鳕鱼骨胶原肽与活性钙的制备及其抗骨质疏松活性研究
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摘要
鳕鱼是全世界年捕捞量最大的鱼类之一，在我国分布广泛，具有重要的经济价值。鳕鱼在加工生产过程中会产生大量的废弃物，其中鱼骨占鳕鱼整体重量的15%。鳕鱼骨中含有丰富的胶原蛋白及多种矿质元素，是一种良好的天然蛋白源与钙源。本论文以太平洋真鳕鱼骨为原料，制备鱼骨胶原蛋白并研究其各项基本理化性质。使用商品蛋白酶水解制备鱼骨胶原肽，并研究不同分子量胶原肽对成骨样MG-63细胞作用机制的影响。本实验研讨鳕鱼骨活性钙的最佳制备条件，并对其生物利用度进行了研究。本论文以去卵巢大鼠为模型，探讨鱼骨胶原肽与活性钙的抗骨质疏松活性。本研究开拓了鳕鱼骨资源的应用领域，为开发新型鱼骨保健食品、推进水产品高值化利用的发展提供了一定的科学依据。
1.本论文以水产加工下脚料鳕鱼骨为原料，因此首先对其基本组成进行了分析。鳕鱼骨中蛋白质含量较高（14.5%），鳕鱼骨中含有7种必须氨基酸，占总氨基酸含量的26.02%。鳕鱼骨中Ca与P的含量分别达到20.78%和10.09%，其比值接近2:1。扫描电镜观察发现鳕鱼骨表面具有坚固致密的扁平板状的羟基磷灰石结晶；通过Van Gieson染色发现鳕鱼骨中含有大量的胶原蛋白纤维。
2.以鳕鱼骨为原料，通过不同方法制备胶原蛋白，并对所提取胶原蛋白的理化性质进行分析。使用低温酸法制备得到酸溶性胶原蛋白（Acid-solublecollagen, ASC）。氨基酸组成检测发现ASC中Gly的含量最高，而His、Tyr及Ile的数量很少。SDS-PAGE电泳检测证明ASC为I型胶原蛋白，至少含有两条α (α1和α2)链、一条β链和一条γ链。傅里叶变换红外光谱和X-射线衍射等分析证明ASC较好的保持了天然螺旋结构。扫描电镜观察发现ASC冻干样品具有多孔的网状结构，且存在缠绕复杂的细丝结构。使用热水抽提法制备得到热水抽提胶原蛋白（Hot-water extracted collagen, HEC）。采用正交实验确定了制备的最佳条件:盐酸质量分数4%，酸处理时间18h，提取温度70℃,提取时间8h，样品提取率可达98.02%。制备4种HEC样品：45℃4h，45℃8h，70℃4h和70℃8h，氨基酸组成检测显示4种样品氨基酸组成无显著性差异，凝胶强度随制备温度的升高和时间的延长而显著下降。傅里叶红外变换光谱和扫描电镜观察显示HEC失去天然三螺旋结构。
3.以鳕鱼骨胶原蛋白为原料，以MG-63细胞碱性磷酸酶增长率作为活性筛选指标，使用胰蛋白酶对胶原蛋白进行酶解以制备鳕鱼骨胶原肽。以正交实验设计确定酶解优化条件参数为：酶解温度50℃，酶解时间90min，加酶量1.5%。在此优化条件下，ALP增长率为43.64%。以水解液为原料超滤获取高、低分子量组分：BCH1:2000Da 4.采用正交实验确定活性钙最佳提取条件为：提取温度100℃，提取时间120min，酸混合比例1:2，酸质量分数15%，在此条件下提取率达到96.15%，其中酸质量分数对结果的影响最为显著。对CCM活性钙样品进行生物利用度实验，结果表明样品对大鼠没有显著毒副作用；与空白对照组相比，CCM低剂量组大鼠骨钙含量明显增加（P<0.05），中剂量、高剂量与碳酸钙组大鼠的骨钙含量增加极为显著（P<0.01）；且CCM高剂量组大鼠骨钙含量与相同钙水平的碳酸钙组无明显差异（P>0.05）。钙代谢实验测定结果显示CCM高剂量组钙吸收率显著高于相同钙水平的碳酸钙组（P<0.05）。因此判断CCM样品可作为一种有效的钙营养强化剂。
5.本实验采用去卵巢大鼠模型，探讨鱼骨胶原肽、活性钙以及肽钙混合复剂对骨质疏松症的预防及作用机理。结果表明各组大鼠的脏器指数与普通生化指标检测未见异常、子宫病理学检测无明显差异，说明样品具有较好的安全性。三种样品均可不同程度的下调血清中ALP和TNF-α的含量，其中BCH高剂量组、CCM与肽钙复剂的低、高剂量组均能显著抑制血清TNF-α含量（P<0.05），这说明受试样品有助于降低摘除卵巢所导致的高骨转换状态，使大鼠的骨重建水平向正平衡状态恢复。与OVX组相比，CCM高剂量组、肽钙复剂的低、高剂量组骨骺端BMD值都有明显增加（P<0.05）；CCM与肽钙复剂的低（P<0.05）、高剂量（P<0.01）对股骨钙含量亦有显著的提高作用，表明活性钙与肽钙复剂能够有效削弱卵巢摘除所引起的松质骨的骨转换加快以及相应导致的骨量减少。骨组织形态学观察结果进一步表明，CCM与肽钙复剂均能有效提高骨小梁数目，恢复骨小梁三维网状结构，进而提高骨骼强度，降低卵巢摘除导致的骨质疏松性骨折发生率。RT-PCR实验结果表明BCH与CCM功效因子能够有效抑制RANKL因子的合成，可通过作用于OPG/RANKL/RANK系统对骨代谢进行调节，从而阻止过度的骨吸收，抑制骨质疏松症的发展。
Cod is one of the commercially important fish species in international markets,which distributed extensively in our country and possess a high economic value.Large quantities of by-products have been generated during the production process ofcod with the fast development of aquatic processing industries. Fish bone wastesmake up15%of the raw fish materials. Cod bone contains many essential nutrientsincluding high quality collagen and various mineral elements. Thus cod bone is anexcellent natural source of protein and calcium. In this study, the un-denaturedacid-soluble collagen and denatured hot-water extracted collagen was isolated fromthe bones of pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). The characterization and functionalproperties