间歇采暖太阳能建筑热过程及设计优化研究
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摘要
本文以充分发挥被动太阳房调节作用，减少采暖系统间歇运行时间和运行负荷，实现节能最大化为目标。针对被动太阳能及地板辐射间歇采暖耦合调节中所涉及的关键技术问题，通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场测试相结合的方法研究了以下内容：掌握保温和热惯性参数对围护结构传热的影响关系；在现有被动太阳能集热部件得热研究基础上，为实现被动太阳能得热最大化，集热部件的运行管理方案及构件优化设计方法；地板辐射间歇供暖地板蓄放热量规律，及地板运行、设计参数对该规律的影响关系；在被动太阳房动态负荷特征基础上，研究与之匹配的间歇供暖地板蓄放热特性，进而获得间歇供暖系统运行控制策略；周期性双波动外扰与阶跃性内扰联合作用下房间热环境状况及节能效果分析。得到以下研究结果：
（1）利用数学分析方法对围护结构在周期波动双外扰和阶跃内扰单独作用下非稳态传热过程进行分析。得到围护结构温度和热流密度分布的分析解，可分析围护结构保温和热惯性参数对传热的影响关系。通过实例计算，表明了分析解结果计算方便、实用特性。
（2）对太阳能建筑集热部件流动和传热特性分析。提出内遮阳窗帘系统在考虑窗帘褶皱、窗帘类型和窗户类型等情况下附加热阻计算方法，并给出典型窗帘附加热阻值及其最佳空气层厚度值；获得集热蓄热墙通风孔在日出2-3h开启、日落前1h关闭的最佳管理方案；得到集热蓄热墙蓄放热量特性，墙体蓄热量在16:00左右达到最大值，7:00-8:00之间达到最小值。
（3）通过对间歇运行地板辐射供暖系统动态热过程研究。获得系统在运行期、间歇期和预热期不同组合情况下地板蓄放热规律，得到了地板设计、运行参数对该蓄放热量规律的影响关系。结果表明：地板辐射采暖连续运行期，盘管运行水温对地板表面温度和热流密度的影响最大；预热运行期，盘管间距对预热时间影响最大；间歇运行期，地板填充层厚度对放热时间影响最大；将地板下表面按绝热处理引起的误差小于7%，数值计算与实测结果相比，平均误差为6.6%，最大误差也仅为6.9%，认为数值计算方法可靠。
（4）以被动太阳房动态负荷特性为基础，研究了与之匹配的间歇供暖地板蓄放热特性，获得间歇供暖系统运行控制策略及地板结构性能参数选用依据。
（5）通过研究阶跃性内扰和周期性双波动外扰耦合作用下围护结构动态传热过程及蓄放热特性，得到该耦合作用下房间热负荷及热环境变化规律。结果表明：太阳能建筑与地板辐射间歇采暖耦合调节房间室温平均值在18℃左右，且波动幅度为2-3℃，满足人体热舒适要求；文中提及的数种太阳能建筑热负荷规律，与地板辐射间歇采暖耦合调节节能率分别为50%、67%和83%，可见该耦合采暖方式具有很好的节能效果。
综上结论可见，被动太阳能与间歇采暖耦合调节供暖方式，在很大程度上节约采暖能源的同时也避免了由于连续采暖造成的室内过热现象。研究结果将为太阳能采暖建筑设计、建筑节能相关规范修订提供基础数据和理论支持。
The object of this paper is to give full play to the adjustment function of the passivesolar houses, reduce operation time and load of the intermittent heating system, realize the maximization of energy saving. According to the key technical problems of the coupling regulation between passive solar energy and floor radiantion intermittent heating, this paper study the following contents used by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test method: Master the influence relation of the heat preservation and heatinertia parameters on the heat transfer of palisade structure; Based on the study of heatgain of passive solar components, to realize the heat gain maximization of passive solarenergy, the operation management of collection hot parts and the component designoptimization method are obtained; The storage and release heat rules of the floor radiantintermittent heating and the effect of floor operation and design parameters on this laware obtained; Based on the dynamic load characteristics of passive solar houses, thematching exothermic storage characteristics of intermittent heating floor and theoperation control strategy of the intermittent heating system are obtained; Based on theabove mentioned problems, the research results as follows:
Firstly, the unsteady heat transfer process of building enclosure is analyzed underthe influence of both the external and internal thermal disturbances used bymathematical method. The analysis solution of temperature and heat flux densitydistribution of palisade structure is obtained, and the analysis solution is benefit toanalyze the influence relationship of heat preservation and structure inertia parameterson heat transfer. Also, the experiment results attested the calculation result, which showed that this solution was accurate, practical and more accessible.
