三相电能计量系统防窃电技术研究
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摘要
在我国，不法企业为追求高额利润使窃电现象日趋严重。如何完善防窃电技术，有效地遏制窃电行为，推动市场经济健康发展一直是供电企业十分关心的问题。针对这种情况，本论文作者针对三相供电系统中窃电及其检测技术进行了详细研究并研制了三相四线和三相三线计量防窃电装置。理论分析和模拟试验均表明防窃电装置能可靠、准确、迅速地对三相供电系统中各种窃电现象做出判断，而且对每次窃电都有详细的窃电记录。
论文从电能计量原理和准确计量方法入手，简要介绍了电能计量的发展历史，单相电路和三相电路的各种计量方式。其中重点介绍了三相三线经电流互感器和电压互感器接入式和三相四线只经电流互感器接入式这两种计量方式。对常见的窃电现象进行了分析，把窃电方法归并为五类：电压法窃电、电流法窃电、移相法窃电、扩差法窃电、分流法窃电。从理论上分析了各类窃电方法引起的电压、电流和功率因素变化，从而提出了检测窃电方法和窃电判据，为迅速准确判断窃电行为和电量追算提供了理论保证。
为了检验这些方案，作者研制出两种防窃电监测装置。装置选用PIC16F877作为控制核心，辅以CPLD芯片、存储芯片等外围芯片，构成一个实时监测的电子装置。设计时对各功能模块电路进行了仿真验证，软件采用模块化的设计方法，对各个子程序模块进行设计和调试，实现窃电的检测和记录。装置通过实验检测，证实能够有效发现各种窃电行为，达到了预期效果。该类产品通过在内江电力局挂网运行，取得良好效果，得到用户高度评价。
这种防窃电产品能够检测出包括电流法窃电等几乎所有窃电方式，具备故障存储功能，同时自动追算损失电量，具有强大的防窃电能力。但要满足防窃电实时性要求，还必须组建防窃电网络。为此，文中提出了各种网络化防窃电方案：既可结合现有电力网络平台，实现网络化防窃电方案，也可单独组建防窃电网络。最后，针对目前电力计量部门存在的防窃电问题，提出了如何从管理和技术角度防止窃电现象发生。
总之，论文从国民经济的现实需要出发，结合电力计量系统实际情况，有针对性地进行防窃电研究，取得了较好实际成果。论文本身也具有较高理论和工程应用价值。
In our country, power theft becomes more and more seriously in some enterprise. How to perfect the technology of preventing power theft to restrict this deed is a problem which most of power supply corporations are caring in a long time. To resolve this problem, this dissertation author researches deeply and makes two preventing power theft devices which be used in three-phase power supply system including three-phase three-line system and three-phase three-line system. Theories analyzing and tests show that the devices not only can do credible and quick judgment, but also have particular record to every time of stealing power energy.
At first, the dissertation author analyzes the measure method characteristic of three-phase three-line system and three-phase three-line system by power measure principle, and analyzes all kinds of power theft way, then concluding them to five styles: voltage style, current style, change phase style, enlarge error style, shunt style. How to calculate the loss energy exactly after acknowledging the deed of power theft is one of problems that the author tries to solve. At last, adding the preventing power theft technology into the existing electric power network is a good way to prevent power theft more effectively.
The dissertation concludes all kinds of main character in the state of power theft through these stealing power means, puts forwards all kinds of countermeasure against power theft, at the same time, calculates the loss electric energy. The author develops two kinds of devices for the big power clients. This devices use Microchip high performance MCU PIC16F877 and other chips including XC9572, PCF8583, 6264 etc. This dissertation simulates function circuits to verify design. The software of this device is designed according to module. First it drafts the main block flow chart, then programs subroutine to reach the aim of detecting power theft. This devices' debugging results in lab and the production applied on-site by NeiJiang electric power bureau indicate that they can work as we desired and satisfied the design requirements.
This dissertation realizes the development of preventing power theft device. At the same time, it makes the advantages of the preventing power theft device in full, connects the existed electrical network platform, and takes up the theory of setting up a preventing power theft system with network. This dissertation gives the suggestions of preventing
power theft that contains two ways, one is strict management, and another is adopting new technology. In a word, the device should have a bright market selling and applied value; the dissertation has a good value of theory and project applying.
