北运河水体中氨氮的氧化过程及微生物响应特征
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摘要
我国河流普遍存在氨氮污染严重的问题,由于氮进入河流后的迁移转化过程非常复杂,氨氮通过硝化、反硝化过程和水生生物同化作用得到降解,这两种机制都存在微生物的参与,因此氮降解过程中微生物的研究对认识氮转化过程、解决氮污染问题十分重要。氨氮作为我国河流的主要污染物,其降解过程中的氨氧化过程常常是限速过程,其中化能自养细菌氨氧化细菌需要利用氨氮和二氧化碳作为氮源和碳源,结合氧分子将氨氮降解至亚硝态氮,而这一过程有机碳虽然不直接参与,但在硝化过程中具有重要地位。要深入了解河流水体中氨氮降解过程就必须从氮的形态及转化、环境因素和微生物各方面进行分析。通过分子生物学技术进行氨氧化细菌的定量研究,得到河流水体氨氮降解特点及参与其转化的微生物之间的关系,并对影响氮的转化、微生物活性的环境因子进行研究,探索河流动态过程中氮素迁移转化机理,为河流氨氮污染的治理奠定基础。
北运河氨氮污染严重,溶解氧浓度较低,可生化降解性差,水质改善困难,本文研究的主要目的是：(1)掌握北运河水体污染特征和主要污染因子；(2)从水体中浮游细菌多样性及群落结构特征了解北运河水体的生态环境状况；(3)建立科学可信的水体氨氧化细菌定量方法对氨氧化细菌的生长过程及其与氮和溶解性有机碳的响应关系；(4)评估北运河水体的硝化活性及其与环境因子的关系；(5)探索人为因素及环境因子对北运河硝化过程的影响。
论文主要研究结论可概括为以下几个方面：
(1)通过2010年至2011年春、夏、秋、冬四季北运河20个采样点水体各水质指标的监测和现场调查,得到北运河的污染特征。北运河水体污染严重,主要水质指标总氮、总磷、COD等指标均超过地表水V类水标准,经过因子分析得出氨氮和COD为主要污染因子。北运河干流水体氨氮在时间和空间尺度都保持在较高的水平,清河、坝河、凉水河支流汇入对北运河营养盐浓度有较大贡献。氨氮浓度在较短距离内表现出降低的趋势,溶解氧水平则因支流汇入、闸坝拦截等人为活动影响出现较大波动。
(2)分别于春季、夏季、冬季三个季节对北运河干流的10个点进行水体采集监测,采用T-RFLP技术对水体浮游细菌群落结构进行分析。根据得到的TRFs片段计算微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数,分析得出目前北运河水体生态结构已经较为脆弱,夏季细菌群落种类明显高于其他两个季节,218bp片段是北运河水体中的绝对优势菌种。通过CANOCO软件分析细菌群落结构与水质指标的空间特点和相关关系,北运河水体的微生物群落结构空间上差异较大,支流输入和闸坝的设置对微生物的群落结构均能产生影响,总磷、总有机碳和温度对微生物群落的影响较大。
(3)以amoA基因作为扩增氨氧化细菌的目的基因,扩增出的491bp的DNA片段进行测序并在GenBank上进行Blast同源性比对,结果表明与多条非培养的氨单加氧酶基因片段有较高的同源性。采用Real-time PCR荧光染料方法对氨单加氧酶基因拷贝数进行测定。Real-time PCR得到amoA基因的扩增曲线,扩增效率和熔解曲线表明结果可信,北运河水体中AOB数量为6.9×107-1.7×109copies/L。通过与其他研究区水体中氨氧化细菌数量进行比较后可知,北运河水体中氨氧化细菌数量较为可观,高于中国的东江、岷江和法国的赛纳河。
通过室内模拟实验,观察北运河水体氨氮自然降解过程中,氨氧化细菌数量和各形态氮的变化情况。对于高污染的水体在没有外源输入的情况下,硝化过程需要进行19天才能将氨氮降解至较低水平,在这个过程中除了氨氧化细菌对氨氮降解的贡献外,可能还存在其他微生物的作用,如异养微生物等。在氨氧化过程进行完全之后,氨氧化细菌及其他异养微生物由于缺乏氮源而出现死亡,微生物细胞释放出有机氮和有机碳而造成二次有机污染。
(4)水体中的碳降解过程与氨降解过程分两个不同的阶段进行,氨氧化过程的碳源是CO2形态而非有机碳,但氨氧化过程却必须在有机碳存在的条件下才能进行,同时两个过程又在争夺氧气以进行降解。应用ATU作为硝化抑制剂在室内条件下分别对十日内碳化过程和硝化过程耗氧量进行观察,并通过无机氮离子浓度的变化情况获取水体的硝化活性。可知北运河水体硝化耗氧量对水体耗氧的比重较大,硝化过程是参与水体溶解氧消耗的重要部分。而与其他河流相比,北运河水体也具有较高的潜在硝化活性。北运河水体氨氮浓度却一直保持在较高的水平,高浓度有机碳和氨氮为氨氧化细菌及其他微生物提供了足够的能量来源。以目前水体的硝化活性,只能使氨氮维持在稳定的浓度水甲,自然硝化能力不能满足高浓度氨氮的降解需要。对营养因子与硝化活性的回归分析得出,溶解性总有机碳浓度对硝化活性具有抑制作用。
(5)采用原位实验对两个重点闸坝区段一沙河闸和杨洼闸上下游设置连续监测断面,对氨氮浓度、溶解性总有机碳浓度、硝化活性及氨氧化细菌数量的空间分布变化进行分析,结合两河段的污染特征和实际特点发现,沙河水库内和杨洼闸上两个闸上位置水体的氨氮浓度和硝化活性水平相似。沙河闸下游由于污染源汇入导致了硝化活性和氨氧化细菌增加,但高硝化能力只能作用于较短距离内,下游硝化活性与氨氧化细菌下降,氨氮浓度上升。杨洼闸闸坝频繁开启调节,使闸下瞬时流速激增对水体进行人为扰动,导致溶解氧徒增,下游颗粒物再悬浮,对硝化活性和氨氧化细菌的增长有益,但随着颗粒物迁移有可能造成内源污染释放导致下游氨氮上升。
Many rivers in urban have been seriously polluted by industrialization and urbanization. Excess influx of nitrogen from anthropogenic source into rivers can alter the nutrient pool in an aquatic system. Ammonia nitrogen was degraded through nitrification and denitrification processes and aquatic bio-assimilation. There are microorganisms participate in both kinds of mechanism. Therefore, it is very important to understand the role of microorganisms in the process of nitrogen transformation in order to address nitrogen pollution. Ammonia-oxidizing process is rate-limiting in which chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria transfers ammonia to nitrite uses ammonia and carbon dioxide as a carbon and nitrogen, combined with oxygen molecules. In