of both collagen samples were investigated. The hydrolyzed collagenpeptides were prepared by appropriate protease as efficacy factor. Utilizing culturedMG-63cells, the osteogenic mechanism of collagen polypeptides with differentmolecular weights was studied in vitro. The optimum condition for the preparation ofactive calcium from cod bone was determined through orthogonal tests and thebiological availability was investigated. Furthermore, the preventive effects of bonecollagen polypeptides and active calcium on osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats wasstudied in vivo. This paper aimed to broaden the research field of fish bone resource,provide experimental evidence for developing fish bone health food and aquaticproduct processing industry. The main results were as follows:
1. The pacific cod bone was used as research materials and the main compositionswere determined. The proximate analysis of fish bone exhibited that protein content inbone reached14.5%. The content of essential amino acids made up26.02%of thetotal amino acids. The calcium and phosphorous content was20.78%and10.09%, theratio of which was approximately2:1. Tightly and firmly combined hydroxyapatite crystals characterized by the flat tabular shape were found under SEM observation.After decalcification process, large amounts of collagen fibrils in fish bone wereobserved using Van Gieson staining technology.
2. The studies of the extraction methods and physicochemical properties ofcollagen from cod bone were undertaken. Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was isolatedunder low temperature. Amino acid analysis found that ASC was rich in Gly, whilethe amount of His, Tyr and Ile was relatively low. Electrophoresis revealed twodifferent α (α1and α2) chains, β-component and γ-component. FTIR and X-raydiffraction measurement showed ASC kept in helix structure. Lyophilized ASC had aporous network microstructure with complicated lace-like fibers. Hot-water extractedcollagen (HEC) was prepared from pacific cod bone. The influences of differentextraction parameters, including concentration of hydrochloric acid, acid soaking time,extraction temperature and time on the extraction rate of bone HEC were investigated.On the base of single-factor experiment, the optimum parameters of extraction forHEC were obtained by orthogonal experiment as follows: the concentration ofhydrochloric acid4%, acid soaking time18h, the extraction temperature70℃andtime8h, the yield was98.02%. Four HEC samples were prepared, including45℃for4h，45℃for8h，70℃for4h and70℃for8h. Amino acid analysis showed there wasno significant difference among the four samples. The bloom strength was decreasedsignificantly with the increasing extraction temperature and time. FTIR and SEMobservation showed HEC lost the natural helical structure.
