VHF均匀圆阵有源校准方案研究与实现
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摘要
采用阵列信号处理技术实现对空间信号的测向与定位一直是人们研究的热点问题,尤其是以MUSIC算法为代表基于特征分解的超分辨测向技术因其在理想阵列流型下所特有的超分辨率得到了广泛的关注与应用。然而在工程应用中,实际的阵列流型由于天线阵元的位置误差、互耦误差、方向图不一致性误差以及阵列接收通道的幅相不一致性误差等因素的影响始终与理想阵列流型存在偏差,从而导致这类算法分辨性能急剧恶化甚至失效。因此,针对实际应用系统设计有效的阵列误差校准方法成为实现超分辨测向的关键技术之一。本文主要对云闪探测子系统中阵列接收前端的通道不一致性误差进行了分析,并综合考虑了系统的软硬件资源以及均匀圆阵特有的圆对称性,设计了一种基于圆阵阵列中心发射校准信号的有源校准方案。
通过对云闪阵列接收前端各通道进行增益、噪声系数以及输入端散射参量S11参数的测试,验证了各通道之间存在明显的不一致性问题,其中各通道针对同一激励源的输出功率最大差值可达4dB,并且经过实验验证该系统在无阵列校准条件下得到的DOA估计结果与理论计算值也存在较大偏差。
本文中有源阵列校准方案的具体实现上主要从两项关键技术着手进行设计,一项是校准源发生单元的硬件设计,包括电路原理图设计、PCB设计以及关键输出信号频谱优化,使得该单元实现同时输出阵列校准及本振信号,并且可通过上位机控制校准信号的输出状态,以满足校准方案的实际需要。目前该硬件单元针对第一版发现的问题点成功进行了改版,经测试能够很好的达到系统的要求。另一项则是校准方案的实验验证与确定,先后验证了板间通道校准和阵列中心辐射校准源两种不同的校准源馈入方式对DOA估计结果的影响,并分析了原因,最终选定了合理有效的阵列中心辐射校准源的校准方案。
该校准方案经过多台探测子系统多次多发射点的外场实验验证,能够稳定有效的对阵列误差进行校准,并配合后级超分辨算法获取准确的DOA估计结果。
Using array signal processing technology to finding the direction and location of electromagnetic wave signals has been a hot topic for researchers, especially the super-resolution DOA Estimation technology using MUSIC algorithm based on eigenvalue decomposition have a lot of attention and application for its super-resolution in ideal array manifold. However, in engineering applications, deviations from the true array manifold, typically resulting from antenna position errors, mutual coupling and array channels mismatch can seriously degrade the algorithms' performance. So, finding an effective array errors calibration method has become the key technology for the super-resolution DOA Estimation technology. This paper mainly analyse the amplitude and phase errors in the receiver of the cloud lightening detection system and design a active array calibration method based on emitting the sources in the array center on considering the system’s resources and the circular symmetry of uniform circular array
Through verifying the performance of the receiver including channel gain,noise figure and S-parameter, we can see the obvious channel mismatch in the receiver. When receiving the same signal, maxium difference between the channel output powers is up to 4dB. And the array errors have also caused deviation of the DOA results in outfield experiments.
Realization can be divided to two parts. One is the hardware designing of the generation of calibration sources, including schematic design and PCB design. At present, the hardware unit has been revised once and can well meet the requirements of the system.The other is selecting the suitable methods of the calibration sources feeding into the system, which is feeding the calibration sources in the center of antenna array.
Through verifying from outfield experiments using several detecting systems in multiple emitting points, the array calibration method in this paper can calibrate the array errors efficiently and stablely, and guarantee the DOA performance.