Secondly, this article analyzed the peculiarity of the heat collection components, inwhich the flow and heat transfer model of the window and the curtain influenceddirectly by the solar radiation was established. By the thermal network analysis method,the additional thermal resistance factor of the curtain and its recommended installingposition was got. At the same time, by the locale test research to the demonstrationproject, the way for getting the best open and close time of ventilation holes on the heatstorage and release wall was confirmed. Also, the analysis to the heat flow and transfermodel of this wall can help get the heat storage and release law of these ventilationholes. The result showed that these holes should be open2hours after the sunrise, whilethey should be closed1hour before the sunset. Also, the result illustrated that influencefrom the heat storage and release law from the opening and the closing of the ventilatingholes was weak; the heat storage value of the wall could get to the maximum at16:00,while the minimum at7:00to8:00.
Thirdly, established mathematical physics models of radiation heating floorrespectively in operation、break and preheat period. The discipline of the floor surfaceheat dissipating capacity, the discipline of floor heat storage and release and the impactof coil running water temperature and filled layer thickness and coil spacing were got bynumerical calculation and test method of validation. The results showed that: when theradiant floor heating run continuously, the coil running water temperature influenced thefloor surface temperature and heat-flow density most, filled layer thickness had lessinfluence and the influence of coil spacing was between them. When coil spacing for100mm,200mm and300mm, the time from full release heating to stable state wereabout2.5h,5h and7.5h, therefore, coil spacing had a big influence on preheating. Thediscipline of floor heat storage and release in operation、 break and preheat period wasalso got through theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. The actual measurementdata compared with numerical calculation results showed that the error was less than7%when the lower surface of floor board was considered as a thermal isolation surfaceand compared to the actual measurement data, the mean error was6.6%, the maximumerror was just6.9%, the numerical calculation was considered reliable.
Forthly, based on the dynamic load characteristics of passive solar houses, the exothermic storage characteristics of intermittent heating floor is studied and the floorstructure performance parameter and intermittent operation mode are obtained.
Finally, the change rules of room heat load and thermal environment are obtainedby studing dynamic heat transfer process and exothermic storage properties of palisadestructure under the regulation by coupled thermal process between solar architectureand intermittent heating. The results showed that: the room temperature under theregulation by coupled thermal process between solar architecture and intermittentheating was18℃or so, and fluctuations in2-3℃, completely satisfied human thermalcomfort requirements. The energy saving rate of several kinds of load law mentioned inthis paper were as high as50%,67%, and83%, by using coupled regulation. It meantthis coupled heating way had a high energy conservation effect.
In conclusion, the heating regulation method of solar buildings coupled withintermittent heating save heating energy and avoid the indoor overheat caused bycontinuous heating greatly. The results will provide based data and theoretical supportfor heating design of solar buildings and revision of related standard for building energysaving.
（1）利用数学分析方法对围护结构在周期波动双外扰和阶跃内扰单独作用下非稳态传热过程进行分析。得到围护结构温度和热流密度分布的分析解，可分析围护结构保温和热惯性参数对传热的影响关系。通过实例计算，表明了分析解结果计算方便、实用特性。
（2）对太阳能建筑集热部件流动和传热特性分析。提出内遮阳窗帘系统在考虑窗帘褶皱、窗帘类型和窗户类型等情况下附加热阻计算方法，并给出典型窗帘附加热阻值及其最佳空气层厚度值；获得集热蓄热墙通风孔在日出2-3h开启、日落前1h关闭的最佳管理方案；得到集热蓄热墙蓄放热量特性，墙体蓄热量在16:00左右达到最大值，7:00-8:00之间达到最小值。
（3）通过对间歇运行地板辐射供暖系统动态热过程研究。获得系统在运行期、间歇期和预热期不同组合情况下地板蓄放热规律，得到了地板设计、运行参数对该蓄放热量规律的影响关系。结果表明：地板辐射采暖连续运行期，盘管运行水温对地板表面温度和热流密度的影响最大；预热运行期，盘管间距对预热时间影响最大；间歇运行期，地板填充层厚度对放热时间影响最大；将地板下表面按绝热处理引起的误差小于7%，数值计算与实测结果相比，平均误差为6.6%，最大误差也仅为6.9%，认为数值计算方法可靠。
（4）以被动太阳房动态负荷特性为基础，研究了与之匹配的间歇供暖地板蓄放热特性，获得间歇供暖系统运行控制策略及地板结构性能参数选用依据。
（5）通过研究阶跃性内扰和周期性双波动外扰耦合作用下围护结构动态传热过程及蓄放热特性，得到该耦合作用下房间热负荷及热环境变化规律。结果表明：太阳能建筑与地板辐射间歇采暖耦合调节房间室温平均值在18℃左右，且波动幅度为2-3℃，满足人体热舒适要求；文中提及的数种太阳能建筑热负荷规律，与地板辐射间歇采暖耦合调节节能率分别为50%、67%和83%，可见该耦合采暖方式具有很好的节能效果。
综上结论可见，被动太阳能与间歇采暖耦合调节供暖方式，在很大程度上节约采暖能源的同时也避免了由于连续采暖造成的室内过热现象。研究结果将为太阳能采暖建筑设计、建筑节能相关规范修订提供基础数据和理论支持。