3. Cod bone collagen was hydrolyzed by trypsin treatment to obtain peptides whichcould promote the alkaline phosphatase activity of MG-63cells. The optimumparameters of hydrolysis conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiment asfollows: hydrolysis temperature at50℃,hydrolysis time at90min,enzyme-to-substrate ratio ([E]/[S])1.5%. The ALP increasing rate under thiscondition was43.64%. The polypeptides were subjected to ultrafiltration using cut-offmembranes to obtain collagen peptides with different molecular weight: BCH1(2000Da 4. The optimum parameters of extraction for active calcium were obtained byorthogonal experiment as follows: the extraction temperature100℃, the extractiontime120min, the acid mixing ratio1:2, the acid concentration15%, the calcium yieldwas96.15%under this condition. The research on bioavailability of CCM calciumsample was carried out in growing rats. Results showed that there were no side effectsof calcium samples. Compared with the control group, CCM low dose groupexhibited a significantly higher femur calcium content (P<0.05), CCM middle andhigh dose as well as calcium carbonate group remarkably promote the femur calciumcontent (P<0.01). There is no statistical difference of bone calcium content betweenCCM high dose group and calcium carbonate group, which possessing the samecalcium level in samples. Calcium metabolism experiment results suggested thecalcium absorption of CCM high dose group was significantly higher than that ofcalcium carbonate group (P<0.05). These results proved that CCM active calciumpossessed excellent bioavailability and could be a natural nutritional supplement ofcalcium.
5. The effect of collagen peptides, active calcium and peptide-calcium mixture onprevention of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats was investigated. There was nosignificant difference in viscera index and common serum biochemical index in each group, and no uterine endometrial hyperplasia was observed. These results indicatedthat long-term administration of these three samples has less risk of endometrialhyperplasia and displayed a high security. Results showed that all the three samplescould mitigate the increase of ALP and TNF-α in serum. Compared with OVX group,BCH high dose, CCM and peptide-calcium mixture at all dose levels exhibited mostsignificant inhibitory effect to TNF-α (P<0.05), which indicated the tested samplescould decrease the high bone remodeling (an increase in bone resorption and boneformation) caused by ovariectomy and help to restore the balance. The BMD of femurneck, in animals treated with CCM high dose and peptide-calcium mixture of alldoses levels was higher than that of the OVX group (P<0.05). A significant increasein femoral calcium content was observed in CCM and peptide-calcium mixture bothat low dose groups (P<0.05) and high dose groups (P<0.01). These results indicatedCCM and peptide-calcium mixture treatment may decrease bone turnover and preventagainst the bone mineral loss in cancellous bone after ovariectomy.Histomorphometry analysis further revealed the CCM and peptide-calcium mixturetreatment could significantly prevent trabecular bone loss and keep bettermicroarchitecture as compared to the OVX group. RT-PCR results showed theRANKL mRNA levels of each group were significantly decreased as compared to theOVX group, indicating that BCH and CCM could be effective in the prevention ofbone loss by modeling the expression of OPG/RANKL system. These resultssuggested that the collagen peptides and active calcium treatment could counteractovariectomy-induced bone loss and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
