水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂料的研究
摘要
水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂料是一种通过其含有的活性组分在硬化水泥、混凝土毛细管内渗透和反应而起到防水作用的新型防水涂料，它具有防水效果持久、自愈合性能好、耐老化、耐腐蚀性能好等特点。
本文在对水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料的作用机理和应用性能分析研究基础上，选择能与水泥混凝土中未水化水泥及部分水化产物反应的活性物质和其它的辅助成分，利用正交设计方法，研究不同组分对涂料防水性能的影响，并详细分析了原料化学成分、掺量及养护条件等参数的变化对涂料渗透结晶性能的影响，研制成功了一种以硅酸盐水泥为基础的水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂料—GT防水涂料。按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB18445—2001(水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料)中要求，对该涂料进行了一系列的性能研究；GT防水涂料与同类型涂料X1和成膜覆盖型涂料X2(均为目前应用最广泛的防水涂料之一)进行了性能对比试验，结果表明，GT防水涂料的抗渗压力、二次抗渗压力、强度、自愈合性能、耐腐蚀性等均达到或超过上述两种防水材料的性能指标。
在对GT防水涂料进行性能研究的基础上，采用体式显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等测试手段，从材料的微观结构方面分析涂料的防水机理，证明了GT防水涂料是通过渗透结晶反应提高材料的防水抗渗能力。
研究表明，GT涂料具有如下性能特点：
a．防水性能良好，涂刷1.0～1.2mm厚度，可使抗渗压力提高3倍以上；
b．在有水条件下，结晶反应可以不断进行，从而能自愈合裂缝，永久性防水；
c．对基体有很强的渗透性，28天可渗透至50mm深度；
d．对环境适应性强，在PH值3.0～12.0情况下均可正常使用；
此外，GT涂料为无机刚性涂料，无毒无污染、生产和施工工艺简单，适应大面积复杂表面混凝土工程，在地下工程、水利工程、公路桥梁、蓄水池、污水处理厂等工程防水中，具有良好的应用前景。
Cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating(CCWC), characterized by its permanent waterproofing effect, self-rehabilitating ability, good aging resistance and corrosion resistance, is a new type of cement-based waterproofing material which reactive ingredient can permeate into the internal part of concrete structures through capillary pores or cracks and react with cement hydrates and anhydrates.
On the basis of the comprehensive study and analysis of the literatures concerning the mechanism and properties of CCWC, the substances that can react with anhydrate or hydration products and other supplementary ingredients were selected, and variety of experiments were conducted by means of cross experimental design. The effects of chemical composition and dosage of raw materials, curing condition, and chemical admixtures on waterproofing ability were tested and analyzed. A optimum formulation of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating(named as GT waterproofing coating) was successfully developed, based on silicate cement., The performances of GT waterproofing coating were examined in accordance with GB18445?001, and the results were compared with those of two types of widely used waterproofing coatings Xi and Xi. Test results showed that the properties such as impermeability, strength, self-rehabilitating ability and corrosion resistance are superior to those of the counterparts.
Stereomicroscope, SEM, and XRD analysis were employed to investigate the mechanism of waterproofing and the improved microstructure of concrete structures. Positive results were obtained for the occurrence of the permeation and crystallization processes.
The study indicates that GT coating has the following advantages:
a. The waterproofing effect is remarkable. Brushed with the thickness of 1.0-1.2 mm, it can improve the impermeability pressure up to 3 times that of blank samples;
b. The crystalline reaction can continuously carry out, sealing the crack and waterproofing for ever if water is existent;
c. It has very strong capillary ability in pores or cracks that it can penetrate into 50mm depth in 28 days;
d. Very good environmental adaptability, and can be used as normal at PH 3.0-12.0;
In addition, GT coating is inorganic rigid material, and it can be easily fabricated and applied, suit to complicated and bulk concrete structure surfaces. Therefore it has a bright market prospect in the field of underground structures, water conservative engineering, bridges, ponds and water disposal plant, etc.