论文从电能计量原理和准确计量方法入手，简要介绍了电能计量的发展历史，单相电路和三相电路的各种计量方式。其中重点介绍了三相三线经电流互感器和电压互感器接入式和三相四线只经电流互感器接入式这两种计量方式。对常见的窃电现象进行了分析，把窃电方法归并为五类：电压法窃电、电流法窃电、移相法窃电、扩差法窃电、分流法窃电。从理论上分析了各类窃电方法引起的电压、电流和功率因素变化，从而提出了检测窃电方法和窃电判据，为迅速准确判断窃电行为和电量追算提供了理论保证。
为了检验这些方案，作者研制出两种防窃电监测装置。装置选用PIC16F877作为控制核心，辅以CPLD芯片、存储芯片等外围芯片，构成一个实时监测的电子装置。设计时对各功能模块电路进行了仿真验证，软件采用模块化的设计方法，对各个子程序模块进行设计和调试，实现窃电的检测和记录。装置通过实验检测，证实能够有效发现各种窃电行为，达到了预期效果。该类产品通过在内江电力局挂网运行，取得良好效果，得到用户高度评价。
这种防窃电产品能够检测出包括电流法窃电等几乎所有窃电方式，具备故障存储功能，同时自动追算损失电量，具有强大的防窃电能力。但要满足防窃电实时性要求，还必须组建防窃电网络。为此，文中提出了各种网络化防窃电方案：既可结合现有电力网络平台，实现网络化防窃电方案，也可单独组建防窃电网络。最后，针对目前电力计量部门存在的防窃电问题，提出了如何从管理和技术角度防止窃电现象发生。
总之，论文从国民经济的现实需要出发，结合电力计量系统实际情况，有针对性地进行防窃电研究，取得了较好实际成果。论文本身也具有较高理论和工程应用价值。
In our country, power theft becomes more and more seriously in some enterprise. How to perfect the technology of preventing power theft to restrict this deed is a problem which most of power supply corporations are caring in a long time. To resolve this problem, this dissertation author researches deeply and makes two preventing power theft devices which be used in three-phase power supply system including three-phase three-line system and three-phase three-line system. Theories analyzing and tests show that the devices not only can do credible and quick judgment, but also have particular record to every time of stealing power energy.
At first, the dissertation author analyzes the measure method characteristic of three-phase three-line system and three-phase three-line system by power measure principle, and analyzes all kinds of power theft way, then concluding them to five styles: voltage style, current style, change phase style, enlarge error style, shunt style. How to calculate the loss energy exactly after acknowledging the deed of power theft is one of problems that the author tries to solve. At last, adding the preventing power theft technology into the existing electric power network is a good way to prevent power theft more effectively.
The dissertation concludes all kinds of main character in the state of power theft through these stealing power means, puts forwards all kinds of countermeasure against power theft, at the same time, calculates the loss electric energy. The author develops two kinds of devices for the big power clients. This devices use Microchip high performance MCU PIC16F877 and other chips including XC9572, PCF8583, 6264 etc. This dissertation simulates function circuits to verify design. The software of this device is designed according to module. First it drafts the main block flow chart, then programs subroutine to reach the aim of detecting power theft. This devices' debugging results in lab and the production applied on-site by NeiJiang electric power bureau indicate that they can work as we desired and satisfied the design requirements.
This dissertation realizes the development of preventing power theft device. At the same time, it makes the advantages of the preventing power theft device in full, connects the existed electrical network platform, and takes up the theory of setting up a preventing power theft system with network. This dissertation gives the suggestions of preventing
power theft that contains two ways, one is strict management, and another is adopting new technology. In a word, the device should have a bright market selling and applied value; the dissertation has a good value of theory and project applying.
引文
[1] 李强，关于窃电与反窃电的思考，吉林电力公司，国家电力信息网2002．3．7
[2] 电能表互感器的应用和防丢电技术，王学伟 王德聪，哈尔滨工业大学出版社 2000．3．
[3] 周小军，三相四线供电系统防窃电技术研究，重庆大学硕士论文，2001．5．1-55．
[4] 贾世德等，窃电监视装置的开发与研制，东北电力技术，2000．1．12-13．
[5] 卢江 安锦凤，电能计量二次回路失压、断流、短路的防范措施，电测与仪表，2000年3月，31-32．
[6] 张有顺等，电能计量基础，北京中国计量出版社，1990．
[7] 孙铁民，电能计量，北京水利电力出版社，1992．
[8] 支林飞，美国电力危机加剧，滕州日报，2001．6．12．
[9] J.-C Montano and R.Salmeron, Identification of instantaneous current components in three-phrase systems, IEE PROCEEDINGS SCIENCE,MEASUREMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. Vol146. No.5 1999(9).
[10] S.Ltoral, J.M.Queroand L.G.Franquelo. Reactive power and energy measurement in the frequency domain using random pulse arithmetic. IEE PROCEEDINGS SCIENCE,MEASUREMENTAND TECHNOLOGY. Vol148. No.2 2001(3).
[11] N.D.R.Sarma V.Veera Raju, K.S.Prakasa Rao. Design of Telemeter Configuration for Energy Management Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. February 1994. Vol. 9, No 1.
[12] John Tweedy. The Evolution of an EMS. Trans & Distribution. October 1994.