this process, organic carbon is not directly involved in, but plays an important role in the nitrification process. Analyzing on each form of nitrogen, transformation, environmental factors and microorganisms in degradation process helps to know much better about ammonia pollution of river water. To study the ammonia-oxidizing process and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial by molecular biology techniques redound to understanding dynamic process nitrogen transport mechanism and make a foundation to govern of the river ammonia pollution.
Beiyun River is the important urban river in Beijing that ammonia pollutes seriously and dissolved oxygen concentration lowly. The main purpose of this study was:(1) Understand water pollutants concentration in Beiyun River and Nitrogen pollute distribution feature;(2) Assess the spatial pattern of bacterial community in Beiyun River and the relationship with nutrients and other environmental factors in water;(3) Establish a credible scientific method to determine the quantity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in water and observe the relation of AOB growth trend response to nitrogen and organic carbon;(4) assess the nitrification activity in water of Beiyun River and its influence factors;(5) explore the impact of human factors and environmental factors on the nitrification process of Beiyun River. The main conclusions be summarized as following:
1) Water quality and pollutants' spatial-temporal distribution characteristic was monitored during2010-2011spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. TN, TP and COD in water were higher than Environmental quality standards for surface water level Ⅲ and Ammonia nitrogen and COD were the main pollute factors by factor analyze. Ammonia concentration was maintained at a high level on temporal and spatial scales. The distributaries, Qinghe River, Bahe River and Liangshuihe River, were influent large number of nutrient concentrations into Beiyun River. Ammonia concentration was showed decreasing trend within a short distance of Beiyun river where was without pollution resources. Dissolved oxygen was showed fluctuating which was affected by influent of distributary and intercept of flood gate and other human activities.
2) The bacterial community composition in Beiyun River was examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) with PCR amplified16S rDNA fragment during spring, summer and winter2011. The richness, diversity, and evenness in water samples were low that indicated the ecological status of Beiyun River was fragile.The bacterial communities in summer was significantly higher than spring and winter and the218bp fragment was the dominant bacterial in Beiyun river. The bacterial communities in closed water area like reservoir and floodgate have large differences with flux in Beiyun River. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) through CANOCO software represented the bacterial community in Beiyun River was influenced by nutrients and environmental variables, such as DOC, TP and temperature.