本文在对水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料的作用机理和应用性能分析研究基础上，选择能与水泥混凝土中未水化水泥及部分水化产物反应的活性物质和其它的辅助成分，利用正交设计方法，研究不同组分对涂料防水性能的影响，并详细分析了原料化学成分、掺量及养护条件等参数的变化对涂料渗透结晶性能的影响，研制成功了一种以硅酸盐水泥为基础的水泥基渗透结晶型防水涂料—GT防水涂料。按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB18445—2001(水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料)中要求，对该涂料进行了一系列的性能研究；GT防水涂料与同类型涂料X1和成膜覆盖型涂料X2(均为目前应用最广泛的防水涂料之一)进行了性能对比试验，结果表明，GT防水涂料的抗渗压力、二次抗渗压力、强度、自愈合性能、耐腐蚀性等均达到或超过上述两种防水材料的性能指标。
在对GT防水涂料进行性能研究的基础上，采用体式显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等测试手段，从材料的微观结构方面分析涂料的防水机理，证明了GT防水涂料是通过渗透结晶反应提高材料的防水抗渗能力。
研究表明，GT涂料具有如下性能特点：
a．防水性能良好，涂刷1.0～1.2mm厚度，可使抗渗压力提高3倍以上；
b．在有水条件下，结晶反应可以不断进行，从而能自愈合裂缝，永久性防水；
c．对基体有很强的渗透性，28天可渗透至50mm深度；
d．对环境适应性强，在PH值3.0～12.0情况下均可正常使用；
此外，GT涂料为无机刚性涂料，无毒无污染、生产和施工工艺简单，适应大面积复杂表面混凝土工程，在地下工程、水利工程、公路桥梁、蓄水池、污水处理厂等工程防水中，具有良好的应用前景。
Cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating(CCWC), characterized by its permanent waterproofing effect, self-rehabilitating ability, good aging resistance and corrosion resistance, is a new type of cement-based waterproofing material which reactive ingredient can permeate into the internal part of concrete structures through capillary pores or cracks and react with cement hydrates and anhydrates.
On the basis of the comprehensive study and analysis of the literatures concerning the mechanism and properties of CCWC, the substances that can react with anhydrate or hydration products and other supplementary ingredients were selected, and variety of experiments were conducted by means of cross experimental design. The effects of chemical composition and dosage of raw materials, curing condition, and chemical admixtures on waterproofing ability were tested and analyzed. A optimum formulation of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating(named as GT waterproofing coating) was successfully developed, based on silicate cement., The performances of GT waterproofing coating were examined in accordance with GB18445?001, and the results were compared with those of two types of widely used waterproofing coatings Xi and Xi. Test results showed that the properties such as impermeability, strength, self-rehabilitating ability and corrosion resistance are superior to those of the counterparts.
Stereomicroscope, SEM, and XRD analysis were employed to investigate the mechanism of waterproofing and the improved microstructure of concrete structures. Positive results were obtained for the occurrence of the permeation and crystallization processes.
The study indicates that GT coating has the following advantages:
a. The waterproofing effect is remarkable. Brushed with the thickness of 1.0-1.2 mm, it can improve the impermeability pressure up to 3 times that of blank samples;
b. The crystalline reaction can continuously carry out, sealing the crack and waterproofing for ever if water is existent;
c. It has very strong capillary ability in pores or cracks that it can penetrate into 50mm depth in 28 days;
d. Very good environmental adaptability, and can be used as normal at PH 3.0-12.0;
In addition, GT coating is inorganic rigid material, and it can be easily fabricated and applied, suit to complicated and bulk concrete structure surfaces. Therefore it has a bright market prospect in the field of underground structures, water conservative engineering, bridges, ponds and water disposal plant, etc.