通过对云闪阵列接收前端各通道进行增益、噪声系数以及输入端散射参量S11参数的测试,验证了各通道之间存在明显的不一致性问题,其中各通道针对同一激励源的输出功率最大差值可达4dB,并且经过实验验证该系统在无阵列校准条件下得到的DOA估计结果与理论计算值也存在较大偏差。
本文中有源阵列校准方案的具体实现上主要从两项关键技术着手进行设计,一项是校准源发生单元的硬件设计,包括电路原理图设计、PCB设计以及关键输出信号频谱优化,使得该单元实现同时输出阵列校准及本振信号,并且可通过上位机控制校准信号的输出状态,以满足校准方案的实际需要。目前该硬件单元针对第一版发现的问题点成功进行了改版,经测试能够很好的达到系统的要求。另一项则是校准方案的实验验证与确定,先后验证了板间通道校准和阵列中心辐射校准源两种不同的校准源馈入方式对DOA估计结果的影响,并分析了原因,最终选定了合理有效的阵列中心辐射校准源的校准方案。
该校准方案经过多台探测子系统多次多发射点的外场实验验证,能够稳定有效的对阵列误差进行校准,并配合后级超分辨算法获取准确的DOA估计结果。
Using array signal processing technology to finding the direction and location of electromagnetic wave signals has been a hot topic for researchers, especially the super-resolution DOA Estimation technology using MUSIC algorithm based on eigenvalue decomposition have a lot of attention and application for its super-resolution in ideal array manifold. However, in engineering applications, deviations from the true array manifold, typically resulting from antenna position errors, mutual coupling and array channels mismatch can seriously degrade the algorithms' performance. So, finding an effective array errors calibration method has become the key technology for the super-resolution DOA Estimation technology. This paper mainly analyse the amplitude and phase errors in the receiver of the cloud lightening detection system and design a active array calibration method based on emitting the sources in the array center on considering the system’s resources and the circular symmetry of uniform circular array
Through verifying the performance of the receiver including channel gain,noise figure and S-parameter, we can see the obvious channel mismatch in the receiver. When receiving the same signal, maxium difference between the channel output powers is up to 4dB. And the array errors have also caused deviation of the DOA results in outfield experiments.
Realization can be divided to two parts. One is the hardware designing of the generation of calibration sources, including schematic design and PCB design. At present, the hardware unit has been revised once and can well meet the requirements of the system.The other is selecting the suitable methods of the calibration sources feeding into the system, which is feeding the calibration sources in the center of antenna array.
Through verifying from outfield experiments using several detecting systems in multiple emitting points, the array calibration method in this paper can calibrate the array errors efficiently and stablely, and guarantee the DOA performance.
引文
[1] Harry.L, Van.Trees. Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part IV, Optimum Array Processing. John Wiley & Sons. 2002
[2] H. Krim, M. Viberg. Two decades of array signal processing research: the parametric approach. IEEE signal processing magazine. 1996, 13(4): 67~94
[3] Fulvio Gini,Muralidhar Rangaswamy. Knowledge-based radar detection, tracking, and classification .Wiley-Interscience. 2008
[4]鄢社锋.传感器阵列波束优化设计及应用,北京:科学出版社, 2009
[5] Simon Haykin , K. J. Ray Liu. Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks. Wiley-IEEE Press. 2010
[6] A. Vesa, A.Iozsa. Direction-of-Arrival estimation for uniform sensor arrays. 2010 9th International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC). 2010: 249~252
[7] Z.Ye, Y.Zhang, X.Xu et al. Direction of arrival estimation for uncorrelated and coherent signals with uniform linear array. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation. 2009, 3(2): 144~154
[8] Xu Wenyuan, M. Kaveh. Theoretical comparison for biases of MUSIC-like DOA estimators. 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1995, 3: 1653~1656
[9] Cheng Chun-yue, Lv Ying-hua. A Calibration Algorithm for Mutual Coupling Errors of Array Sensors Based on the Nonlinear Constraint. The 2006 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Environmental Electromagnetics. 2006: 486~489
[10] Li Youming, M.H.Er. Theoretical analyses of gain and phase error calibration with optimal implementation for linear equispaced array. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2006, 54(2): 712~723
[11] Liu JianHua, Yan Ming, Peng YingNing et al. DOA estimation based on array manifold calibration and weighted subspace fitting. 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing. 1996, 1: 498~492
[12] C.M.S.See. A method for array calibration in parametric sensor array processing. Conference Proceedings Singapore ICCS '94. 1994, 3: 915~919
[13]张义军,孟青.闪电探测技术发展和资料应用.应用气象学报, 2006, 17(5): 611~620.
