X波段阵面校准技术研究
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摘要
随着半导体技术,包括各类晶体管、集成电路、信号处理、数据处理和计算机技术等突飞猛进的发展,极大地推进了相控阵雷达技术的发展,并降低了相控阵雷达的造价,当前世界各国新研制的雷达多数为相控阵雷达。
相控阵天线依靠控制各通道的相位,实现波束扫描,而通道的幅相变化将影响到阵面性能,因此必须开展阵面校准的方法研究,校准方案反过来又影响着相控阵系统的设计。为达到校准和诊断的目的,专家学者研究了多种方法,如内监测校准法、外监测中场校准法、远场校准法等这些方法具有一定的适用对象,在系统设计时必须考察使用条件。
本文以X波段试验阵面为平台,着重研究了外监测技术中极化效应和校准算法。本文分析了线极化的收发天线间极化效应引入误差的形式,进行了研究仿真,给出抑制收发天线间极化效应误差的约束条件;在校准过程中,传统的单路通方法的测试信号通过波束形成网络后,信号功率衰减较大,致使信噪比太低,严重影响到校准结果,本文提出了“局部反相法”,测试过程中子阵级单元全部导通,通过控制某几个通道相位变化,组成线性方程组,解出各单元幅相值,有效解决了传统单路通方法信噪比较低的问题。
Along with the rapid development of semiconductor technique as well as those of all kinds of transistors, integrated circuits, signal processing, data processing and computer, technique of phased array radar has been improved greatly while cost has been decreased. At present, phased array radar is the new one mostly developed by different countries.
Phased array antenna controls phase of each channel to carry out bean scan. Because variation of amplitude-phase in channel will influence performance of array, research on method for calibrating array is necessary, while calibration scheme will influence design of phased array system inversely. In order to gain the goal of calibration and diagnosis, experts and scholars have researched on many methods that suit to certain objects, and application conditions must be taken into consideration during system design.
This paper focus on research polarization effect and calibration arithmetic , based on the X band test bed .In this paper , we analyzed the error mode of polarization effect between transmitting antenna and receiving one . By research and simulation , we proposed the method control the error between transmitting antenna and receiving one caused by polarization . During the calibrating , the test signal of general method which tested channel one by one , attenuate largely by the beam-form net , and the SNR become too low, seriously imposed on the calibration . In this article ,we proposed ' Method of local phase inversion ', that all T/R modules of one block work at the same time , and control the phase part of them , then we get linear function , last get all the amplitude and phase of all the units, resolve the problem of low SNR of the general one-by-one method.
相控阵天线依靠控制各通道的相位,实现波束扫描,而通道的幅相变化将影响到阵面性能,因此必须开展阵面校准的方法研究,校准方案反过来又影响着相控阵系统的设计。为达到校准和诊断的目的,专家学者研究了多种方法,如内监测校准法、外监测中场校准法、远场校准法等这些方法具有一定的适用对象,在系统设计时必须考察使用条件。
本文以X波段试验阵面为平台,着重研究了外监测技术中极化效应和校准算法。本文分析了线极化的收发天线间极化效应引入误差的形式,进行了研究仿真,给出抑制收发天线间极化效应误差的约束条件;在校准过程中,传统的单路通方法的测试信号通过波束形成网络后,信号功率衰减较大,致使信噪比太低,严重影响到校准结果,本文提出了“局部反相法”,测试过程中子阵级单元全部导通,通过控制某几个通道相位变化,组成线性方程组,解出各单元幅相值,有效解决了传统单路通方法信噪比较低的问题。
Along with the rapid development of semiconductor technique as well as those of all kinds of transistors, integrated circuits, signal processing, data processing and computer, technique of phased array radar has been improved greatly while cost has been decreased. At present, phased array radar is the new one mostly developed by different countries.
Phased array antenna controls phase of each channel to carry out bean scan. Because variation of amplitude-phase in channel will influence performance of array, research on method for calibrating array is necessary, while calibration scheme will influence design of phased array system inversely. In order to gain the goal of calibration and diagnosis, experts and scholars have researched on many methods that suit to certain objects, and application conditions must be taken into consideration during system design.
