炭材料对微生物生长影响的研究
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摘要
炭材料具有良好的生物兼容性的事实已被学界和业界普遍认同,并得到了非常广泛的应用。但是,炭材料生物亲和性的本质,却一直困扰着人们,各国学者也在努力探索。本论文着重探讨了炭材料对微生物生长过程的影响,它将有助于解释炭材料微生物亲和性的本质和生物膜法污水处理工艺中炭材料表面牢固、快速固着活性污泥现象的机理。
为探寻炭材料对微生物生长的促进作用,本研究主要采用枯草芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种、啤酒酵母和白色念珠菌作为受体微生物,通过调整培养基成分和控制受体微生物的生长环境的方式:即对不同菌种分别添加化学抑制剂和石墨的方法,观察外界环境对受体微生物生长过程的影响情况,进而确定抑制剂和炭材料的存在对于微生物生长的影响程度。
通过以上不同对比组中的不同菌种、不同培养条件等因素的对比,可以得到如下主要结论:
1、受体微生物生长在部分受到抑制的条件下,石墨能显示出很强的生长促进作用,且这种促进作用能穿透玻璃传递给受体微生物,由此推测该作用不是化学作用,而可能是相互间的电磁作用;
2、受体微生物生长在没有受到抑制和完全受到抑制两种条件下,石墨的作用不显着。
The excellent biocompatibility of carbon materials are widely accepted and utilized by researchers and commercial applications currently. However, the mechanism of its excellent biocompatibility remains unknown for a long time. Many efforts are placed on the biocompatibility of carbon materials through international cooperation researches. The focuses of current research mainly concern the growth promotion effects of microorganism affected by graphite powders. The research is expected to be significant in elucidating the hypostasis about the biocompatibility of carbon materials, and explaining why the surface of carbon fibers could both quickly and firmly immobilize much of activated sludge in bio-film wastewater treatment.
For verifying the growth-promotion effects of carbon materials on microorganism, the current research adopted Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and canidia Albicans as receptor microorganisms, controlled the growth condition such as changing the component concentration of culture medium, adding chemical inhibitor and graphite powder, finally observed the growth process of microorganism, consequently confirmed the affection of inhibitors and graphite on these microorganisms.
According to the comparison between different inhibitors and growth conditions mentioned above, it is concluded that:
1. Graphite places a strong promotion effect on the growth of microorganisms when inhibited partially. This promotion effect can penetrate through the glass of the Petri dishes and transfer to receptor microorganisms, so it could be considered as electromagnetic effect rather than chemical factor.
2. When the growth of receptor microorganism was inhibited absolutely or not at all, graphite can't accelerate the growth speed evidently.
为探寻炭材料对微生物生长的促进作用,本研究主要采用枯草芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种、啤酒酵母和白色念珠菌作为受体微生物,通过调整培养基成分和控制受体微生物的生长环境的方式:即对不同菌种分别添加化学抑制剂和石墨的方法,观察外界环境对受体微生物生长过程的影响情况,进而确定抑制剂和炭材料的存在对于微生物生长的影响程度。
通过以上不同对比组中的不同菌种、不同培养条件等因素的对比,可以得到如下主要结论:
1、受体微生物生长在部分受到抑制的条件下,石墨能显示出很强的生长促进作用,且这种促进作用能穿透玻璃传递给受体微生物,由此推测该作用不是化学作用,而可能是相互间的电磁作用;
2、受体微生物生长在没有受到抑制和完全受到抑制两种条件下,石墨的作用不显着。
The excellent biocompatibility of carbon materials are widely accepted and utilized by researchers and commercial applications currently. However, the mechanism of its excellent biocompatibility remains unknown for a long time. Many efforts are placed on the biocompatibility of carbon materials through international cooperation researches. The focuses of current research mainly concern the growth promotion effects of microorganism affected by graphite powders. The research is expected to be significant in elucidating the hypostasis about the biocompatibility of carbon materials, and explaining why the surface of carbon fibers could both quickly and firmly immobilize much of activated sludge in bio-film wastewater treatment.
For verifying the growth-promotion effects of carbon materials on microorganism, the current research adopted Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and canidia Albicans as receptor microorganisms, controlled the growth condition such as changing the component concentration of culture medium, adding chemical inhibitor and graphite powder, finally observed the growth process of microorganism, consequently confirmed the affection of inhibitors and graphite on these microorganisms.
According to the comparison between different inhibitors and growth conditions mentioned above, it is concluded that:
1. Graphite places a strong promotion effect on the growth of microorganisms when inhibited partially. This promotion effect can penetrate through the glass of the Petri dishes and transfer to receptor microorganisms, so it could be considered as electromagnetic effect rather than chemical factor.
