高速铁路长大隧道列车火灾安全疏散研究
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摘要
高速铁路给人类带来高效、便捷的同时,铁路行车事故也造成了巨大的经济损失和社会影响。作为高速铁路的关键节点,隧道内的行车安全问题一直是铁路运营管理的重点。随着行车速度的不断提高和长大隧道的不断增多,隧道内发生列车火灾的可能性也将增加,而一旦发生火灾人员的疏散救援也会非常困难。如何减小火灾发生的可能性和确保火灾发生后人员的安全疏散,已经成为高速铁路隧道迫切需要解决的课题。
本文采用事故调研、理论研究、数值模拟相结合的方法,系统讨论了高速铁路隧道发生列车火灾后的安全疏散问题。本文的主要工作有:
(1)统计国内外铁路隧道列车火灾事故,调查导致列车火灾发生的主要原因,分析火灾的起火位置和事故后果的严重性。
(2)讨论了列车发生火灾时的两种逃生模式:继续运行疏散模式和停车疏散模式,分析两种逃生模式下的最不利情形,并建立了两种疏散模式下人员的安全疏散判定准则。
(3)分析了隧道火灾三维数值计算模型的理论基础,找到比较合适的隧道列车火灾建模方法,并采用了“等效活塞风方法”以模拟继续运行疏散模式。
(4)在研究继续运行疏散模式时,分析了火灾规模、运行速度、隧道断面对火灾烟气流场的影响;并进行了实例分析,得到了适合采用继续运行疏散模式的条件,并分析了列车在隧道内不同地点发生火灾时的疏散方向,发现存在一个最不利疏散的位置Lcr,使得列车继续运行的疏散时间最长;最后分析了列车继续运行的合理疏散速度。
(5)在研究停车疏散模式时,采用经验公式和数值模拟的方法计算了狮子洋隧道控制烟气回流的临界风速,并得到了保证人员安全疏散的联络通道间距。
(6)通过对国内外高速铁路隧道设计规范和实例的调研,并结合前文的研究成果,为我国高速铁路长大隧道防灾救援体系提供建议和参考。
High-speed railway has brought humanity efficiency and convenience. At the same time, the railway traffic accidents have caused tremendous economic losses and social impact. As key nodes in the high-speed railway, the traffic safety of the tunnel has been the focus of the railway operational management. With the continuous increase of traffic speed and the growing number of long tunnels, the possibility of train fires inside tunnels will also increase, and the evacuation will be very difficult. How to reduce the possibility of train fires and to ensure the evacuation has become an urgent issue to resolve.
Through comprehensive analysis of case studies, theoretical study and numerical simulation, this paper makes a systemic discussion on the evacuation models of train fires in high-speed railway tunnel. It focuses on the following aspects:
(1)Train fires in railway tunnels home and abroad are investigated to obtain the main causes of train fire. The fire location and the consequence of the accidents are also analyzed.
(2)The evacuation models of train fires ("continue-to-operate" evacuation model and "parking" evacuation model) are discussed to obtain the most adverse scenes. The safety criterion of two evacuation models are also established
(3) The theoretical basis for tunnel fire three-dimensional numerical simulation is analyzed. The suitable tunnel fire model is selected and the "wind piston equivalent method" is suggested to simulate the "continue-to-operate" evacuation model..
(4)To study the "continue-to-operate" evacuation model, the influencing factors on smoke flow fluid such as the heat release rate, train speed, tunnel section are discussed. Case study is done to obtain the criterion of using this model. Also the evacuation direction under different locations in tunnel is analyzed. The worst location Lcr to evacuate is found to make the evacuation time longest. In the end, the reasonable evacuation speed is discussed.
(5)To study the "parking" evacuation model, the critical velocity of the Shiziyang railway tunnel is calculated by empirical formula and numerical simulation. The reasonable distance of the cross passage is also discussed.
(6)An investigation on the specifications home and abroad is made. Based on the study results; the suggestions on the disaster prevention of the high-speed railway long tunnels are given.
本文采用事故调研、理论研究、数值模拟相结合的方法,系统讨论了高速铁路隧道发生列车火灾后的安全疏散问题。本文的主要工作有:
(1)统计国内外铁路隧道列车火灾事故,调查导致列车火灾发生的主要原因,分析火灾的起火位置和事故后果的严重性。
(2)讨论了列车发生火灾时的两种逃生模式:继续运行疏散模式和停车疏散模式,分析两种逃生模式下的最不利情形,并建立了两种疏散模式下人员的安全疏散判定准则。
(3)分析了隧道火灾三维数值计算模型的理论基础,找到比较合适的隧道列车火灾建模方法,并采用了“等效活塞风方法”以模拟继续运行疏散模式。
(4)在研究继续运行疏散模式时,分析了火灾规模、运行速度、隧道断面对火灾烟气流场的影响;并进行了实例分析,得到了适合采用继续运行疏散模式的条件,并分析了列车在隧道内不同地点发生火灾时的疏散方向,发现存在一个最不利疏散的位置Lcr,使得列车继续运行的疏散时间最长;最后分析了列车继续运行的合理疏散速度。
(5)在研究停车疏散模式时,采用经验公式和数值模拟的方法计算了狮子洋隧道控制烟气回流的临界风速,并得到了保证人员安全疏散的联络通道间距。
(6)通过对国内外高速铁路隧道设计规范和实例的调研,并结合前文的研究成果,为我国高速铁路长大隧道防灾救援体系提供建议和参考。
High-speed railway has brought humanity efficiency and convenience. At the same time, the railway traffic accidents have caused tremendous economic losses and social impact. As key nodes in the high-speed railway, the traffic safety of the tunnel has been the focus of the railway operational management. With the continuous increase of traffic speed and the growing number of long tunnels, the possibility of train fires inside tunnels will also increase, and the evacuation will be very difficult. How to reduce the possibility of train fires and to ensure the evacuation has become an urgent issue to resolve.
Through comprehensive analysis of case studies, theoretical study and numerical simulation, this paper makes a systemic discussion on the evacuation models of train fires in high-speed railway tunnel. It focuses on the following aspects:
(1)Train fires in railway tunnels home and abroad are investigated to obtain the main causes of train fire. The fire location and the consequence of the accidents are also analyzed.
(2)The evacuation models of train fires ("continue-to-operate" evacuation model and "parking" evacuation model) are discussed to obtain the most adverse scenes. The safety criterion of two evacuation models are also established
(3) The theoretical basis for tunnel fire three-dimensional numerical simulation is analyzed. The suitable tunnel fire model is selected and the "wind piston equivalent method" is suggested to simulate the "continue-to-operate" evacuation model..
(4)To study the "continue-to-operate" evacuation model, the influencing factors on smoke flow fluid such as the heat release rate, train speed, tunnel section are discussed. Case study is done to obtain the criterion of using this model. Also the evacuation direction under different locations in tunnel is analyzed. The worst location Lcr to evacuate is found to make the evacuation time longest. In the end, the reasonable evacuation speed is discussed.
(5)To study the "parking" evacuation model, the critical velocity of the Shiziyang railway tunnel is calculated by empirical formula and numerical simulation. The reasonable distance of the cross passage is also discussed.
(6)An investigation on the specifications home and abroad is made. Based on the study results; the suggestions on the disaster prevention of the high-speed railway long tunnels are given.
引文
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