天地波高频雷达阵列校准和直达波抑制
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摘要
天地波高频雷达利用天波反射/地波绕射的传播模式,能够探测到视距以外的海面舰船和低空飞行目标。相对于传统的天波雷达和地波雷达,天地波雷达具有更大的灵活性,可实现岸基和舰载接收,且天地波雷达属于双基地雷达,地波接收机“静默”接收目标回波,提高雷达的生存能力。此外易于建立天波、地波结合的TR-RN型多基地高频雷达信息网,实现天波和地波超视距雷达资源共享。目前已成为高频超视距雷达研究的热点。天地波雷达是一种新体制雷达,在信号处理方面有许多难点,本文针对天地波雷达阵列补偿和直达波抑制两方面内容进行研究。
本文主要研究岸基地波接收天地波雷达系统,首先分析了天地波雷达工作方式,并给出了其信号处理基本过程。为了抑制强大的干扰、杂波和噪声,天地波雷达采用距离-方位-多普勒三维联合处理方法,详细推导了其处理过程。文中就天地波雷达直达波问题进行特性分析,直达波是高频无线电波经电离层反射直接到达接收机,不经过海面绕射传播。结合实测数据分析出直达波具有能量强、方向稳定且包含发射站信息、零多普勒频率和存在多径传播现象等特点,在信号处理中是理想的参考信号和校准源,但同时也是一种强干扰,需要进行抑制。文中还简单介绍了天地波雷达信号处理中的几个关键技术,包括收/发同步、阵列校准、直达波抑制、电离层污染和目标定位问题,本文主要对阵列校准和直达波抑制两方面问题进行研究。
本文研究了高频雷达阵列校准技术,提出了一种基于空间相关矩阵(SCM)的阵列校准算法。根据天地波雷达直达波特点,选取直达波作为校准源,利用直达波构造空间相关矩阵,阵列相位误差可从空间相关矩阵的相位中估计得到,幅度误差可从空间相关矩阵的主对角线估计得到。空间相关矩阵可以从时域和频域估计得到,研究在不同信噪比和快拍次数情况下,时域和频域方法性能。结合计算机仿真研究SCM算法所适用的信噪比和阵列误差范围,结果表明SCM算法在阵列误差较大情况下性能依然良好,在低信噪比情况下,频域方法性能良好。实测数据验证了算法的正确性和实用性。
接着,本文探讨了稳健的自适应波束形成技术,分析了常规波束形成和Capon波束形成在实际应用中所遇到的问题,引入了稳健的波束形成问题。重点研究了对角加载方法(LSMI)、稳健的最小方差波束形成(RMVB)和稳健的Capon波束形成(RCB)三种方法,详细分析了三种方法提高波束形成器稳健性的原理,深入讨论了三种方法参数的选取、阵列方向图以及输出信干噪比(SINR)。比较这三种算法性能,LSMI方法简单易行,但缺点在于无法确定加载量,信号功率估计偏低;RMVB方法对干扰抑制能力最强,在干扰方向形成的零陷最深,但代价是旁瓣高,对噪声抑制能力弱,信号功率估计接近真实值;RCB方法在同样条件下输出信干噪比较高,能同时抑制干扰和噪声,且估计信号功率最准确。
最后,对天地波雷达直达波抑制进行仿真,考虑阵列幅相误差,利用SCM算法进行校正,由于正交投影算法对误差敏感,本文主要采用稳健的波束形成方法进行直达波抑制。为了评判直达波抑制性能,定义自适应方法输出SINR与常规波束形成输出SINR之比为目标改善因子。详细分析了影响直达波抑制性能的因素,当存在阵列误差和信号非平稳性时,直达波抑制性能受到影响。仿真和实测数据结果表明,存在阵列误差和信号非平稳性时,三种方法能对直达波进行部分抑制,而无法完全对消直达波,在一定程度上能提高目标检测性能。
High frequency hybrid sky-surface wave radar utilizes ionosphere reflection and surface diffraction propagation modes to detect targets beyond the horizon such as vessels on the sea and low altitude flying targets. Compare with traditional HF sky wave and surface wave radar, HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is more flexible to build shore-based and shipborne receiver. The receiver of the HF hybrid sky- surface wave radar that can be classified as bistatic radar system receives radar echoes in silence, which improves invisibility and survival of the radar in wartime. What’s more, it is more convenient to build TR-RN multistatic HF radar net in purpose of sharing sky wave radar and surface wave radar resources. As a result, it is becoming a hot topic in HF OTHR field. Since HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is a new radar system, there are considerable difficulties in signal processing. This thesis focuses on array calibration and direct wave suppression in HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar system.