3)491bp16S rDNA fragment was amplified targeting the ammonia-monooxygenase gene analyzed Blast homology in GenBank showed that amplification products had high homology with culture-independent ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. AOB population in water was quantified by qRT-PCR targeting amoA, the application curve and melting curve showed that the results were reliable that arrange from6.9×107to1.7x109copies/L. Compared with the results in other research showed that AOB population in Beiyun River was considerable quantity and more than which was in Dong River, Minjiang River and Seine River.
Degradation process of inorganic nitrogen and DOC simultaneous with AOB growth in water of Beiyun River was observed through simulation experiments in laboratory. The nitrification process required19days capable of ammonia degradation to a lower level in high ammonia pollution water with no exogenous input. In this process there may have heterotrophic microorganisms involved in the degradation of ammonia beside AOB. AOB and heterotrophic microbes went to death and release organic nitrogen and organic carbon after Ammonia-oxidizing process completely due to lack of nitrogen.
4) Carbon degradation process and ammonia degradation process was conducted into two phases. Ammonia-oxidizing process using CO2as carbon source rather than organic carbon that are competed oxygen with carbon degradation process. In order to assess the amount of oxygen consumed during nitrification, an allylthiourea in-hibitor (ATU) was used within ten days of the carbonization process and the oxygen consumption of the nitrification process were observed. And nitrifying activity calculated by the difference between the sum of nitrite and nitrate ions in the samples incubated without and with ATU inhibitor. The result showed that oxygen consumption for microbiological decomposition of nitrogen compounds account for a larger proportion of total biological oxygen demand. Compared with other rivers, potential nitrification activity in water of Beiyun River was high which was provided a sufficient organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms. But the nitrifying activity in Beiyun River was unable to depredate such high concentrations of ammonia. Nutritional factors and nitrification activity were regressed that result of DTN and DOC concentration was negatively correlated with nitrification activity.
5) The space distribution of ammonia, DOC, nitrification activity and the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in two study areas was monitored in situ experiment. The result was showed that ammonia concentration and nitrification activity in water of Shahe Reservoir and Yangwa floodgate were similar. Nitrifying activity and population of AOB in downstream of Shahe floodgate was decreasing due to pollution sources import. But the high nitrification capacity just maintained at a short distance of downstream, ammonia was increasing while nitrifying activity and population of AOB in downstream decreased. Dissolved oxygen increasing and particulate matter resuspension in downstream because Yangwa floodgate had been open frequently lead to flow rate proliferation instantaneous which beneficial to the growth of nitrifying activity and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. At the same time, removal of particulate matter could be an internal pollution result in ammonia increasing in downstream.