This paper focus on research polarization effect and calibration arithmetic , based on the X band test bed .In this paper , we analyzed the error mode of polarization effect between transmitting antenna and receiving one . By research and simulation , we proposed the method control the error between transmitting antenna and receiving one caused by polarization . During the calibrating , the test signal of general method which tested channel one by one , attenuate largely by the beam-form net , and the SNR become too low, seriously imposed on the calibration . In this article ,we proposed ' Method of local phase inversion ', that all T/R modules of one block work at the same time , and control the phase part of them , then we get linear function , last get all the amplitude and phase of all the units, resolve the problem of low SNR of the general one-by-one method.
引文
[1]Johnson R.C.,Ecker H.A.and Hollis J.S..Determination of far-field antenna patterns from near-field measurements[J].Proc.IEEE,1973,61(12):1668-1694;
[2]Newell A C.Error analysis techniques for planar near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.1988,36(6):754-768;
[3]Johnson J H W.An examination of the theory and practices of planar near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.1988,36(6):746-753
[4]林昌禄,天线测量技术[M],成都电讯工程学院出版社,1987年;
[5]毛乃宏 俱新德等,天线测量手册[M]国防工业出版社,1987年8月第1版;
[6]K.M.Lee,R.S.Chu,and S.C.Liu.A performance monitoring/fault isolation and correction system of a phased toggling method[C].IEEE ASP.,1992,1(7):429-432:
[7]H.M.Aumann,A.J.Fenn,and F.G.Willwerth.Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction using mutual coupling measurements[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagat.1989,37(7):844-850:
[8]Shipley C.,Woods D..Mutual coupling-based calibration of phased array antennas[C].2000 IEEE International Conference on Phased Array Systems & Technology,2000:529-532:
[9]TieGao JinYun Wang,Large active phased array antenna calibration using MCM,IEEE Trans[J].Antenna Propagat,2001,607-609:
[10]Kojima,N.;Shiramatsu,K.;N.Measurement and evaluation techniques for an airborne active phased array antenna[C],IEEE 1996,15-18 Oct,231-236;
[11]Davis D..Analysis of array antenna patterns during test[J].Microwave Journal,1978,21(2):67-70;
[12]Wu C..Method and apparatus for self-calibration and phasing of array antenna[P].U.S.Patent,No.4,488,155,1984;
[13]Smith P.Phased array BIT[A].Digest of Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium[C].IEEE,May 1990.674-677;
[14]牛宝君,大型相控阵外监测系统[J],现代雷达,1999,1期;
[15]李迪,王华,中场测量相控阵扫描方向图的方法研究[J],现代雷达;
[16]郑雪飞,高铁.相控阵天线中场校正技术研究[J],微波学报.2005,21(4):
[17]Ron Sorace,Phased Array Calibration[C],Phased Array Systems and Technology IEEE 2000,May,533-536;
[18]Amir Leshem,Array calibration in the presence of multipath[J],IEEE 2000,Vol48,Jan;
[19]Mulcahey,D.K.,Sarcione,M.G.,Calibration and diagnostics of the THAAD solid state phased array in a planar nearfield facility[C],IEEE International Symposium on,15-18 Oct.1996,322-326;
[20]R.J.Mailloux,Array Failure Correction with a Digitally Beamformed Array[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.44,Dec.1996,pp.1543-1550;
[21]B.K.Yeo,Y.Lu,Array Failure Correction with a Genetic Algorithm[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.47,May 1999,pp.823-828;
[22]E.M.Friel,K.M.Pasala,Effects of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of STAP Antenna Arrays[J],IEEE Trans.on AES,Vol.36,Apr.2000,pp.S18-527;
[23]魏文元,张晓苗,焦永昌等.超低副瓣相控阵天线设计中的几个问题[J].电子学报.1994,22(12):28-34;
[24]Booker H G,Clemmow P C.The concept of an angular spectrum of plane waves,and its relations to that of polar diagram and aperture distribution[J].Proc.IEE.1950,97:11-17;