[13] N.Wakeman. A Problem-Solving SCADA System. Trans & Distribution. October 1994.
[14] Barry Kennedy, PE,and Dsabin. Use the Internet for power quality reporting ELECTRICAL WORLD, 1999(10).
[15] Ted York. The advantages of meter standards ELECTRICAL WORLD,2000(10).
[16] Wayne Hartman. Evolution: RTUs AND PLCs ELECTRICAL WORLD,2001(6).
[17] Rick Gaskey Power factor testing predicts costly equipment failure ELECTRICAL WORLD,2000(10).
[18] Erakovic I, Rakic D, Lapcevic V, Marjanovic S, Djonovic M A system for remote meter reading and load management NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON METERING AND TARIFFS FOR ENERGY SUPPLY IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS, (462) 196-199, 1999.
[19] Paracha ZJ, Doulai P Load management - Techniques and methods in electric power system
IEEE CONFERENCE RECORD 213-217, 1998.
[20] Obeloer W, Grewe C, Pals H Load management with mobile agents EUROMICRO CONFERENCE - PROCEEDINGS 1005-1012, 1998.
[21] A.Carullo, F.Ferraris,M.Parvis,A.Vallan An automatic calibrator for wattmeters with harmonic analysis capability MEASUREMENT 26(1999).
[22] Giovanni Betta,Consolatina Liguori, Antonio Pietrosanto Design of automatic measurement stations with fault accommodation capabilities MEASUREMENT 30(2001).
[23] M.Catelani,S.Giraldi A measurement system for fault detection and fault isolation of analog circuits MEASUREMENT 25(1999).
[24] PCF8583 DATA SHEET Philiphs Corporation. 1997.7.15.
[25] PIC16F87X数据手册，Microchip 7echnology Inc著，刘和平等编译．
[26] 刘国刚等，电力负荷管理系统中技术防窃电功能的开发，电力情报，2000．1，18-20．
[27] 徐铭，关于窃电监测问题的探讨，电力情报，2000．1．14-17．
[28] 韩松林等，对几种防窃电电路的功能分析，电测与仪表，1999．7．8-12．
[29] XILINX数字系统现场集成技术，朱明程等编，2001．10．
[30] 孙洪波 唐治德等 DJYL-1型防窃电测录仪 电测与仪表 2002年2月 第39卷 第434期 15-17．
[31] 王辛之等，单片机应用系统抗干扰技术，北京，北京航空航天大学出版社，2000．
[32] 何循来，日历时钟和RAM电路芯片PCF8583及应用，半导体技术1997，3．13-17．
[33] 陶时澍主编，电气测量技术，北京，中国计量出版社，1991．
[34] 韩松林，三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(上)，电测与仪表，1999．1．19-22．
[35] 韩松林，三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(下)电测与仪表，1999．2．15-19．
[36] 王占国 李杏春等，多功能电能表及其抄表技术 1998年12月第22卷第6期 北方交通大学学报．
[37] 吕勇军 张铁岩，高精度三相电能计量装置，电测与仪表，总第36卷第401期，7-10．
[38] 左群峰，对三相电能计量专用二次回路中电能表与互感器不同连接方式的分析，计量技术，1998．No．12．
[39] 黄建华，基于SA9604的多功能电度表，电测与仪表，2001年第2期，49-51．
[40] 刘乾业，JDG4DL5型三相电量监视器及应用，电力需求侧管理 2000，5，32-33．
[41] 丁辉，电能表联合接线的向量分析法，电测与仪表，2001年第11期，29-32．
[42] 王鹏 谭宝成，基于GSM／MODEM无线通信的自动抄表系统实现，西安工业学院学报2002年3月第22卷第1期22-26．
[43] 电力工业部综合管理司，低压电力用户集中抄表系统技术条件，北京，中国电力出版社，1977．
[44] 杨兰，配电管理系统实现防窃电功能，电力自动化设备，第22卷第1期2002年1月，84-85．
[45] 邓文 赵伟，电能自动抄表技术及相关思考，电测与仪表2001年第1期，5-8．
[2] 电能表互感器的应用和防丢电技术，王学伟 王德聪，哈尔滨工业大学出版社 2000．3．
[3] 周小军，三相四线供电系统防窃电技术研究，重庆大学硕士论文，2001．5．1-55．
[4] 贾世德等，窃电监视装置的开发与研制，东北电力技术，2000．1．12-13．
[5] 卢江 安锦凤，电能计量二次回路失压、断流、短路的防范措施，电测与仪表，2000年3月，31-32．
[6] 张有顺等，电能计量基础，北京中国计量出版社，1990．
[7] 孙铁民，电能计量，北京水利电力出版社，1992．
[8] 支林飞，美国电力危机加剧，滕州日报，2001．6．12．
[9] J.-C Montano and R.Salmeron, Identification of instantaneous current components in three-phrase systems, IEE PROCEEDINGS SCIENCE,MEASUREMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. Vol146. No.5 1999(9).