This thesis mainly studies shored-based radar system. First it analyses operation mode of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar, and illustrates the signal processing of this radar system. In order to suppress strong interferences, clutters, and noise, HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar exploits range-azimuth-doppler processing method, illustrating its process in detail. This thesis analyses the characteristics of direct wave in the radar system. Direct wave is the high frequency radio waves reflected by the ionosphere directly to the receiver, not diffracting along ocean surface. According to analysis of experimental data, direct wave has a strong energy, stable azimuth and contains information of transmission station, zero Doppler frequency, and multipath propagation characteristics. Therefore, direct wave is the ideal reference signal, calibration source in the signal processing, but strong interference at the same time, which needs to be cancelled. Thesis also introduces some key technologies, such as transmitter and receiver systems synchronizing, array calibration, direct wave suppression, ionosphere phase distortion, and target positioning.
In order to achieve good array response, HF radar array calibration is studied. This thesis proposes a novel array calibration method based on spatial correlation matrix (SCM) for HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar. According to characteristics of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar, direct wave is chosen to be calibration source. It is utilized to construct spatial correlation matrix, which contains array errors. Then, phase errors could be estimated by phase matrix of SCM, while gain errors could be estimated from the main diagonal elements of SCM. SCM could be estimated in temporal domain and frequency domain, and performances of this proposed algorithm are studied under different conditions such as signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and snapshots. The results show that SCM method still has a good performance in case of large phase errors. That means it is suitable for large array errors. In low SNR case, frequency method has a better performance.
Next, this thesis discusses robust adaptive beamforming. Thesis analyses conventional beamforming (CBF), Capon beamforming, and their problems in practical. Then, the robust adaptive beamforming is introduced. This thesis mainly studies diagonal loading (LSMI), robust minimum variance beamforming (RMVB), and robust Capon beamforming (RCB), analyzing the principles of improving robustness of the beamformers in detail. Thesis discusses about choosing parameters, array beam patterns, and beamforming output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of the three methods. Compared these three algorithms, LSMI is simple, but the disadvantage is that the diagonal load cannot be determined exactly. Further, the signal power estimated by LSMI is lower than the truth. RMVB has the strongest ability to suppress interferences. But it has the deepest nulls for the interferences at a cost of worse noise gain, resulting in high sidelobes. The estimated signal power in RMVB method is much closer to the truth. RCB has the highest SINR compared to other two methods at the same situation. It could suppress interferences and noise at the same time. What’s more, the signal power estimated by RCB method is the most accurate.
Finally, a system of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is simulated, considering the array errors, which are calibrated by SCM method. Since orthogonal projection method is sensitive to array error, robust adaptive beamforming methods are applied to suppress direct wave. In order to evaluate the performance of the direct wave suppression, the improvement factor is defined to be the ratio of adaptive bemforming output SINR and CBF output SINR. Thesis analyzes the conditions that could affect the performances of direct wave suppression. When the array has errors and the signal is nonstationary simultaneously, the performances of direct wave suppression are affected seriously. Simulation and experimental data results show that three methods all can suppress direct wave partly, and cannot cancel direct wave completely. And target detection can be improved.
本文主要研究岸基地波接收天地波雷达系统,首先分析了天地波雷达工作方式,并给出了其信号处理基本过程。为了抑制强大的干扰、杂波和噪声,天地波雷达采用距离-方位-多普勒三维联合处理方法,详细推导了其处理过程。文中就天地波雷达直达波问题进行特性分析,直达波是高频无线电波经电离层反射直接到达接收机,不经过海面绕射传播。结合实测数据分析出直达波具有能量强、方向稳定且包含发射站信息、零多普勒频率和存在多径传播现象等特点,在信号处理中是理想的参考信号和校准源,但同时也是一种强干扰,需要进行抑制。文中还简单介绍了天地波雷达信号处理中的几个关键技术,包括收/发同步、阵列校准、直达波抑制、电离层污染和目标定位问题,本文主要对阵列校准和直达波抑制两方面问题进行研究。
本文研究了高频雷达阵列校准技术,提出了一种基于空间相关矩阵(SCM)的阵列校准算法。根据天地波雷达直达波特点,选取直达波作为校准源,利用直达波构造空间相关矩阵,阵列相位误差可从空间相关矩阵的相位中估计得到,幅度误差可从空间相关矩阵的主对角线估计得到。空间相关矩阵可以从时域和频域估计得到,研究在不同信噪比和快拍次数情况下,时域和频域方法性能。结合计算机仿真研究SCM算法所适用的信噪比和阵列误差范围,结果表明SCM算法在阵列误差较大情况下性能依然良好,在低信噪比情况下,频域方法性能良好。实测数据验证了算法的正确性和实用性。
接着,本文探讨了稳健的自适应波束形成技术,分析了常规波束形成和Capon波束形成在实际应用中所遇到的问题,引入了稳健的波束形成问题。重点研究了对角加载方法(LSMI)、稳健的最小方差波束形成(RMVB)和稳健的Capon波束形成(RCB)三种方法,详细分析了三种方法提高波束形成器稳健性的原理,深入讨论了三种方法参数的选取、阵列方向图以及输出信干噪比(SINR)。比较这三种算法性能,LSMI方法简单易行,但缺点在于无法确定加载量,信号功率估计偏低;RMVB方法对干扰抑制能力最强,在干扰方向形成的零陷最深,但代价是旁瓣高,对噪声抑制能力弱,信号功率估计接近真实值;RCB方法在同样条件下输出信干噪比较高,能同时抑制干扰和噪声,且估计信号功率最准确。
最后,对天地波雷达直达波抑制进行仿真,考虑阵列幅相误差,利用SCM算法进行校正,由于正交投影算法对误差敏感,本文主要采用稳健的波束形成方法进行直达波抑制。为了评判直达波抑制性能,定义自适应方法输出SINR与常规波束形成输出SINR之比为目标改善因子。详细分析了影响直达波抑制性能的因素,当存在阵列误差和信号非平稳性时,直达波抑制性能受到影响。仿真和实测数据结果表明,存在阵列误差和信号非平稳性时,三种方法能对直达波进行部分抑制,而无法完全对消直达波,在一定程度上能提高目标检测性能。