[14] C.M.S. See. Method for array calibration in high-resolution sensor array. IEE Proceedings Radar, Sonar and Navigation. 1995, 142(3): 90~96
[15] Y. Rockah, P. Schultheiss. Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations--Part I: Far-field sources. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 1987, 35(3): 286~299
[16] Y. Rockah, P. Schultheiss. Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-- Part II: Near-field sources and estimator implementation. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 1987, 35(3): 724~735
[17]李彩菊,贾云东,李亚安.基于单辅助源的阵列幅相误差校正方法.探测与控制学报, 2009, 31: 37~39
[18]谭艳春,孙广俊,刘目磊.基于多种源的短波接收阵列校准.电波科学学报, 2006, 21(5): 687~691
[19]贾永康,保铮,吴洹.一种阵列天线阵元位置、幅度及相位误差的有源校正方法.电子学报, 1996, 24( 3): 47~52
[20] Li Qiong; Gan Long; Ye Zhongfu.An overview of self-calibration in sensor array processing Antennas. 2003 6th International SYmposium on Propagation and EM Theory, 2003. Proceedings. 2003: 279~282
[21] Qian Linjie, Wan Jianwei, Gao Hengzhen et al.Sensor Array Self-Calibration Based on GNSS Signal. 2011 International Workshop on Multi-Platform/Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing and Mapping (M2RSM), 2011: 1~5
[22] Chung Pei-Jung, Wan Shuang. Array self-calibration using SAGE algorithm.SAM 2008. 5th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop, 2008: 165~169
[23] Qi Chongying, Wang Yongliang, Zhang Yongshun et al. A decoupling DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for circular antenna array. 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005, 2B: 366~369
[24]郭崇贤.相控阵雷达接收技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009
[25]胡明春.相控阵雷达收发组件技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009
[26]冷红英,张扬,唐斌.阵列通道误差校正算法及DSP实现,电子科技大学报, 2004. 33(5): 511~512
[27]刘瑞新. Protel DXP原理图设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004
[28]周润景. Altium Designer原理图与PCB设计.北京:电子工业出版社, 2009
[29]姜培安.高速电路PCB设计方法与技巧.北京:中国电力出版社, 2010
[30]黄智伟.印制电路板(PCB)设计技术与实践.北京:电子工业出版社, 2009
[31] Silicon Laboratories. Datasheet of Si4133, 2002. http://www.silabs.com
[32] Analog Devices Inc. Datasheet of AD9513, 2005. http://www.analog.com
[33] Analog Devices Inc. Datasheet of AD9726, 2005. http://www.analog.com
[34] Ludwig, Reinhold.射频电路设计-理论与应用(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2010
[35] Altera Inc. Cyclone III Device Handbook, Volume 1. http://www.altera.com
[36]周志敏.线性集成稳压电源实用电路.北京:中国电力出版社, 2006
[37]谢金明.高速数字电路设计与噪声控制技术.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003
[38]姜雪松,王鹰编.电磁兼容与PCB设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008
[39] Montrose, Mark I.电磁兼容的印制电路板设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008
[40]黄志洵.微波传输线理论与实用技术.北京:科学出版社, 1996
[41]徐兴福. ADS2008射频电路设计与仿真实例.北京:电子工业出版社, 2008. 98~134
[2] H. Krim, M. Viberg. Two decades of array signal processing research: the parametric approach. IEEE signal processing magazine. 1996, 13(4): 67~94
[3] Fulvio Gini,Muralidhar Rangaswamy. Knowledge-based radar detection, tracking, and classification .Wiley-Interscience. 2008
[4]鄢社锋.传感器阵列波束优化设计及应用,北京:科学出版社, 2009
[5] Simon Haykin , K. J. Ray Liu. Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks. Wiley-IEEE Press. 2010
[6] A. Vesa, A.Iozsa. Direction-of-Arrival estimation for uniform sensor arrays. 2010 9th International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC). 2010: 249~252
[7] Z.Ye, Y.Zhang, X.Xu et al. Direction of arrival estimation for uncorrelated and coherent signals with uniform linear array. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation. 2009, 3(2): 144~154
[8] Xu Wenyuan, M. Kaveh. Theoretical comparison for biases of MUSIC-like DOA estimators. 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1995, 3: 1653~1656
[9] Cheng Chun-yue, Lv Ying-hua. A Calibration Algorithm for Mutual Coupling Errors of Array Sensors Based on the Nonlinear Constraint. The 2006 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Environmental Electromagnetics. 2006: 486~489
[10] Li Youming, M.H.Er. Theoretical analyses of gain and phase error calibration with optimal implementation for linear equispaced array. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2006, 54(2): 712~723
[11] Liu JianHua, Yan Ming, Peng YingNing et al. DOA estimation based on array manifold calibration and weighted subspace fitting. 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing. 1996, 1: 498~492
[12] C.M.S.See. A method for array calibration in parametric sensor array processing. Conference Proceedings Singapore ICCS '94. 1994, 3: 915~919
[13]张义军,孟青.闪电探测技术发展和资料应用.应用气象学报, 2006, 17(5): 611~620.
