communications, 1995,52(2-5): 1525～1527.
50．周丽萍，陈佳，分布式工业控制计算机局域网的研究与实现．计算机与现代化，1998年第4期
51．吴今培等．车辆定位与智能卡在公路运输管理中的应用，交通运输系统工程与信息2001年11月．
52．臧海河，RS-485串行接口及其构成的工业测控网络．微机发展．2000年第4期
54．王海涛，王嘉祯，微机与多台单片机的通信．计算机应用．1998年2月
55. Philips, Mifare IC Card Interface,1999.12
56. J. Benaloh, et. al,"The Private Communications Technology Protocol", draft-benaloh-pct-00. 1995.9
57．姚林发，过程控制多机串行通信网络与接口．微计算机信息．2000年1期
58. Philips, Hitag Reader Chip, 1999.1
59．李琚门，感应式IC卡系统及其应用．电子产品世界．2000年3月
60. Philips, Mifare Application directory rules, 1998.7
61．黎培兴，田明忠，黄国宣．贺亦军不停车收费系统的核心技术，现代计算机，1998年1期
62．魏庆福，现场总线技术发展的新动向．工业控制计算机．2000年13卷第1期
63. Ken-ichi konno. A 2.45GHz Wirless IC Card System for Automatic Gates. IEEE MTTS Digest. 1993
64. k. Goto"Contact-free IC Cards for The New Railway Ticket System" IEEE TOKYO SECTION. 1991.
65. S.Haruyama,"Technology of Microwave ID Card System",Transistor Technology, No.5,pp. May, 1992
66. M.Ohyama"Application of Wireless Train Pass Card System" Toshiba Review, Vol47. June, 1992
2 王爱英．智能IC卡技术．清华大学出版社，2000年．
3 黄淼水等．智能卡应用系统．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年．
4. ISO/IEC14443-2:1998-10-22 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Part2: Radio frequency power and signal interface.
5. ISO/IEC14443-3:1998-10-22 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Pan3: Initialization and anti-collision.
6. ISO/IECI4443-4:1998-10-22 Identification cards-contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Proximity cards-Part4: Protocols and commands.
7. Kaiser U, Steinhagen W. A low-power transponder IC for high-performance identification systems[J]. IEEE JSol Sta Circ, 30(3):306～310.
8. Adam C. A magnetic power and communication interface for a CMOS die[A]. ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers[C], 1988:264～265.
9. Vittoz E. MOS transistors operated in the lateral bipolar mode and their application in CMOS technology[J]. IEEE J Sol Sta Circ, 1992;18:273～279.
10. Kaiser U, Steinhagen W. A low-power transponder IC for high-performance identification systems[J]. IEEE JSol Sta Circ, 30(3):306～310.
11. Adam C. A magnetic power and communication interface for a CMOS die [A]. ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers[C], 1988:264～265.
12. Ross Anderson, University computer Laboratory, Cambridge University, England, 'Papers on Smartcard Engineering'.
13．吴先良，王良知．天线原理与工程．合肥：安徽教育出版社，1992年6月．
14．谢处方．电磁场与电磁波．北京：高等教育出版社，1987年
15．王蔷等．电磁场理论基础．清华大学出版社，2001年2月
16．钟文耀等．EWB电路设计入门与应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年5月
17．李少锐等，非接触式识别卡通信方案的比较分析．电路与系统学报，2000．7
18. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,Tag-it~(TM) Reader System Series 6000 Host Protocol Reference Manual, July 1999.
19. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, Tag-it~(TM) Antenna Design Notebook, July 1999.
20．肖斌等．一种非接触式IC卡控制器的设计．半导体技术2000年4月第25卷第2期
21. P. Hawkes;November 1994, Intelligent Tags-Components for Extending the Auto ID Market RFID~(TM),Workshop notes, Keele University
22. M. Ollivier; RFID-A New Solution Technology for Security Problems~(TM), European Convention on Security and Detection. May 1995.
23. E. Dijkstra;March1989, Non-volatile memories in VTI technologies~(TM) CSEM internal report
24. P. Hawkes;April 1995, Supertag-Reading Multiple Devices in a Field Using a Packet Data Communications Protocol~(TM), CardTech/SecurTech ~(TM)95 Washington DC.