[10] S.Ltoral, J.M.Queroand L.G.Franquelo. Reactive power and energy measurement in the frequency domain using random pulse arithmetic. IEE PROCEEDINGS SCIENCE,MEASUREMENTAND TECHNOLOGY. Vol148. No.2 2001(3).
[11] N.D.R.Sarma V.Veera Raju, K.S.Prakasa Rao. Design of Telemeter Configuration for Energy Management Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. February 1994. Vol. 9, No 1.
[12] John Tweedy. The Evolution of an EMS. Trans & Distribution. October 1994.
[13] N.Wakeman. A Problem-Solving SCADA System. Trans & Distribution. October 1994.
[14] Barry Kennedy, PE,and Dsabin. Use the Internet for power quality reporting ELECTRICAL WORLD, 1999(10).
[15] Ted York. The advantages of meter standards ELECTRICAL WORLD,2000(10).
[16] Wayne Hartman. Evolution: RTUs AND PLCs ELECTRICAL WORLD,2001(6).
[17] Rick Gaskey Power factor testing predicts costly equipment failure ELECTRICAL WORLD,2000(10).
[18] Erakovic I, Rakic D, Lapcevic V, Marjanovic S, Djonovic M A system for remote meter reading and load management NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON METERING AND TARIFFS FOR ENERGY SUPPLY IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS, (462) 196-199, 1999.
[19] Paracha ZJ, Doulai P Load management - Techniques and methods in electric power system
IEEE CONFERENCE RECORD 213-217, 1998.
[20] Obeloer W, Grewe C, Pals H Load management with mobile agents EUROMICRO CONFERENCE - PROCEEDINGS 1005-1012, 1998.
[21] A.Carullo, F.Ferraris,M.Parvis,A.Vallan An automatic calibrator for wattmeters with harmonic analysis capability MEASUREMENT 26(1999).
[22] Giovanni Betta,Consolatina Liguori, Antonio Pietrosanto Design of automatic measurement stations with fault accommodation capabilities MEASUREMENT 30(2001).
[23] M.Catelani,S.Giraldi A measurement system for fault detection and fault isolation of analog circuits MEASUREMENT 25(1999).
[24] PCF8583 DATA SHEET Philiphs Corporation. 1997.7.15.
[25] PIC16F87X数据手册，Microchip 7echnology Inc著，刘和平等编译．
[26] 刘国刚等，电力负荷管理系统中技术防窃电功能的开发，电力情报，2000．1，18-20．
[27] 徐铭，关于窃电监测问题的探讨，电力情报，2000．1．14-17．
[28] 韩松林等，对几种防窃电电路的功能分析，电测与仪表，1999．7．8-12．
[29] XILINX数字系统现场集成技术，朱明程等编，2001．10．
[30] 孙洪波 唐治德等 DJYL-1型防窃电测录仪 电测与仪表 2002年2月 第39卷 第434期 15-17．
[31] 王辛之等，单片机应用系统抗干扰技术，北京，北京航空航天大学出版社，2000．
[32] 何循来，日历时钟和RAM电路芯片PCF8583及应用，半导体技术1997，3．13-17．
[33] 陶时澍主编，电气测量技术，北京，中国计量出版社，1991．
[34] 韩松林，三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(上)，电测与仪表，1999．1．19-22．
[35] 韩松林，三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(下)电测与仪表，1999．2．15-19．
[36] 王占国 李杏春等，多功能电能表及其抄表技术 1998年12月第22卷第6期 北方交通大学学报．
[37] 吕勇军 张铁岩，高精度三相电能计量装置，电测与仪表，总第36卷第401期，7-10．
[38] 左群峰，对三相电能计量专用二次回路中电能表与互感器不同连接方式的分析，计量技术，1998．No．12．
[39] 黄建华，基于SA9604的多功能电度表，电测与仪表，2001年第2期，49-51．
[40] 刘乾业，JDG4DL5型三相电量监视器及应用，电力需求侧管理 2000，5，32-33．
[41] 丁辉，电能表联合接线的向量分析法，电测与仪表，2001年第11期，29-32．
[42] 王鹏 谭宝成，基于GSM／MODEM无线通信的自动抄表系统实现，西安工业学院学报2002年3月第22卷第1期22-26．
[43] 电力工业部综合管理司，低压电力用户集中抄表系统技术条件，北京，中国电力出版社，1977．
[44] 杨兰，配电管理系统实现防窃电功能，电力自动化设备，第22卷第1期2002年1月，84-85．
[45] 邓文 赵伟，电能自动抄表技术及相关思考，电测与仪表2001年第1期，5-8．