The object of this paper is to give full play to the adjustment function of the passivesolar houses, reduce operation time and load of the intermittent heating system, realize the maximization of energy saving. According to the key technical problems of the coupling regulation between passive solar energy and floor radiantion intermittent heating, this paper study the following contents used by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test method: Master the influence relation of the heat preservation and heatinertia parameters on the heat transfer of palisade structure; Based on the study of heatgain of passive solar components, to realize the heat gain maximization of passive solarenergy, the operation management of collection hot parts and the component designoptimization method are obtained; The storage and release heat rules of the floor radiantintermittent heating and the effect of floor operation and design parameters on this laware obtained; Based on the dynamic load characteristics of passive solar houses, thematching exothermic storage characteristics of intermittent heating floor and theoperation control strategy of the intermittent heating system are obtained; Based on theabove mentioned problems, the research results as follows:
Firstly, the unsteady heat transfer process of building enclosure is analyzed underthe influence of both the external and internal thermal disturbances used bymathematical method. The analysis solution of temperature and heat flux densitydistribution of palisade structure is obtained, and the analysis solution is benefit toanalyze the influence relationship of heat preservation and structure inertia parameterson heat transfer. Also, the experiment results attested the calculation result, which showed that this solution was accurate, practical and more accessible.
Secondly, this article analyzed the peculiarity of the heat collection components, inwhich the flow and heat transfer model of the window and the curtain influenceddirectly by the solar radiation was established. By the thermal network analysis method,the additional thermal resistance factor of the curtain and its recommended installingposition was got. At the same time, by the locale test research to the demonstrationproject, the way for getting the best open and close time of ventilation holes on the heatstorage and release wall was confirmed. Also, the analysis to the heat flow and transfermodel of this wall can help get the heat storage and release law of these ventilationholes. The result showed that these holes should be open2hours after the sunrise, whilethey should be closed1hour before the sunset. Also, the result illustrated that influencefrom the heat storage and release law from the opening and the closing of the ventilatingholes was weak; the heat storage value of the wall could get to the maximum at16:00,while the minimum at7:00to8:00.
Thirdly, established mathematical physics models of radiation heating floorrespectively in operation、break and preheat period. The discipline of the floor surfaceheat dissipating capacity, the discipline of floor heat storage and release and the impactof coil running water temperature and filled layer thickness and coil spacing were got bynumerical calculation and test method of validation. The results showed that: when theradiant floor heating run continuously, the coil running water temperature influenced thefloor surface temperature and heat-flow density most, filled layer thickness had lessinfluence and the influence of coil spacing was between them. When coil spacing for100mm,200mm and300mm, the time from full release heating to stable state wereabout2.5h,5h and7.5h, therefore, coil spacing had a big influence on preheating. Thediscipline of floor heat storage and release in operation、 break and preheat period wasalso got through theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. The actual measurementdata compared with numerical calculation results showed that the error was less than7%when the lower surface of floor board was considered as a thermal isolation surfaceand compared to the actual measurement data, the mean error was6.6%, the maximumerror was just6.9%, the numerical calculation was considered reliable.
Forthly, based on the dynamic load characteristics of passive solar houses, the exothermic storage characteristics of intermittent heating floor is studied and the floorstructure performance parameter and intermittent operation mode are obtained.
Finally, the change rules of room heat load and thermal environment are obtainedby studing dynamic heat transfer process and exothermic storage properties of palisadestructure under the regulation by coupled thermal process between solar architectureand intermittent heating. The results showed that: the room temperature under theregulation by coupled thermal process between solar architecture and intermittentheating was18℃or so, and fluctuations in2-3℃, completely satisfied human thermalcomfort requirements. The energy saving rate of several kinds of load law mentioned inthis paper were as high as50%,67%, and83%, by using coupled regulation. It meantthis coupled heating way had a high energy conservation effect.
In conclusion, the heating regulation method of solar buildings coupled withintermittent heating save heating energy and avoid the indoor overheat caused bycontinuous heating greatly. The results will provide based data and theoretical supportfor heating design of solar buildings and revision of related standard for building energysaving.
引文
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