北运河氨氮污染严重,溶解氧浓度较低,可生化降解性差,水质改善困难,本文研究的主要目的是：(1)掌握北运河水体污染特征和主要污染因子；(2)从水体中浮游细菌多样性及群落结构特征了解北运河水体的生态环境状况；(3)建立科学可信的水体氨氧化细菌定量方法对氨氧化细菌的生长过程及其与氮和溶解性有机碳的响应关系；(4)评估北运河水体的硝化活性及其与环境因子的关系；(5)探索人为因素及环境因子对北运河硝化过程的影响。
论文主要研究结论可概括为以下几个方面：
(1)通过2010年至2011年春、夏、秋、冬四季北运河20个采样点水体各水质指标的监测和现场调查,得到北运河的污染特征。北运河水体污染严重,主要水质指标总氮、总磷、COD等指标均超过地表水V类水标准,经过因子分析得出氨氮和COD为主要污染因子。北运河干流水体氨氮在时间和空间尺度都保持在较高的水平,清河、坝河、凉水河支流汇入对北运河营养盐浓度有较大贡献。氨氮浓度在较短距离内表现出降低的趋势,溶解氧水平则因支流汇入、闸坝拦截等人为活动影响出现较大波动。
(2)分别于春季、夏季、冬季三个季节对北运河干流的10个点进行水体采集监测,采用T-RFLP技术对水体浮游细菌群落结构进行分析。根据得到的TRFs片段计算微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数,分析得出目前北运河水体生态结构已经较为脆弱,夏季细菌群落种类明显高于其他两个季节,218bp片段是北运河水体中的绝对优势菌种。通过CANOCO软件分析细菌群落结构与水质指标的空间特点和相关关系,北运河水体的微生物群落结构空间上差异较大,支流输入和闸坝的设置对微生物的群落结构均能产生影响,总磷、总有机碳和温度对微生物群落的影响较大。
(3)以amoA基因作为扩增氨氧化细菌的目的基因,扩增出的491bp的DNA片段进行测序并在GenBank上进行Blast同源性比对,结果表明与多条非培养的氨单加氧酶基因片段有较高的同源性。采用Real-time PCR荧光染料方法对氨单加氧酶基因拷贝数进行测定。Real-time PCR得到amoA基因的扩增曲线,扩增效率和熔解曲线表明结果可信,北运河水体中AOB数量为6.9×107-1.7×109copies/L。通过与其他研究区水体中氨氧化细菌数量进行比较后可知,北运河水体中氨氧化细菌数量较为可观,高于中国的东江、岷江和法国的赛纳河。
通过室内模拟实验,观察北运河水体氨氮自然降解过程中,氨氧化细菌数量和各形态氮的变化情况。对于高污染的水体在没有外源输入的情况下,硝化过程需要进行19天才能将氨氮降解至较低水平,在这个过程中除了氨氧化细菌对氨氮降解的贡献外,可能还存在其他微生物的作用,如异养微生物等。在氨氧化过程进行完全之后,氨氧化细菌及其他异养微生物由于缺乏氮源而出现死亡,微生物细胞释放出有机氮和有机碳而造成二次有机污染。
(4)水体中的碳降解过程与氨降解过程分两个不同的阶段进行,氨氧化过程的碳源是CO2形态而非有机碳,但氨氧化过程却必须在有机碳存在的条件下才能进行,同时两个过程又在争夺氧气以进行降解。应用ATU作为硝化抑制剂在室内条件下分别对十日内碳化过程和硝化过程耗氧量进行观察,并通过无机氮离子浓度的变化情况获取水体的硝化活性。可知北运河水体硝化耗氧量对水体耗氧的比重较大,硝化过程是参与水体溶解氧消耗的重要部分。而与其他河流相比,北运河水体也具有较高的潜在硝化活性。北运河水体氨氮浓度却一直保持在较高的水平,高浓度有机碳和氨氮为氨氧化细菌及其他微生物提供了足够的能量来源。以目前水体的硝化活性,只能使氨氮维持在稳定的浓度水甲,自然硝化能力不能满足高浓度氨氮的降解需要。对营养因子与硝化活性的回归分析得出,溶解性总有机碳浓度对硝化活性具有抑制作用。
(5)采用原位实验对两个重点闸坝区段一沙河闸和杨洼闸上下游设置连续监测断面,对氨氮浓度、溶解性总有机碳浓度、硝化活性及氨氧化细菌数量的空间分布变化进行分析,结合两河段的污染特征和实际特点发现,沙河水库内和杨洼闸上两个闸上位置水体的氨氮浓度和硝化活性水平相似。沙河闸下游由于污染源汇入导致了硝化活性和氨氧化细菌增加,但高硝化能力只能作用于较短距离内,下游硝化活性与氨氧化细菌下降,氨氮浓度上升。杨洼闸闸坝频繁开启调节,使闸下瞬时流速激增对水体进行人为扰动,导致溶解氧徒增,下游颗粒物再悬浮,对硝化活性和氨氧化细菌的增长有益,但随着颗粒物迁移有可能造成内源污染释放导致下游氨氮上升。
Many rivers in urban have been seriously polluted by industrialization and urbanization. Excess influx of nitrogen from anthropogenic source into rivers can alter the nutrient pool in an aquatic system. Ammonia nitrogen was degraded through nitrification and denitrification processes and aquatic bio-assimilation. There are microorganisms participate in both kinds of mechanism. Therefore, it is very important to understand the role of microorganisms in the process of nitrogen transformation in order to address nitrogen pollution. Ammonia-oxidizing process is rate-limiting in which chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria transfers ammonia to nitrite uses ammonia and carbon dioxide as a carbon and nitrogen, combined with oxygen molecules. In this process, organic carbon is not directly involved in, but plays an important role in the nitrification process. Analyzing on each form of nitrogen, transformation, environmental factors and microorganisms in degradation process helps to know much better about ammonia pollution of river water. To study the ammonia-oxidizing process and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial by molecular biology techniques redound to understanding dynamic process nitrogen transport mechanism and make a foundation to govern of the river ammonia pollution.