引文
1 王春娥．解决建筑物防水抗漏问题的途径．企业技术开发，1997，4：6～7
2 沈春林．我国建筑防水现状及对策．中国建筑防水，1997，1：1～5
3 申爱琴主编．水泥与水泥混凝土．人民交通出版社，2000，5
4 袁润章主编．胶凝材料学．武汉工业大学出版社，1993，3
5 P. K. Mehta．祝永年译．混凝土的结构、性能与材料．同济大学出版社，1991，5
6 Corina-Maria Aldea. and etc. Effect of Cracking on Water and Chloride Permeability of Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,1999,8:181～186
7 沈威 黄文熙 闵盘荣．水泥工艺学．武汉工业大学出版社，1991，7
8 H.F.W.Taylor. Cement Chemistry (2nd edition). Thmas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Services Ltd, 1997
9 孙林柱．混凝土高效复合防水剂的试验研究．混凝土，1999，3
10 Aldea C. Shah S.P.and Karr.A. Permeability of cracked concrete.Mat. and Struct.,1999,7:15～17
11 Gerard and etc. Cracking and permeability of concrete under tension. Mat. And Struct., 29(187): 141～151
12 Alan Pell and Yvonne McDonald. Tunnel waterproofing today. Concrete, 2001,4:34～37
13 翟海潮编著．建筑粘合与防水材料应用手册．中国石化出版社，2000，6
14 沈春林编．防水工程手册．中国建筑工业出版社，1998，6
15 沈春林编．防水材料手册．中国建材工业出版社，1998，6
16 沈春林编．新型防水材料产品手册．化学工业出版社，2001，8
17 邓钫印编．建筑工程防水材料手册．中国建筑工业出版社，2001，6
18 游宝坤等主编．国内外膨胀混凝土的研究概况及其发展前景．中国建筑材料科学研究院内部资料，1986
19 吴中伟编著．膨胀混凝土及其发展前景．1985年北京国际水泥混凝土化学会议论文集
20 吴中伟 张鸿直．膨胀混凝土．中国铁道出版社，1992
21 薛君矸 吴中伟．膨胀和自应力水泥及其应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1985
22 John Batchelor. Waterproofing concrete with sprayed acrylics. Concrete, 1997,3 18～20
23 Bob Hathaway of Grace Servicised goes into details. Waterproofing elevated concrete decks beneath wearing surfaces. Concrete, 1997,3:21～24
24 朱馥林编．建筑防水新材料及防水施工新技术．中国建筑工业出版社，2000
25 张沂．聚合物水泥类防水涂料综述．中国建筑防水，2001，4：10～15
26 Ohama. Y. Polymer-based Admixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 1998(20):189～212
27 Lay I.Gupta A.P. & Biswas.M. Effect of latex and super plasticizer on Portland cement mortar in the flesh state, Cement and Concrete Composites,1994(16)309～316
28 买淑芳．混凝土聚合物复合材料及其应用．科学技术文献出版社，1996
29 高建明 森也奎二．聚合物改性硅灰水泥砂浆性能的实验研究．混凝土与水泥制品，2000，5：8～10
30 刘又民 梁才 金文硕．聚合物水泥防水涂料在斜坡屋面上的应用．中国建筑防水，2001，4：17～18
31 余晓伟．聚合物水泥类防水涂料在地下工程中的应用探讨．中国建筑防水，2001，4：19～21
32 石伟国．深圳彭年广场地下室防水工程施工．施工技术，1996，4：17～18
33 吴志明．万安水电站厂房渗漏原因分析及其处理．人民长江，1998，11：22～23
34 R S Gislason. Low permeability facade coatings reduce moisture in concrete. Surface Coatings International,2000,2:59～64
35 Lulu Basheer. Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: a review. Construction and Building Materials, 2001,15:93～103
36 Garboczi EH Permeability. diffusivity and micro-structural parameters. A critical review. Cement and Concrete Research, 1990,20:591～601
37 Figg HW. Methods of measuring the air and water permeability of concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research, 1984,25:213～219
38 Parrott LJ. Water absorption of cover concrete. Material Structure, 1992,25:284～292