[25]T.J.Peters,A Conjugate Gradient-Based Algorithm to Minimize the Sidelobe Level of Planar Arrays with Element Failures[J],IEEE Trans,on AP,Vol.39,Oct.1991,pp.1497-1504:
[26]Joy E B,Paris D r.Spatial sampling and filtering in near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation.1972,20(4):253-261;
[27]Michael A.Khayat,et al.,Mutual Coupling Between Reduced Surface-Wave Microstrip Antennas[J],IEEE Trans.On AP,Vol.48,Oct.2000,1581-1593:
[28]J.P.Burg,D.GLuenberger,D.L.Wenger,Estimation of Structured Covariance Matrices[J],Proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.70,Sep.1982,pp.963-974;
[29]Newell A C.Planar near-field measurement of low-sidelobe antennas[J].Journal of Research of the NIST.1994,99(3):
[30]Newell A C,HError analysis techniques for planar near-field measurementsH,Antennas and Propagation[J],IEEE Transactions on,June 1988:
[31]E.Brookner,J.M.Howell,Adaptive-Adaptive Array Processing[J],Proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.74,Apr.1986,pp.602-604:
[32]吴曼青译.电扫天线的快速FFT相位校准[J].现代电子.1994,47(2):26-30:
[33]J.P.Daniel,Mutual Coupling Between Antennas for Emission or Reception-Application to Passive and Active Dipoles[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.22,Mar.1974,pp.347-349:
[34]全绍辉,何国瑜,紧缩场干扰波的时域分析,电波科学学报[J],2003-8;
[35]Sknolnik M I..Radar handbook,Second edition[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,1990;
[36]ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1979.IEEE standard test procedures for antennas[S]:
[37]I.J.Gupta,A.A.Ksienski,Effect of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of Adaptive Arrays[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.31,Sep.1983,pp.785-791;
[38]IEEE Standards Board,IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas[S]:IEEE Std145-1993;
[39]束咸荣,相控阵天线外监测系统电磁关系分析及优化设计[J].微波学报,2002,18(2):45-48.
[40]Gary E.Evans,Antenna Measurement Techniques[M],London:Artech House,Inc.,1990.
[41]Richard C.Johnson,Antenna Engineering Handbook[M],New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1984;
[42]刘灵鸽,插值方法在天线平面近场测试中的应用[J],空间电子技术,2008-5:
[43]Shnitkin H.,Rapid fast fourier transform phase alignment of an electronically scanned antenna[C],20PthP Eruopean Microwave Conference,vol.1,pp.247-257:
[44]张俭,相控阵天线的聚焦法[J],系统工程于电子技术,1990.第1期;
[45]高火涛,高频地波雷达天线阵方向图的近场聚焦技术[J],武汉大学学报(理学版),2001-10。
[2]Newell A C.Error analysis techniques for planar near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.1988,36(6):754-768;
[3]Johnson J H W.An examination of the theory and practices of planar near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation.1988,36(6):746-753
[4]林昌禄,天线测量技术[M],成都电讯工程学院出版社,1987年;
[5]毛乃宏 俱新德等,天线测量手册[M]国防工业出版社,1987年8月第1版;
[6]K.M.Lee,R.S.Chu,and S.C.Liu.A performance monitoring/fault isolation and correction system of a phased toggling method[C].IEEE ASP.,1992,1(7):429-432:
[7]H.M.Aumann,A.J.Fenn,and F.G.Willwerth.Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction using mutual coupling measurements[J].IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagat.1989,37(7):844-850:
[8]Shipley C.,Woods D..Mutual coupling-based calibration of phased array antennas[C].2000 IEEE International Conference on Phased Array Systems & Technology,2000:529-532:
[9]TieGao JinYun Wang,Large active phased array antenna calibration using MCM,IEEE Trans[J].Antenna Propagat,2001,607-609:
[10]Kojima,N.;Shiramatsu,K.;N.Measurement and evaluation techniques for an airborne active phased array antenna[C],IEEE 1996,15-18 Oct,231-236;
[11]Davis D..Analysis of array antenna patterns during test[J].Microwave Journal,1978,21(2):67-70;