2. When the growth of receptor microorganism was inhibited absolutely or not at all, graphite can't accelerate the growth speed evidently.
引文
[1]Bokros,J.C.L.D.Control of structure of carbon for use in bioengineering.Chemistry and physics of carbon.1973.vol.6.p.103-107.
[2]VL GOTT,DE KOEPKE.The coating of intravascular plastic prostheses with colloidal graphite.Surgery.1961.50:382-389.
[3]Takada,N.,I.Yanagisawa.Cell affinity of pyrolytic carbon--the effect exerted on the growth and colony-forming ability of cell.Nihon Univ.Sch.Den t.1985.27:35-45.
[4]何振坤,刘杰.炭纤维生物膜的形成机制Ⅱ.炭纤维表面特性对微生物活性与增殖的影响.新型炭材料.2003第18卷第1期:43-47
[5]Noel Statham.Irvington-ou-Hudson.Method of Sewage Disposal.N.Y.Serial No.3672.January 26,1935.
[6]Michio Matsuhashi,Allan Pankrushina.Studies on Carbon Material Requirements for Bacterial Proliferation and Spore Germination under Stress Conditions:a New Mechanism Involving Transmission of Physical Signals.Journal of Bacteriology.1995.Vol.177,No.3:688-693.
[7]V.Glass,S.J.Kennett.The effect of various forms of particulate carbon on the growth of the Gonococcus and Meningococcus.The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.1939.49:125-133.
[8]Mishulow,L.,L.S.Sharpe,and L.L.Cohen.Beef-heart charcoal agar for the preparation of pertussis vaccines.Am.J.Public Health.1953.43:1466-1472.
[9]Feeley,J.C.,R.J.Gibson.Charcoal-yeast extract agar:primary isolation medium for Legionella pneumophila.J.Clin.Microbiol.1979(10):437-441.
[10]Matsuhashi M,Pankrushina A N,Endoh K.Bacillus carboniphilus cells respond to growth-promoting physical signals from cells of homologous and heterologous bacteria.J.Gen.Appl.Microbiol.1996(42):315-323.
[11]Takezaki M,Matsuura K,Hirotsune M.Effect of solids on the growth of yeast.J.Brew.Soc.1993(88):319-325
[12]Robert J.Shimp,Frederic K.Pfaender.Effects of surface area and flow rate on marine bacterial growth in activated carbon columns.Applied and Environmental Microbiology.1982.Vol.44,No.2p:471-477
[13]Andrea Fauvillea,Bernhard Mayer.Chemical and isotopic evidence for accelerated bacterial sulphate reduction in acid mining lakes after addition of organic carbon:laboratory batch experiments.Chemical Geology.204(2004):325-344
[14]Toru Ikegamai,Hiroshi Yanagishita.Accelerated ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with addition of activated carbon.Biotechnology Letters.2000.Vol.22.p:1661-1665
[15]贺福.炭纤维及其应用技术.化学工业出版社.2004:12
[16]曲学斌.“碳”“炭”的定义、关系及区分.科技术语研究.2006,8(3):6-7
[17]谢有赞.炭石墨材料工艺.湖南大学出版社.1988:1-5
[18]何其欣,李志彤.石墨发展概论.新型炭材料.1994,(1):71-72
[19]杨健松,李玉峰.膨胀石墨的研究与开发利用.攀枝花学院学报.2006年23卷6期:99
[20]陈蔚然.石墨的晶体结构.炭素技术.1990(04):39-40
[21]张健,尤少声.膨胀石墨.炭素技术.1992.6:28-30
[22]阎万明.膨胀石墨的性质及应用.内蒙古石油化工.第19卷第2期:54-56
[23]肖丽,金为群,张华蓉.膨胀石墨与柔性石墨及其应用.中国非金属矿工业导刊.2005年第6期:17-18
[24]樊邦棠.一种新颖工程材料--膨胀石墨.化学通报.1987(1):34-39
[25]任京成,沈万慈.柔性石墨材料和膨胀石墨材料的现状及发展趋势.1999-5:5-7
[26]曹梦竺,阳应华.膨胀石墨的研究与应用现状.炭素技术.2003年第4期:34-36
[27]李湘洲.新型碳材料--膨胀石墨.新型碳材料.1996(3):38-41.