39 Basheer L. Assessment of the durability characteristics of surface treated concrete. The Queen's University of Belfast,1994,196
40 方明晖 杨骛远，无机水性水泥密封防水剂功能和耐久性，新型建筑材料，2000，4：18～21
41 谢永江 王石生，TM1500防水剂的性能及其在混凝土梁上的应用．铁道建筑，1995，5：21～23
42 钱逢麟 郭淑静编．国内外涂料助剂品种手册．化学工业出版社，1999，8
43 焦德贵 袁德明．堵漏防渗新材料赛柏斯和确保时的施工方法．建筑技术，Vol．31，4：243～244
44 Bryant Mather. Crystal Growth in Entrained-Air Voids. Concrete International,2001,3:35～36
45 Roy H.Keck. Improving Concrete Durability with Cementitious Materials. Concrete International,2001,9:47～51
46 叶林标．国内外环保型防水材料的开发与应用．建筑技术，Vol．32，7：442～444
47 Phil Hewitt. Waterproofing Concrete. Concrete,1997,3:14～17
48 汪文忠．防挡水(FORMEDEX)材料在地下防水工程中的应用．建筑技术，2001，7：445～447
49 陈兵 蒋正武 白桦，水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料性能研究．新型建筑材料，2000，12：10～11
50 寻民高 单兆铁．“赛柏斯”渗透结晶型防水材料．中国建筑防水，2000，5：10～11
51 焦德贵 刘方泉，中国银行总行大厦防水施工技术．建筑技术，1999，4：221～225
52 The Concrete Repair Association. The Route to a Successful Concrete Repair, Concrete,2000,2
53 Sandra Sprouts. Evaluating Performance of Cementitious Waterproofing Systems for Concrete. Concrete International,1994,7:38～41
54 Lea.F.M. The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 3rd.edition. Chemical Publishing Co.New York,1997
55 ACI 515.1R-79. A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing. Damp proofing, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete
56 武利民编．涂料技术基础．化学工业出版社，1999，10
57 王善勤 孙兰新 宋文章编．涂料配方与工艺．中国轻工业出版社，2000，6
58 刘冰武主编．化工产品实用手册．科学技术文献出版社
59 精细化学品大全．浙江科学技术出版社
60 李永乐等．应用数理统计．国防科技大学出版社，1997
61 蔡正咏等．数理统计在混凝土试验中的应用．中国铁道出版社，1988
2 沈春林．我国建筑防水现状及对策．中国建筑防水，1997，1：1～5
3 申爱琴主编．水泥与水泥混凝土．人民交通出版社，2000，5
4 袁润章主编．胶凝材料学．武汉工业大学出版社，1993，3
5 P. K. Mehta．祝永年译．混凝土的结构、性能与材料．同济大学出版社，1991，5
6 Corina-Maria Aldea. and etc. Effect of Cracking on Water and Chloride Permeability of Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,1999,8:181～186
7 沈威 黄文熙 闵盘荣．水泥工艺学．武汉工业大学出版社，1991，7
8 H.F.W.Taylor. Cement Chemistry (2nd edition). Thmas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Services Ltd, 1997
9 孙林柱．混凝土高效复合防水剂的试验研究．混凝土，1999，3
10 Aldea C. Shah S.P.and Karr.A. Permeability of cracked concrete.Mat. and Struct.,1999,7:15～17
11 Gerard and etc. Cracking and permeability of concrete under tension. Mat. And Struct., 29(187): 141～151
12 Alan Pell and Yvonne McDonald. Tunnel waterproofing today. Concrete, 2001,4:34～37
13 翟海潮编著．建筑粘合与防水材料应用手册．中国石化出版社，2000，6
14 沈春林编．防水工程手册．中国建筑工业出版社，1998，6
15 沈春林编．防水材料手册．中国建材工业出版社，1998，6
16 沈春林编．新型防水材料产品手册．化学工业出版社，2001，8
17 邓钫印编．建筑工程防水材料手册．中国建筑工业出版社，2001，6
18 游宝坤等主编．国内外膨胀混凝土的研究概况及其发展前景．中国建筑材料科学研究院内部资料，1986
19 吴中伟编著．膨胀混凝土及其发展前景．1985年北京国际水泥混凝土化学会议论文集
20 吴中伟 张鸿直．膨胀混凝土．中国铁道出版社，1992