Beiyun River is the important urban river in Beijing that ammonia pollutes seriously and dissolved oxygen concentration lowly. The main purpose of this study was:(1) Understand water pollutants concentration in Beiyun River and Nitrogen pollute distribution feature;(2) Assess the spatial pattern of bacterial community in Beiyun River and the relationship with nutrients and other environmental factors in water;(3) Establish a credible scientific method to determine the quantity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in water and observe the relation of AOB growth trend response to nitrogen and organic carbon;(4) assess the nitrification activity in water of Beiyun River and its influence factors;(5) explore the impact of human factors and environmental factors on the nitrification process of Beiyun River. The main conclusions be summarized as following:
1) Water quality and pollutants' spatial-temporal distribution characteristic was monitored during2010-2011spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. TN, TP and COD in water were higher than Environmental quality standards for surface water level Ⅲ and Ammonia nitrogen and COD were the main pollute factors by factor analyze. Ammonia concentration was maintained at a high level on temporal and spatial scales. The distributaries, Qinghe River, Bahe River and Liangshuihe River, were influent large number of nutrient concentrations into Beiyun River. Ammonia concentration was showed decreasing trend within a short distance of Beiyun river where was without pollution resources. Dissolved oxygen was showed fluctuating which was affected by influent of distributary and intercept of flood gate and other human activities.
2) The bacterial community composition in Beiyun River was examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) with PCR amplified16S rDNA fragment during spring, summer and winter2011. The richness, diversity, and evenness in water samples were low that indicated the ecological status of Beiyun River was fragile.The bacterial communities in summer was significantly higher than spring and winter and the218bp fragment was the dominant bacterial in Beiyun river. The bacterial communities in closed water area like reservoir and floodgate have large differences with flux in Beiyun River. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) through CANOCO software represented the bacterial community in Beiyun River was influenced by nutrients and environmental variables, such as DOC, TP and temperature.
3)491bp16S rDNA fragment was amplified targeting the ammonia-monooxygenase gene analyzed Blast homology in GenBank showed that amplification products had high homology with culture-independent ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. AOB population in water was quantified by qRT-PCR targeting amoA, the application curve and melting curve showed that the results were reliable that arrange from6.9×107to1.7x109copies/L. Compared with the results in other research showed that AOB population in Beiyun River was considerable quantity and more than which was in Dong River, Minjiang River and Seine River.
Degradation process of inorganic nitrogen and DOC simultaneous with AOB growth in water of Beiyun River was observed through simulation experiments in laboratory. The nitrification process required19days capable of ammonia degradation to a lower level in high ammonia pollution water with no exogenous input. In this process there may have heterotrophic microorganisms involved in the degradation of ammonia beside AOB. AOB and heterotrophic microbes went to death and release organic nitrogen and organic carbon after Ammonia-oxidizing process completely due to lack of nitrogen.
4) Carbon degradation process and ammonia degradation process was conducted into two phases. Ammonia-oxidizing process using CO2as carbon source rather than organic carbon that are competed oxygen with carbon degradation process. In order to assess the amount of oxygen consumed during nitrification, an allylthiourea in-hibitor (ATU) was used within ten days of the carbonization process and the oxygen consumption of the nitrification process were observed. And nitrifying activity calculated by the difference between the sum of nitrite and nitrate ions in the samples incubated without and with ATU inhibitor. The result showed that oxygen consumption for microbiological decomposition of nitrogen compounds account for a larger proportion of total biological oxygen demand. Compared with other rivers, potential nitrification activity in water of Beiyun River was high which was provided a sufficient organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms. But the nitrifying activity in Beiyun River was unable to depredate such high concentrations of ammonia. Nutritional factors and nitrification activity were regressed that result of DTN and DOC concentration was negatively correlated with nitrification activity.
5) The space distribution of ammonia, DOC, nitrification activity and the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in two study areas was monitored in situ experiment. The result was showed that ammonia concentration and nitrification activity in water of Shahe Reservoir and Yangwa floodgate were similar. Nitrifying activity and population of AOB in downstream of Shahe floodgate was decreasing due to pollution sources import. But the high nitrification capacity just maintained at a short distance of downstream, ammonia was increasing while nitrifying activity and population of AOB in downstream decreased. Dissolved oxygen increasing and particulate matter resuspension in downstream because Yangwa floodgate had been open frequently lead to flow rate proliferation instantaneous which beneficial to the growth of nitrifying activity and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. At the same time, removal of particulate matter could be an internal pollution result in ammonia increasing in downstream.
引文
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