腐殖质和膨润土对农药的吸附规律及机理研究
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摘要
腐殖质和膨润土是土壤的重要成分,拥有复杂结构和多种功能基团,对农药具有强烈的吸附作用。本文采用平衡法研究腐殖质和膨润土对毒死蜱和三唑磷的吸附性能,探讨单一吸附剂与两种农药在不同pH值、温度下的吸附规律及其机理,深入研究混合吸附剂与两种农药的吸附动力学及吸附热力学,寻求最佳吸附条件及混合吸附剂最佳混合比。结果表明:
(1)吸附能力表现为腐殖质>膨润土,吸附强度表现为三唑磷>毒死蜱。两种农药在腐殖质上的吸附行为用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型描述均适用,膨润土对两种农药的等温吸附线可用Langmuir模型拟合。
(2)pH对腐殖质吸附两种农药影响较大,对膨润土吸附两种农药的影响较小;温度对腐殖质和膨润土吸附两种农药的影响较为复杂。
(3)两种农药与腐殖质和膨润土形成氢键而被吸附,它们还会在吸附剂的一定部位通过范德华力实现吸附。
(4)随着腐殖质在混合吸附剂中的质量比重增加,对两种农药的吸附效果增强,根据低成本高效益原则,在本试验条件下,混合吸附剂用量为1.0g较好;腐殖质在混合吸附剂中的比重分别达14%和12%时对两农药吸附趋于饱和;综合考虑农药水解因素,pH为5.0、温度为25℃时吸附效果最佳。
(5)混合吸附剂对两种农药吸附的平衡时间分别为:毒死蜱12h,三唑磷6h,吸附动态符合一级动力学方程;计算不同温度各热力学参数ΔG、ΔH和ΔS,表明反应是自发进行的放热、熵增过程。
Chlorpyrifos and triazophos were the main pesticides for controlling rice stem borers in Yangtze River basin. With the five high-toxic organic phosphorus pesticides banned from 2007, like methamidophos, methyl parathion and so on, high-efficient, low toxic and residual pesticides, chlorpyrifos, triazophos and acephate had become the leading products. But their half lives were longer, slather using them might cause the destruction to eco-environment, pollution to the soil and water, and effected the health of mankind.
So, to control and predict the environmental behavior of pesticides, propose the evaluation standards and treatment countermeasures of their environmental quality had been the important problem in environmental science. The pesticides’physical behaviors were restricted by their adsorption and desorption capacity in soil. The pesticides adsorbed in soil not only effected their mobility and volatility, but also effected their physical and chemical degradation characteristics. Grasping the regularities of pesticides’migration and transformation in soil, could provided scientific basis for correctly evaluating effectively treating pesticide-contaminated soils.
Humus and bentonite were very important parts in soil. They can adsorb pesticides intensively because of their complicated structures and many functional groups. The adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on humus and bentonite were studied by gas chromatography, using the equilibrium oscillometric method. The relationship and mechanism between single adsorbent and pesticides under different pH and temperature were investigated. In order to find the optimum adsorption conditions and mixture ratio of mixed adsorbents the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of the two pesticides on mixed adsorbents were further researched. The results showed that:
(1) Adsorption capacity of humus and bentonite increased gradually with the increase of pesticides equilibrium concentration, but adsorption rate decreased. Humus has the great adsorption capacity than bentonite, and adsorption strength both triazophos more than chlorpyrifos. The adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on humus fitted well with both Freundlich equation and Langmuir equation, fitted well with the Langmuir equation on bentonite.
(2) The effects of pH to adsorption on humus were great, the adsorption rate decreased with the pH increased between test ranges; the pH was little influence to adsorpt them on bentonite. The effects of temperature on humus and bentonite were complex.
(3) Contrasted pre-and-post infrared spectrum of adsorption the two pesticides, non-ion polar pesticides chlorpyrifos and triazophos were adsorped on adsorbents by hydrogen bond and van der waals forces.
(4) With the proportion increased of humus in mixed adsorbents, adsorption rate increased gradually, but increasing rate decreased. In order to control cost, 1.0g mixed adsorbents should be selected to adsorpt the two pesticides. When the mass ratio of humus in mixed adsorbents respectively was 12% and 14%, the adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos reached saturation. Comprehensively considered pesticides hydrolysis factor, pH 5.0, 25℃were the best adsorption conditions.