1.本论文以水产加工下脚料鳕鱼骨为原料，因此首先对其基本组成进行了分析。鳕鱼骨中蛋白质含量较高（14.5%），鳕鱼骨中含有7种必须氨基酸，占总氨基酸含量的26.02%。鳕鱼骨中Ca与P的含量分别达到20.78%和10.09%，其比值接近2:1。扫描电镜观察发现鳕鱼骨表面具有坚固致密的扁平板状的羟基磷灰石结晶；通过Van Gieson染色发现鳕鱼骨中含有大量的胶原蛋白纤维。
2.以鳕鱼骨为原料，通过不同方法制备胶原蛋白，并对所提取胶原蛋白的理化性质进行分析。使用低温酸法制备得到酸溶性胶原蛋白（Acid-solublecollagen, ASC）。氨基酸组成检测发现ASC中Gly的含量最高，而His、Tyr及Ile的数量很少。SDS-PAGE电泳检测证明ASC为I型胶原蛋白，至少含有两条α (α1和α2)链、一条β链和一条γ链。傅里叶变换红外光谱和X-射线衍射等分析证明ASC较好的保持了天然螺旋结构。扫描电镜观察发现ASC冻干样品具有多孔的网状结构，且存在缠绕复杂的细丝结构。使用热水抽提法制备得到热水抽提胶原蛋白（Hot-water extracted collagen, HEC）。采用正交实验确定了制备的最佳条件:盐酸质量分数4%，酸处理时间18h，提取温度70℃,提取时间8h，样品提取率可达98.02%。制备4种HEC样品：45℃4h，45℃8h，70℃4h和70℃8h，氨基酸组成检测显示4种样品氨基酸组成无显著性差异，凝胶强度随制备温度的升高和时间的延长而显著下降。傅里叶红外变换光谱和扫描电镜观察显示HEC失去天然三螺旋结构。
3.以鳕鱼骨胶原蛋白为原料，以MG-63细胞碱性磷酸酶增长率作为活性筛选指标，使用胰蛋白酶对胶原蛋白进行酶解以制备鳕鱼骨胶原肽。以正交实验设计确定酶解优化条件参数为：酶解温度50℃，酶解时间90min，加酶量1.5%。在此优化条件下，ALP增长率为43.64%。以水解液为原料超滤获取高、低分子量组分：BCH1:2000Da
5.本实验采用去卵巢大鼠模型，探讨鱼骨胶原肽、活性钙以及肽钙混合复剂对骨质疏松症的预防及作用机理。结果表明各组大鼠的脏器指数与普通生化指标检测未见异常、子宫病理学检测无明显差异，说明样品具有较好的安全性。三种样品均可不同程度的下调血清中ALP和TNF-α的含量，其中BCH高剂量组、CCM与肽钙复剂的低、高剂量组均能显著抑制血清TNF-α含量（P<0.05），这说明受试样品有助于降低摘除卵巢所导致的高骨转换状态，使大鼠的骨重建水平向正平衡状态恢复。与OVX组相比，CCM高剂量组、肽钙复剂的低、高剂量组骨骺端BMD值都有明显增加（P<0.05）；CCM与肽钙复剂的低（P<0.05）、高剂量（P<0.01）对股骨钙含量亦有显著的提高作用，表明活性钙与肽钙复剂能够有效削弱卵巢摘除所引起的松质骨的骨转换加快以及相应导致的骨量减少。骨组织形态学观察结果进一步表明，CCM与肽钙复剂均能有效提高骨小梁数目，恢复骨小梁三维网状结构，进而提高骨骼强度，降低卵巢摘除导致的骨质疏松性骨折发生率。RT-PCR实验结果表明BCH与CCM功效因子能够有效抑制RANKL因子的合成，可通过作用于OPG/RANKL/RANK系统对骨代谢进行调节，从而阻止过度的骨吸收，抑制骨质疏松症的发展。
Cod is one of the commercially important fish species in international markets,which distributed extensively in our country and possess a high economic value.Large quantities of by-products have been generated during the production process ofcod with the fast development of aquatic processing industries. Fish bone wastesmake up15%of the raw fish materials. Cod bone contains many essential nutrientsincluding high quality collagen and various mineral elements. Thus cod bone is anexcellent natural source of protein and calcium. In this study, the un-denaturedacid-soluble collagen and denatured hot-water extracted collagen was isolated fromthe bones of pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). The characterization and functionalproperties of both collagen samples were investigated. The hydrolyzed collagenpeptides were prepared by appropriate protease as efficacy factor. Utilizing culturedMG-63cells, the osteogenic mechanism of collagen polypeptides with differentmolecular weights was studied in vitro. The optimum condition for the preparation ofactive calcium from cod bone was determined through orthogonal tests and thebiological availability was investigated. Furthermore, the preventive effects of bonecollagen polypeptides and active calcium on osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats wasstudied in vivo. This paper aimed to broaden the research field of fish bone resource,provide experimental evidence for developing fish bone health food and aquaticproduct processing industry. The main results were as follows:
1. The pacific cod bone was used as research materials and the main compositionswere determined. The proximate analysis of fish bone exhibited that protein content inbone reached14.5%. The content of essential amino acids made up26.02%of thetotal amino acids. The calcium and phosphorous content was20.78%and10.09%, theratio of which was approximately2:1. Tightly and firmly combined hydroxyapatite crystals characterized by the flat tabular shape were found under SEM observation.After decalcification process, large amounts of collagen fibrils in fish bone wereobserved using Van Gieson staining technology.