High frequency hybrid sky-surface wave radar utilizes ionosphere reflection and surface diffraction propagation modes to detect targets beyond the horizon such as vessels on the sea and low altitude flying targets. Compare with traditional HF sky wave and surface wave radar, HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is more flexible to build shore-based and shipborne receiver. The receiver of the HF hybrid sky- surface wave radar that can be classified as bistatic radar system receives radar echoes in silence, which improves invisibility and survival of the radar in wartime. What’s more, it is more convenient to build TR-RN multistatic HF radar net in purpose of sharing sky wave radar and surface wave radar resources. As a result, it is becoming a hot topic in HF OTHR field. Since HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is a new radar system, there are considerable difficulties in signal processing. This thesis focuses on array calibration and direct wave suppression in HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar system.
This thesis mainly studies shored-based radar system. First it analyses operation mode of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar, and illustrates the signal processing of this radar system. In order to suppress strong interferences, clutters, and noise, HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar exploits range-azimuth-doppler processing method, illustrating its process in detail. This thesis analyses the characteristics of direct wave in the radar system. Direct wave is the high frequency radio waves reflected by the ionosphere directly to the receiver, not diffracting along ocean surface. According to analysis of experimental data, direct wave has a strong energy, stable azimuth and contains information of transmission station, zero Doppler frequency, and multipath propagation characteristics. Therefore, direct wave is the ideal reference signal, calibration source in the signal processing, but strong interference at the same time, which needs to be cancelled. Thesis also introduces some key technologies, such as transmitter and receiver systems synchronizing, array calibration, direct wave suppression, ionosphere phase distortion, and target positioning.
In order to achieve good array response, HF radar array calibration is studied. This thesis proposes a novel array calibration method based on spatial correlation matrix (SCM) for HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar. According to characteristics of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar, direct wave is chosen to be calibration source. It is utilized to construct spatial correlation matrix, which contains array errors. Then, phase errors could be estimated by phase matrix of SCM, while gain errors could be estimated from the main diagonal elements of SCM. SCM could be estimated in temporal domain and frequency domain, and performances of this proposed algorithm are studied under different conditions such as signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and snapshots. The results show that SCM method still has a good performance in case of large phase errors. That means it is suitable for large array errors. In low SNR case, frequency method has a better performance.
Next, this thesis discusses robust adaptive beamforming. Thesis analyses conventional beamforming (CBF), Capon beamforming, and their problems in practical. Then, the robust adaptive beamforming is introduced. This thesis mainly studies diagonal loading (LSMI), robust minimum variance beamforming (RMVB), and robust Capon beamforming (RCB), analyzing the principles of improving robustness of the beamformers in detail. Thesis discusses about choosing parameters, array beam patterns, and beamforming output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of the three methods. Compared these three algorithms, LSMI is simple, but the disadvantage is that the diagonal load cannot be determined exactly. Further, the signal power estimated by LSMI is lower than the truth. RMVB has the strongest ability to suppress interferences. But it has the deepest nulls for the interferences at a cost of worse noise gain, resulting in high sidelobes. The estimated signal power in RMVB method is much closer to the truth. RCB has the highest SINR compared to other two methods at the same situation. It could suppress interferences and noise at the same time. What’s more, the signal power estimated by RCB method is the most accurate.
Finally, a system of HF hybrid sky-surface wave radar is simulated, considering the array errors, which are calibrated by SCM method. Since orthogonal projection method is sensitive to array error, robust adaptive beamforming methods are applied to suppress direct wave. In order to evaluate the performance of the direct wave suppression, the improvement factor is defined to be the ratio of adaptive bemforming output SINR and CBF output SINR. Thesis analyzes the conditions that could affect the performances of direct wave suppression. When the array has errors and the signal is nonstationary simultaneously, the performances of direct wave suppression are affected seriously. Simulation and experimental data results show that three methods all can suppress direct wave partly, and cannot cancel direct wave completely. And target detection can be improved.
引文
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