(5) The equilibrium time of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on mixed adsorbent was 12h and 6h, respectively. Adsorption dynamics fitted well with first-order kinetics equation. Calculated thermodynamic parametersΔG,ΔH andΔS, it was a heat releasing, entropy increasing and physical adsorption process, and it proceed spontaneously.
(1)吸附能力表现为腐殖质>膨润土,吸附强度表现为三唑磷>毒死蜱。两种农药在腐殖质上的吸附行为用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型描述均适用,膨润土对两种农药的等温吸附线可用Langmuir模型拟合。
(2)pH对腐殖质吸附两种农药影响较大,对膨润土吸附两种农药的影响较小;温度对腐殖质和膨润土吸附两种农药的影响较为复杂。
(3)两种农药与腐殖质和膨润土形成氢键而被吸附,它们还会在吸附剂的一定部位通过范德华力实现吸附。
(4)随着腐殖质在混合吸附剂中的质量比重增加,对两种农药的吸附效果增强,根据低成本高效益原则,在本试验条件下,混合吸附剂用量为1.0g较好;腐殖质在混合吸附剂中的比重分别达14%和12%时对两农药吸附趋于饱和;综合考虑农药水解因素,pH为5.0、温度为25℃时吸附效果最佳。
(5)混合吸附剂对两种农药吸附的平衡时间分别为:毒死蜱12h,三唑磷6h,吸附动态符合一级动力学方程;计算不同温度各热力学参数ΔG、ΔH和ΔS,表明反应是自发进行的放热、熵增过程。
Chlorpyrifos and triazophos were the main pesticides for controlling rice stem borers in Yangtze River basin. With the five high-toxic organic phosphorus pesticides banned from 2007, like methamidophos, methyl parathion and so on, high-efficient, low toxic and residual pesticides, chlorpyrifos, triazophos and acephate had become the leading products. But their half lives were longer, slather using them might cause the destruction to eco-environment, pollution to the soil and water, and effected the health of mankind.
So, to control and predict the environmental behavior of pesticides, propose the evaluation standards and treatment countermeasures of their environmental quality had been the important problem in environmental science. The pesticides’physical behaviors were restricted by their adsorption and desorption capacity in soil. The pesticides adsorbed in soil not only effected their mobility and volatility, but also effected their physical and chemical degradation characteristics. Grasping the regularities of pesticides’migration and transformation in soil, could provided scientific basis for correctly evaluating effectively treating pesticide-contaminated soils.
Humus and bentonite were very important parts in soil. They can adsorb pesticides intensively because of their complicated structures and many functional groups. The adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on humus and bentonite were studied by gas chromatography, using the equilibrium oscillometric method. The relationship and mechanism between single adsorbent and pesticides under different pH and temperature were investigated. In order to find the optimum adsorption conditions and mixture ratio of mixed adsorbents the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of the two pesticides on mixed adsorbents were further researched. The results showed that:
(1) Adsorption capacity of humus and bentonite increased gradually with the increase of pesticides equilibrium concentration, but adsorption rate decreased. Humus has the great adsorption capacity than bentonite, and adsorption strength both triazophos more than chlorpyrifos. The adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on humus fitted well with both Freundlich equation and Langmuir equation, fitted well with the Langmuir equation on bentonite.
(2) The effects of pH to adsorption on humus were great, the adsorption rate decreased with the pH increased between test ranges; the pH was little influence to adsorpt them on bentonite. The effects of temperature on humus and bentonite were complex.
(3) Contrasted pre-and-post infrared spectrum of adsorption the two pesticides, non-ion polar pesticides chlorpyrifos and triazophos were adsorped on adsorbents by hydrogen bond and van der waals forces.
(4) With the proportion increased of humus in mixed adsorbents, adsorption rate increased gradually, but increasing rate decreased. In order to control cost, 1.0g mixed adsorbents should be selected to adsorpt the two pesticides. When the mass ratio of humus in mixed adsorbents respectively was 12% and 14%, the adsorption of chlorpyrifos and triazophos reached saturation. Comprehensively considered pesticides hydrolysis factor, pH 5.0, 25℃were the best adsorption conditions.
(5) The equilibrium time of chlorpyrifos and triazophos on mixed adsorbent was 12h and 6h, respectively. Adsorption dynamics fitted well with first-order kinetics equation. Calculated thermodynamic parametersΔG,ΔH andΔS, it was a heat releasing, entropy increasing and physical adsorption process, and it proceed spontaneously.
引文
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