25. Philips Semiconductors. Dual Interface Cards-A migration path towards contactless future [A], Nov. 1998.
26. C.Berrou, A.Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, "Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes:Turbo codes", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., 1994, pp. 1064-1070
27．林舒、科斯特洛．差错控制编码基础和应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，1986年12月第一版
28．马秀莲，李廷芳．数字通信差错控制技术．北京：中国铁道出版社，1991
29．钱晓捷等．汇编语言程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
30．曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
31．廖彬山等．Visual Basic中文版面向对象与可视化程序设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2000年10月
32．钱晓捷等．微机原理与接口程序设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1999
33．范逸之等，利用Visual Basic实现串并行通信技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2001年3月
34．郝柏林．从抛物线谈起——混沌动力学引论．上海：上海科技教育出版社，1993．
35．王亥．Logistic-map混沌扩频序列．电子学报，1997，25(1)：19～23
36. E.Ott, C.Grebogi, J.A.Yorke. Controlling Chaos[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65:1196-1199.
37. L.M.Pecora, T.L.Carroll. Driving Systems With Chaotic Singnals[J]. Phys. Rev. 1991.A55:2375-2383.
38. S.Hayes,etal. Communication with Chaos[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993,70:3031-3035.
39. Pecora L M,Carroll T. L. Synchronization in chaotic systems. Phys Rev Lett, 1990,65(8):821～825
40. Carroll T.L. Pecora L. M. Synchronizing chaotic circuits. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems, 1991,38(5):553～556.
41. Pecora L M,Carroll T L.Driving systems with chaotic signals. Physical Rev A, 1991.
42. Oppenheim A.V.,et al. Signal processing in the context of chaotic signals. In: IEEE Proc of ICASSP'92,1992,5:117～120.
43. Cuomo K.M, Oppenheim A V.Chaotic signals and systems for communications. In: IEEE Proc of ICASSP'93,1993.3:137～150.
44. Cuomo K.M., Oppenheim A.V., Strogatz S H. Synchronization of Lorenz-based chaotic circuits with applications to communications. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅱ), 1993,50(10):626～633.
45. Cuomo K M, Oppenheim A V. Robustness and signal recovery in a synchronized chaotic system, Int J Bifurcation Chaos, 1993,3(6): 1629～1638.
46. Frey D. R. Chaotic digital encoding: an approach to secure communication. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅱ), 1993,50(10):660～666.
47. Okasasoglu A., Akgul T. A linear inverse system approach in the context of chaotic communications. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems(Ⅰ), 1997,55(1):75～79.
48. Special Issue on Chaos in Nonlinear Electronic Circuits Part A,B,C[J].IEEE Trans CAS, 1993,50.
49. HEIDARI-BATERID, MCGILLEMCD. A chaotic direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication system [J].IEEE Trans on Communications, 1995,52(2-5): 1525～1527.
50．周丽萍，陈佳，分布式工业控制计算机局域网的研究与实现．计算机与现代化，1998年第4期
51．吴今培等．车辆定位与智能卡在公路运输管理中的应用，交通运输系统工程与信息2001年11月．
52．臧海河，RS-485串行接口及其构成的工业测控网络．微机发展．2000年第4期
54．王海涛，王嘉祯，微机与多台单片机的通信．计算机应用．1998年2月
55. Philips, Mifare IC Card Interface,1999.12
56. J. Benaloh, et. al,"The Private Communications Technology Protocol", draft-benaloh-pct-00. 1995.9
57．姚林发，过程控制多机串行通信网络与接口．微计算机信息．2000年1期
58. Philips, Hitag Reader Chip, 1999.1
59．李琚门，感应式IC卡系统及其应用．电子产品世界．2000年3月
60. Philips, Mifare Application directory rules, 1998.7
61．黎培兴，田明忠，黄国宣．贺亦军不停车收费系统的核心技术，现代计算机，1998年1期
62．魏庆福，现场总线技术发展的新动向．工业控制计算机．2000年13卷第1期
63. Ken-ichi konno. A 2.45GHz Wirless IC Card System for Automatic Gates. IEEE MTTS Digest. 1993
64. k. Goto"Contact-free IC Cards for The New Railway Ticket System" IEEE TOKYO SECTION. 1991.
65. S.Haruyama,"Technology of Microwave ID Card System",Transistor Technology, No.5,pp. May, 1992
66. M.Ohyama"Application of Wireless Train Pass Card System" Toshiba Review, Vol47. June, 1992