[28]吕建中,于爱香.膨胀石墨用于烧伤创面的研究.中华烧伤杂志.2002年第2期:119
[29]张向军,陈斌,高欣明.高温石墨化提纯晶质(鳞片)石墨.2001年第2期:39-40
[30]路肃,赵敏伦.鳞片石墨粒径和厚度的测定及误差分析.武汉冶金科技大学学报.20卷第4期.1997:430
[31]杨耿志.柔性石墨材料和石墨蠕虫的显微结构.碳素.1985(2):1-4
[32]赵敏伦,路肃.鳞片石墨厚度测定方法的研究.中国体视学与图像分析.1997年第2卷第1期:12
[33]G..P亨德.石墨的应用展望.国外金属矿选矿.1998-11:39-33
[34]岑沛霖,蔡谨.工业微生物学.化学工业出版社.2000-6:3-10
[35]闵航,吴雪昌.微生物学.浙江大学出版社.2005年:34-48
[36]郑善良等.微生物学基础.化学工业出版社.1992-3(1):2-6
[37]http://hi.baidu.com/kexueshiyan/album/item/bc7d74331f9ca34dad 4b5f97.html
[38]浅谈枯草芽孢杆菌在水产养殖上的应用.渔业致富指南.2007(02)
[39]http://www.foodmate.net/4images/3/1/9368.html
[40]Takeshi Matsumoto,Yoshitomo Sugiura.Efficient production of protopectinases by Bacillus subtilis using medium based on soybean flour.Biochemical Engineering Journal 6(2000):81-86
[41]黄秀梨.微生物学.第二版.高等教育出版社.2003年:56-58
[42]http://www.medipp.com/medicine/200701/156360.shtml
[43]李培睿,李宗义,王振宇,王海磊,贾蕴丽.活性泥污凝絮体的形成过程.气象出版社.2003年:14-18
[44]杨革.微生物学实验教程.科学出版社.2004.9(01):100-105
[45]王文仲.实用微生物学--现代生物技术.中国医药科技出版 社.1996:140-178
[46]赵斌.微生物学.中国医药科技出版社.1996:112-130
[47]杨苏声,周俊初.微生物生物学.科学出版社.2004:162-185
[48]王文仲.实用微生物学--现代生物技术.中国医药科技出版社.1996:140-178
[49]范秀容,李广武,沈萍.微生物学实验.第二版.高等教育出版社.1993:97-102
[50]钱存柔,黄仪秀.微生物学实验教程.北京大学出版社.1999:86-102
[51]焦瑞身.微生物学基础.化学工业出版社.1992:79-120
[52]沈萍.微生物学.高等教育出版社.2000:102-157
[53]徐孝华.普通微生物学.北京农业大学出版社.1992:34-62
[54]杨苏声.细菌分类学.中国农业大学出版社.1997:8-79
[55]周俊初.微生物遗传学.中国农业出版社.1996:55-94
[2]VL GOTT,DE KOEPKE.The coating of intravascular plastic prostheses with colloidal graphite.Surgery.1961.50:382-389.
[3]Takada,N.,I.Yanagisawa.Cell affinity of pyrolytic carbon--the effect exerted on the growth and colony-forming ability of cell.Nihon Univ.Sch.Den t.1985.27:35-45.
[4]何振坤,刘杰.炭纤维生物膜的形成机制Ⅱ.炭纤维表面特性对微生物活性与增殖的影响.新型炭材料.2003第18卷第1期:43-47
[5]Noel Statham.Irvington-ou-Hudson.Method of Sewage Disposal.N.Y.Serial No.3672.January 26,1935.
[6]Michio Matsuhashi,Allan Pankrushina.Studies on Carbon Material Requirements for Bacterial Proliferation and Spore Germination under Stress Conditions:a New Mechanism Involving Transmission of Physical Signals.Journal of Bacteriology.1995.Vol.177,No.3:688-693.
[7]V.Glass,S.J.Kennett.The effect of various forms of particulate carbon on the growth of the Gonococcus and Meningococcus.The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.1939.49:125-133.
[8]Mishulow,L.,L.S.Sharpe,and L.L.Cohen.Beef-heart charcoal agar for the preparation of pertussis vaccines.Am.J.Public Health.1953.43:1466-1472.
[9]Feeley,J.C.,R.J.Gibson.Charcoal-yeast extract agar:primary isolation medium for Legionella pneumophila.J.Clin.Microbiol.1979(10):437-441.
[10]Matsuhashi M,Pankrushina A N,Endoh K.Bacillus carboniphilus cells respond to growth-promoting physical signals from cells of homologous and heterologous bacteria.J.Gen.Appl.Microbiol.1996(42):315-323.