2. The studies of the extraction methods and physicochemical properties ofcollagen from cod bone were undertaken. Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was isolatedunder low temperature. Amino acid analysis found that ASC was rich in Gly, whilethe amount of His, Tyr and Ile was relatively low. Electrophoresis revealed twodifferent α (α1and α2) chains, β-component and γ-component. FTIR and X-raydiffraction measurement showed ASC kept in helix structure. Lyophilized ASC had aporous network microstructure with complicated lace-like fibers. Hot-water extractedcollagen (HEC) was prepared from pacific cod bone. The influences of differentextraction parameters, including concentration of hydrochloric acid, acid soaking time,extraction temperature and time on the extraction rate of bone HEC were investigated.On the base of single-factor experiment, the optimum parameters of extraction forHEC were obtained by orthogonal experiment as follows: the concentration ofhydrochloric acid4%, acid soaking time18h, the extraction temperature70℃andtime8h, the yield was98.02%. Four HEC samples were prepared, including45℃for4h，45℃for8h，70℃for4h and70℃for8h. Amino acid analysis showed there wasno significant difference among the four samples. The bloom strength was decreasedsignificantly with the increasing extraction temperature and time. FTIR and SEMobservation showed HEC lost the natural helical structure.
3. Cod bone collagen was hydrolyzed by trypsin treatment to obtain peptides whichcould promote the alkaline phosphatase activity of MG-63cells. The optimumparameters of hydrolysis conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiment asfollows: hydrolysis temperature at50℃,hydrolysis time at90min,enzyme-to-substrate ratio ([E]/[S])1.5%. The ALP increasing rate under thiscondition was43.64%. The polypeptides were subjected to ultrafiltration using cut-offmembranes to obtain collagen peptides with different molecular weight: BCH1(2000Da
5. The effect of collagen peptides, active calcium and peptide-calcium mixture onprevention of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats was investigated. There was nosignificant difference in viscera index and common serum biochemical index in each group, and no uterine endometrial hyperplasia was observed. These results indicatedthat long-term administration of these three samples has less risk of endometrialhyperplasia and displayed a high security. Results showed that all the three samplescould mitigate the increase of ALP and TNF-α in serum. Compared with OVX group,BCH high dose, CCM and peptide-calcium mixture at all dose levels exhibited mostsignificant inhibitory effect to TNF-α (P<0.05), which indicated the tested samplescould decrease the high bone remodeling (an increase in bone resorption and boneformation) caused by ovariectomy and help to restore the balance. The BMD of femurneck, in animals treated with CCM high dose and peptide-calcium mixture of alldoses levels was higher than that of the OVX group (P<0.05). A significant increasein femoral calcium content was observed in CCM and peptide-calcium mixture bothat low dose groups (P<0.05) and high dose groups (P<0.01). These results indicatedCCM and peptide-calcium mixture treatment may decrease bone turnover and preventagainst the bone mineral loss in cancellous bone after ovariectomy.Histomorphometry analysis further revealed the CCM and peptide-calcium mixturetreatment could significantly prevent trabecular bone loss and keep bettermicroarchitecture as compared to the OVX group. RT-PCR results showed theRANKL mRNA levels of each group were significantly decreased as compared to theOVX group, indicating that BCH and CCM could be effective in the prevention ofbone loss by modeling the expression of OPG/RANKL system. These resultssuggested that the collagen peptides and active calcium treatment could counteractovariectomy-induced bone loss and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
引文
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