[14] C.M.S. See. Method for array calibration in high-resolution sensor array. IEE Proceedings Radar, Sonar and Navigation. 1995, 142(3): 90~96
[15] Y. Rockah, P. Schultheiss. Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations--Part I: Far-field sources. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 1987, 35(3): 286~299
[16] Y. Rockah, P. Schultheiss. Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-- Part II: Near-field sources and estimator implementation. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 1987, 35(3): 724~735
[17]李彩菊,贾云东,李亚安.基于单辅助源的阵列幅相误差校正方法.探测与控制学报, 2009, 31: 37~39
[18]谭艳春,孙广俊,刘目磊.基于多种源的短波接收阵列校准.电波科学学报, 2006, 21(5): 687~691
[19]贾永康,保铮,吴洹.一种阵列天线阵元位置、幅度及相位误差的有源校正方法.电子学报, 1996, 24( 3): 47~52
[20] Li Qiong; Gan Long; Ye Zhongfu.An overview of self-calibration in sensor array processing Antennas. 2003 6th International SYmposium on Propagation and EM Theory, 2003. Proceedings. 2003: 279~282
[21] Qian Linjie, Wan Jianwei, Gao Hengzhen et al.Sensor Array Self-Calibration Based on GNSS Signal. 2011 International Workshop on Multi-Platform/Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing and Mapping (M2RSM), 2011: 1~5
[22] Chung Pei-Jung, Wan Shuang. Array self-calibration using SAGE algorithm.SAM 2008. 5th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop, 2008: 165~169
[23] Qi Chongying, Wang Yongliang, Zhang Yongshun et al. A decoupling DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for circular antenna array. 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005, 2B: 366~369
[24]郭崇贤.相控阵雷达接收技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009
[25]胡明春.相控阵雷达收发组件技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009
[26]冷红英,张扬,唐斌.阵列通道误差校正算法及DSP实现,电子科技大学报, 2004. 33(5): 511~512
[27]刘瑞新. Protel DXP原理图设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004
[28]周润景. Altium Designer原理图与PCB设计.北京:电子工业出版社, 2009
[29]姜培安.高速电路PCB设计方法与技巧.北京:中国电力出版社, 2010
[30]黄智伟.印制电路板(PCB)设计技术与实践.北京:电子工业出版社, 2009
[31] Silicon Laboratories. Datasheet of Si4133, 2002. http://www.silabs.com
[32] Analog Devices Inc. Datasheet of AD9513, 2005. http://www.analog.com
[33] Analog Devices Inc. Datasheet of AD9726, 2005. http://www.analog.com
[34] Ludwig, Reinhold.射频电路设计-理论与应用(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社, 2010
[35] Altera Inc. Cyclone III Device Handbook, Volume 1. http://www.altera.com
[36]周志敏.线性集成稳压电源实用电路.北京:中国电力出版社, 2006
[37]谢金明.高速数字电路设计与噪声控制技术.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003
[38]姜雪松,王鹰编.电磁兼容与PCB设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008
[39] Montrose, Mark I.电磁兼容的印制电路板设计.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008
[40]黄志洵.微波传输线理论与实用技术.北京:科学出版社, 1996
[41]徐兴福. ADS2008射频电路设计与仿真实例.北京:电子工业出版社, 2008. 98~134