京郊保护地土壤硝态氮残留及阻控措施
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摘要
保护地蔬菜生产中,过量氮肥施入导致的环境问题日益严重,引起了人们高度关注。本试验在京郊典型保护地上以番茄、空心菜、小白菜及大萝卜为供试作物,研究了番茄—填闲作物(空心菜、小白菜)—大萝卜轮作体系中土壤硝态氮累积、分布和淋溶规律及其阻控措施。番茄和大萝卜种植设置4个施氮水平,研究施肥对蔬菜产量、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留和淋溶的影响。在高温多雨的夏季,以空心菜和小白菜作为填闲作物,与土壤休闲相比较,研究填闲作物在控制敞棚休闲期土壤硝态氮淋失中的作用及对下茬蔬菜产量的影响。主要结果如下:
1、合理施肥能提高番茄和大萝卜的产量和营养品质。当施氮量小于300 kg/hm2时,蔬菜产量随施氮量增加而增加,当施氮量超过300 kg/hm2时,蔬菜产量降低并且经济效益下降。蔬菜硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而明显升高,农户习惯施氮处理蔬菜硝酸盐含量最高。施氮对蔬菜Vc含量、可溶性糖没有显著的影响。
2、土壤硝态氮残留量随施氮量的增加而升高,以农户习惯施氮处理土壤硝态氮残留量最高。番茄收获后,0～100cm土壤硝态氮残留量,推荐施氮处理为438.4 kg/hm2,农户习惯施氮处理为785.9kg/hm2,比推荐施肥处理高347.5 kg/hm2。所以,控制施氮量能在一定程度上减少土壤硝态氮的残留。
3、夏季休闲期种植填闲作物,不施用任何肥料,填闲作物可以吸收利用上茬残留的土壤硝态氮,从而降低土壤硝态氮含量。不同施氮水平下,各填闲处理土壤剖面硝态氮浓度为:休闲处理>种植小白菜处理>种植空心菜处理。空心菜和小白菜获得很好的经济效益,空心菜经济效益为50088.5元/hm2,小白菜为17056.0元/hm2。
4、大萝卜收获后土壤剖面硝态氮浓度均为:前茬休闲>前茬小白菜>前茬空心菜。同一施氮水平下不同前茬处理,0～100cm和100～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量均以前茬休闲最高。因此,夏季种植填闲作物对下茬土壤硝态氮残留有阻控作用。大萝卜产量在161.33 t/hm2到169.67 t/hm2之间,经济效益为20.67～23.12万元/ hm2,各处理之间差距很小,填闲作物的种植没有明显降低大萝卜作物产量和经济效益。
5、整个轮作周期,蔬菜种植初期,土壤硝态氮淋失量受施氮量的影响不明显,随种植期延长,逐渐呈现随施氮量增加而增加的趋势。填闲时期,种植填闲作物处理土壤硝态氮淋失量比休闲处理低10～25%。后茬大萝卜,各施氮水平下,前茬种植填闲作物处理土壤硝态氮淋失量低于前茬休闲处理。所以,在整个轮作周期中,夏季敞篷休闲时期种植填闲作物,可以阻控当季土壤硝态氮的淋失,对下茬土壤硝态氮的淋失也有阻控效应。
综上所述,控制施氮量和种植填闲作物均能在一定程度上减少土壤硝态氮的残留和淋失。
In the vegetable production of protected field, environmental problems because of excess nitrogenous fertilizer are increasingly serious and cause great concerns. This experiment studies nitrate accumulation and related control strategies in the rotated system of tomato—catch crops(water spinach and Chinese cabbage)—radish with tomato, water spinach, Chinese cabbage and radish in the typical intensive protected field of Beijing suburb. Compared with farmers’conventional treatment, setting different nitrogenous levels for tomato and radish, researching the effect of fertilization to the yield, quality as well as nitrate accumulation and eluviations. In summer, the effect of catch crops(water spinach and Chinese cabbage) absorbing and utilizing nitrate accumulation and to the next crop compared with catch soil are as follows:
1. Adding nitrogenous fertilizer in appropriate range can increase the production when the fertilizer is less than 300 kg/hm2, while the production and economy will be reduced when the fertilizer is much more than 300 kg/hm2. Nitrate in vegetable will also increase as the nitrogenous fertilizer increases, farmers’conventional treatment in particular. There is no significant effect between nitrogen and the Vc content, soluble sugar.
2. The nitrate of soil profile increases as the nitrogenous fertilizer increases, there is a peak value of soil nitrate in the 100cm underground and a significant difference in the 200cm underground after the harvest of tomato, farmers’conventional treatment in particular.
3. After the harvest of catch crops, the nitrate of soil profile of different levels is: catch>Chinese cabbage>water spinach, it represents that planting catch crops can reduce the nitrate of soil profile in summer. There is no fertilizer during the catch time, but farmers receive good benefits for that 50088.5 yuan/hm2 of water spinach and 17056.0 yuan/hm2 of Chinese cabbage. So planting catch crops is a method of reducing environmental risk, increasing nitrogenous fertilizer efficiency and economic benefits.
4. After the harvest of radish, the nitrate of soil profile is: catch>pre-Chinese cabbage>pre-water spinach, it represents that planting catch crops can reduce the nitrate of soil profile of next crop in summer. Different pre-crop treatments in the same nitrogenous fertilizer level indicate that the nitrate accumulation in soil profile of pre-catch reaches a high. Radish output ranges from 161.33t/hm2 to 169.67t/hm2 and the benefits ranges from 20.67×104yuan to 23.12×104yuan, there is no big difference among treatments, so catch crops do not reduce productions and economic benefits.