[12]Wu C..Method and apparatus for self-calibration and phasing of array antenna[P].U.S.Patent,No.4,488,155,1984;
[13]Smith P.Phased array BIT[A].Digest of Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium[C].IEEE,May 1990.674-677;
[14]牛宝君,大型相控阵外监测系统[J],现代雷达,1999,1期;
[15]李迪,王华,中场测量相控阵扫描方向图的方法研究[J],现代雷达;
[16]郑雪飞,高铁.相控阵天线中场校正技术研究[J],微波学报.2005,21(4):
[17]Ron Sorace,Phased Array Calibration[C],Phased Array Systems and Technology IEEE 2000,May,533-536;
[18]Amir Leshem,Array calibration in the presence of multipath[J],IEEE 2000,Vol48,Jan;
[19]Mulcahey,D.K.,Sarcione,M.G.,Calibration and diagnostics of the THAAD solid state phased array in a planar nearfield facility[C],IEEE International Symposium on,15-18 Oct.1996,322-326;
[20]R.J.Mailloux,Array Failure Correction with a Digitally Beamformed Array[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.44,Dec.1996,pp.1543-1550;
[21]B.K.Yeo,Y.Lu,Array Failure Correction with a Genetic Algorithm[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.47,May 1999,pp.823-828;
[22]E.M.Friel,K.M.Pasala,Effects of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of STAP Antenna Arrays[J],IEEE Trans.on AES,Vol.36,Apr.2000,pp.S18-527;
[23]魏文元,张晓苗,焦永昌等.超低副瓣相控阵天线设计中的几个问题[J].电子学报.1994,22(12):28-34;
[24]Booker H G,Clemmow P C.The concept of an angular spectrum of plane waves,and its relations to that of polar diagram and aperture distribution[J].Proc.IEE.1950,97:11-17;
[25]T.J.Peters,A Conjugate Gradient-Based Algorithm to Minimize the Sidelobe Level of Planar Arrays with Element Failures[J],IEEE Trans,on AP,Vol.39,Oct.1991,pp.1497-1504:
[26]Joy E B,Paris D r.Spatial sampling and filtering in near-field measurement[J].IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation.1972,20(4):253-261;
[27]Michael A.Khayat,et al.,Mutual Coupling Between Reduced Surface-Wave Microstrip Antennas[J],IEEE Trans.On AP,Vol.48,Oct.2000,1581-1593:
[28]J.P.Burg,D.GLuenberger,D.L.Wenger,Estimation of Structured Covariance Matrices[J],Proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.70,Sep.1982,pp.963-974;
[29]Newell A C.Planar near-field measurement of low-sidelobe antennas[J].Journal of Research of the NIST.1994,99(3):
[30]Newell A C,HError analysis techniques for planar near-field measurementsH,Antennas and Propagation[J],IEEE Transactions on,June 1988:
[31]E.Brookner,J.M.Howell,Adaptive-Adaptive Array Processing[J],Proceedings of the IEEE,Vol.74,Apr.1986,pp.602-604:
[32]吴曼青译.电扫天线的快速FFT相位校准[J].现代电子.1994,47(2):26-30:
[33]J.P.Daniel,Mutual Coupling Between Antennas for Emission or Reception-Application to Passive and Active Dipoles[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.22,Mar.1974,pp.347-349:
[34]全绍辉,何国瑜,紧缩场干扰波的时域分析,电波科学学报[J],2003-8;
[35]Sknolnik M I..Radar handbook,Second edition[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,1990;
[36]ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1979.IEEE standard test procedures for antennas[S]:
[37]I.J.Gupta,A.A.Ksienski,Effect of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of Adaptive Arrays[J],IEEE Trans.on AP,Vol.31,Sep.1983,pp.785-791;
[38]IEEE Standards Board,IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas[S]:IEEE Std145-1993;
[39]束咸荣,相控阵天线外监测系统电磁关系分析及优化设计[J].微波学报,2002,18(2):45-48.
[40]Gary E.Evans,Antenna Measurement Techniques[M],London:Artech House,Inc.,1990.
[41]Richard C.Johnson,Antenna Engineering Handbook[M],New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1984;
[42]刘灵鸽,插值方法在天线平面近场测试中的应用[J],空间电子技术,2008-5:
[43]Shnitkin H.,Rapid fast fourier transform phase alignment of an electronically scanned antenna[C],20PthP Eruopean Microwave Conference,vol.1,pp.247-257:
[44]张俭,相控阵天线的聚焦法[J],系统工程于电子技术,1990.第1期;
[45]高火涛,高频地波雷达天线阵方向图的近场聚焦技术[J],武汉大学学报(理学版),2001-10。