[11]Takezaki M,Matsuura K,Hirotsune M.Effect of solids on the growth of yeast.J.Brew.Soc.1993(88):319-325
[12]Robert J.Shimp,Frederic K.Pfaender.Effects of surface area and flow rate on marine bacterial growth in activated carbon columns.Applied and Environmental Microbiology.1982.Vol.44,No.2p:471-477
[13]Andrea Fauvillea,Bernhard Mayer.Chemical and isotopic evidence for accelerated bacterial sulphate reduction in acid mining lakes after addition of organic carbon:laboratory batch experiments.Chemical Geology.204(2004):325-344
[14]Toru Ikegamai,Hiroshi Yanagishita.Accelerated ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with addition of activated carbon.Biotechnology Letters.2000.Vol.22.p:1661-1665
[15]贺福.炭纤维及其应用技术.化学工业出版社.2004:12
[16]曲学斌.“碳”“炭”的定义、关系及区分.科技术语研究.2006,8(3):6-7
[17]谢有赞.炭石墨材料工艺.湖南大学出版社.1988:1-5
[18]何其欣,李志彤.石墨发展概论.新型炭材料.1994,(1):71-72
[19]杨健松,李玉峰.膨胀石墨的研究与开发利用.攀枝花学院学报.2006年23卷6期:99
[20]陈蔚然.石墨的晶体结构.炭素技术.1990(04):39-40
[21]张健,尤少声.膨胀石墨.炭素技术.1992.6:28-30
[22]阎万明.膨胀石墨的性质及应用.内蒙古石油化工.第19卷第2期:54-56
[23]肖丽,金为群,张华蓉.膨胀石墨与柔性石墨及其应用.中国非金属矿工业导刊.2005年第6期:17-18
[24]樊邦棠.一种新颖工程材料--膨胀石墨.化学通报.1987(1):34-39
[25]任京成,沈万慈.柔性石墨材料和膨胀石墨材料的现状及发展趋势.1999-5:5-7
[26]曹梦竺,阳应华.膨胀石墨的研究与应用现状.炭素技术.2003年第4期:34-36
[27]李湘洲.新型碳材料--膨胀石墨.新型碳材料.1996(3):38-41.
[28]吕建中,于爱香.膨胀石墨用于烧伤创面的研究.中华烧伤杂志.2002年第2期:119
[29]张向军,陈斌,高欣明.高温石墨化提纯晶质(鳞片)石墨.2001年第2期:39-40
[30]路肃,赵敏伦.鳞片石墨粒径和厚度的测定及误差分析.武汉冶金科技大学学报.20卷第4期.1997:430
[31]杨耿志.柔性石墨材料和石墨蠕虫的显微结构.碳素.1985(2):1-4
[32]赵敏伦,路肃.鳞片石墨厚度测定方法的研究.中国体视学与图像分析.1997年第2卷第1期:12
[33]G..P亨德.石墨的应用展望.国外金属矿选矿.1998-11:39-33
[34]岑沛霖,蔡谨.工业微生物学.化学工业出版社.2000-6:3-10
[35]闵航,吴雪昌.微生物学.浙江大学出版社.2005年:34-48
[36]郑善良等.微生物学基础.化学工业出版社.1992-3(1):2-6
[37]http://hi.baidu.com/kexueshiyan/album/item/bc7d74331f9ca34dad 4b5f97.html
[38]浅谈枯草芽孢杆菌在水产养殖上的应用.渔业致富指南.2007(02)
[39]http://www.foodmate.net/4images/3/1/9368.html
[40]Takeshi Matsumoto,Yoshitomo Sugiura.Efficient production of protopectinases by Bacillus subtilis using medium based on soybean flour.Biochemical Engineering Journal 6(2000):81-86
[41]黄秀梨.微生物学.第二版.高等教育出版社.2003年:56-58
[42]http://www.medipp.com/medicine/200701/156360.shtml
[43]李培睿,李宗义,王振宇,王海磊,贾蕴丽.活性泥污凝絮体的形成过程.气象出版社.2003年:14-18
[44]杨革.微生物学实验教程.科学出版社.2004.9(01):100-105
[45]王文仲.实用微生物学--现代生物技术.中国医药科技出版 社.1996:140-178
[46]赵斌.微生物学.中国医药科技出版社.1996:112-130
[47]杨苏声,周俊初.微生物生物学.科学出版社.2004:162-185
[48]王文仲.实用微生物学--现代生物技术.中国医药科技出版社.1996:140-178
[49]范秀容,李广武,沈萍.微生物学实验.第二版.高等教育出版社.1993:97-102
[50]钱存柔,黄仪秀.微生物学实验教程.北京大学出版社.1999:86-102
[51]焦瑞身.微生物学基础.化学工业出版社.1992:79-120
[52]沈萍.微生物学.高等教育出版社.2000:102-157
[53]徐孝华.普通微生物学.北京农业大学出版社.1992:34-62
[54]杨苏声.细菌分类学.中国农业大学出版社.1997:8-79
[55]周俊初.微生物遗传学.中国农业出版社.1996:55-94