The research indicates that control of nitrogenous fertilizer and catch crops can be able to reduce the nitrate accumulation and solubility, especially planting catch crops in summer.
1、合理施肥能提高番茄和大萝卜的产量和营养品质。当施氮量小于300 kg/hm2时,蔬菜产量随施氮量增加而增加,当施氮量超过300 kg/hm2时,蔬菜产量降低并且经济效益下降。蔬菜硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而明显升高,农户习惯施氮处理蔬菜硝酸盐含量最高。施氮对蔬菜Vc含量、可溶性糖没有显著的影响。
2、土壤硝态氮残留量随施氮量的增加而升高,以农户习惯施氮处理土壤硝态氮残留量最高。番茄收获后,0～100cm土壤硝态氮残留量,推荐施氮处理为438.4 kg/hm2,农户习惯施氮处理为785.9kg/hm2,比推荐施肥处理高347.5 kg/hm2。所以,控制施氮量能在一定程度上减少土壤硝态氮的残留。
3、夏季休闲期种植填闲作物,不施用任何肥料,填闲作物可以吸收利用上茬残留的土壤硝态氮,从而降低土壤硝态氮含量。不同施氮水平下,各填闲处理土壤剖面硝态氮浓度为:休闲处理>种植小白菜处理>种植空心菜处理。空心菜和小白菜获得很好的经济效益,空心菜经济效益为50088.5元/hm2,小白菜为17056.0元/hm2。
4、大萝卜收获后土壤剖面硝态氮浓度均为:前茬休闲>前茬小白菜>前茬空心菜。同一施氮水平下不同前茬处理,0～100cm和100～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量均以前茬休闲最高。因此,夏季种植填闲作物对下茬土壤硝态氮残留有阻控作用。大萝卜产量在161.33 t/hm2到169.67 t/hm2之间,经济效益为20.67～23.12万元/ hm2,各处理之间差距很小,填闲作物的种植没有明显降低大萝卜作物产量和经济效益。
5、整个轮作周期,蔬菜种植初期,土壤硝态氮淋失量受施氮量的影响不明显,随种植期延长,逐渐呈现随施氮量增加而增加的趋势。填闲时期,种植填闲作物处理土壤硝态氮淋失量比休闲处理低10～25%。后茬大萝卜,各施氮水平下,前茬种植填闲作物处理土壤硝态氮淋失量低于前茬休闲处理。所以,在整个轮作周期中,夏季敞篷休闲时期种植填闲作物,可以阻控当季土壤硝态氮的淋失,对下茬土壤硝态氮的淋失也有阻控效应。
综上所述,控制施氮量和种植填闲作物均能在一定程度上减少土壤硝态氮的残留和淋失。
In the vegetable production of protected field, environmental problems because of excess nitrogenous fertilizer are increasingly serious and cause great concerns. This experiment studies nitrate accumulation and related control strategies in the rotated system of tomato—catch crops(water spinach and Chinese cabbage)—radish with tomato, water spinach, Chinese cabbage and radish in the typical intensive protected field of Beijing suburb. Compared with farmers’conventional treatment, setting different nitrogenous levels for tomato and radish, researching the effect of fertilization to the yield, quality as well as nitrate accumulation and eluviations. In summer, the effect of catch crops(water spinach and Chinese cabbage) absorbing and utilizing nitrate accumulation and to the next crop compared with catch soil are as follows:
1. Adding nitrogenous fertilizer in appropriate range can increase the production when the fertilizer is less than 300 kg/hm2, while the production and economy will be reduced when the fertilizer is much more than 300 kg/hm2. Nitrate in vegetable will also increase as the nitrogenous fertilizer increases, farmers’conventional treatment in particular. There is no significant effect between nitrogen and the Vc content, soluble sugar.
2. The nitrate of soil profile increases as the nitrogenous fertilizer increases, there is a peak value of soil nitrate in the 100cm underground and a significant difference in the 200cm underground after the harvest of tomato, farmers’conventional treatment in particular.
3. After the harvest of catch crops, the nitrate of soil profile of different levels is: catch>Chinese cabbage>water spinach, it represents that planting catch crops can reduce the nitrate of soil profile in summer. There is no fertilizer during the catch time, but farmers receive good benefits for that 50088.5 yuan/hm2 of water spinach and 17056.0 yuan/hm2 of Chinese cabbage. So planting catch crops is a method of reducing environmental risk, increasing nitrogenous fertilizer efficiency and economic benefits.
4. After the harvest of radish, the nitrate of soil profile is: catch>pre-Chinese cabbage>pre-water spinach, it represents that planting catch crops can reduce the nitrate of soil profile of next crop in summer. Different pre-crop treatments in the same nitrogenous fertilizer level indicate that the nitrate accumulation in soil profile of pre-catch reaches a high. Radish output ranges from 161.33t/hm2 to 169.67t/hm2 and the benefits ranges from 20.67×104yuan to 23.12×104yuan, there is no big difference among treatments, so catch crops do not reduce productions and economic benefits.
The research indicates that control of nitrogenous fertilizer and catch crops can be able to reduce the nitrate accumulation and solubility, especially planting catch crops in summer.
引文
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