21 薛君矸 吴中伟．膨胀和自应力水泥及其应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1985
22 John Batchelor. Waterproofing concrete with sprayed acrylics. Concrete, 1997,3 18～20
23 Bob Hathaway of Grace Servicised goes into details. Waterproofing elevated concrete decks beneath wearing surfaces. Concrete, 1997,3:21～24
24 朱馥林编．建筑防水新材料及防水施工新技术．中国建筑工业出版社，2000
25 张沂．聚合物水泥类防水涂料综述．中国建筑防水，2001，4：10～15
26 Ohama. Y. Polymer-based Admixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 1998(20):189～212
27 Lay I.Gupta A.P. & Biswas.M. Effect of latex and super plasticizer on Portland cement mortar in the flesh state, Cement and Concrete Composites,1994(16)309～316
28 买淑芳．混凝土聚合物复合材料及其应用．科学技术文献出版社，1996
29 高建明 森也奎二．聚合物改性硅灰水泥砂浆性能的实验研究．混凝土与水泥制品，2000，5：8～10
30 刘又民 梁才 金文硕．聚合物水泥防水涂料在斜坡屋面上的应用．中国建筑防水，2001，4：17～18
31 余晓伟．聚合物水泥类防水涂料在地下工程中的应用探讨．中国建筑防水，2001，4：19～21
32 石伟国．深圳彭年广场地下室防水工程施工．施工技术，1996，4：17～18
33 吴志明．万安水电站厂房渗漏原因分析及其处理．人民长江，1998，11：22～23
34 R S Gislason. Low permeability facade coatings reduce moisture in concrete. Surface Coatings International,2000,2:59～64
35 Lulu Basheer. Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: a review. Construction and Building Materials, 2001,15:93～103
36 Garboczi EH Permeability. diffusivity and micro-structural parameters. A critical review. Cement and Concrete Research, 1990,20:591～601
37 Figg HW. Methods of measuring the air and water permeability of concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research, 1984,25:213～219
38 Parrott LJ. Water absorption of cover concrete. Material Structure, 1992,25:284～292
39 Basheer L. Assessment of the durability characteristics of surface treated concrete. The Queen's University of Belfast,1994,196
40 方明晖 杨骛远，无机水性水泥密封防水剂功能和耐久性，新型建筑材料，2000，4：18～21
41 谢永江 王石生，TM1500防水剂的性能及其在混凝土梁上的应用．铁道建筑，1995，5：21～23
42 钱逢麟 郭淑静编．国内外涂料助剂品种手册．化学工业出版社，1999，8
43 焦德贵 袁德明．堵漏防渗新材料赛柏斯和确保时的施工方法．建筑技术，Vol．31，4：243～244
44 Bryant Mather. Crystal Growth in Entrained-Air Voids. Concrete International,2001,3:35～36
45 Roy H.Keck. Improving Concrete Durability with Cementitious Materials. Concrete International,2001,9:47～51
46 叶林标．国内外环保型防水材料的开发与应用．建筑技术，Vol．32，7：442～444
47 Phil Hewitt. Waterproofing Concrete. Concrete,1997,3:14～17
48 汪文忠．防挡水(FORMEDEX)材料在地下防水工程中的应用．建筑技术，2001，7：445～447
49 陈兵 蒋正武 白桦，水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料性能研究．新型建筑材料，2000，12：10～11
50 寻民高 单兆铁．“赛柏斯”渗透结晶型防水材料．中国建筑防水，2000，5：10～11
51 焦德贵 刘方泉，中国银行总行大厦防水施工技术．建筑技术，1999，4：221～225
52 The Concrete Repair Association. The Route to a Successful Concrete Repair, Concrete,2000,2
53 Sandra Sprouts. Evaluating Performance of Cementitious Waterproofing Systems for Concrete. Concrete International,1994,7:38～41
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