基于复功率追踪的输电计费算法及其可视化
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摘要
电力工业实施市场化改革后，输电费可能是失去发电和配电业务的电网公司的唯一收入来源。公平合理地向用户分摊输电费关系到电力工业改革的顺利进行。基于边际成本的定价方法制定出的价格变化幅度太大，且无法保证收支平衡；传统的基于综合成本的定价方法又不能足够准确的衡量用户对电网的使用程度，这些方法都不适合用于输电定价。因此，本文提出一个基于潮流追踪与成本定价方法的新的计费模型来解决这一问题。
在输电成本分摊方面，本文首先指出建立在有功功率与无功功率解耦追踪的基础上的传统潮流追踪方法的不合理性。接着在复比例共享原则基础上给出了复功率追踪两种实现形式，即逆流跟踪形式与顺流跟踪形式。通过对网损进行特别处理来提高潮流追踪结果的精度。
在网损分摊方面，本文利用现有的电气路径等值解耦理论，指出了基于复功率追踪的网损分摊方法是合理的。在此基础上，提出了网损分摊的逆流追踪方法与顺流追踪方法，以及由发电机与负荷共同承担每个元件的网损的双向分摊模式，以此来消除网损的交叉补贴。
为了直观地表示计算结果，本文研究了潮流、线路使用率、供电路径的演示方法。鉴于目前还没有高效的供电路径搜索的数值方法，发展了一种新的基于潮流跟踪的供电路径搜索新方法，该方法可以通过简单的运算来获得带环路网络指定两节点间的所有供电路径。
由于复功率追踪引入了与线路数目相等的新节点，对潮流跟踪矩阵进行求逆时将耗费大量的时间。为解决这一问题，本文将基于图论的节点编号方法引入到基于矩阵的追踪方法中，在无环流时，可以不用直接对矩阵进行求逆，从而加快了潮流跟踪的求解时间；在有环流时，仍可以通过传统的方法对潮流跟踪矩阵进行求逆。
多个算例展示了本文所提出的模型在衡量线路使用率、网损分摊、可视化以及求解输电方面的优点，因此所提出的模型是可以应用到大型网络的输电计费实践中。
Transmission tariff may be the only income source of the electric power company in a deregulated electric power industry, so the transmission tariff schematic is the key for the success of electric power industry's reform. The transmission tariff set up by marginal pricing is very volatile and can't confirm the financial balancing; The transmission tariff set up by cost pricing can't give out enough and exact economic signals. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified cost pricing model using power flow tracing method.
As the traditional power flow tracing method is based on the active and reactive power decoupled method, the results obtained by this method is not precision. Based on the complex sharing principle, a novel complex tracing method for transmission pricing is developed in this paper, the upstream tracing method and downstream tracing method are discussed in detail. By treating the transmission loss with special ways, the precision of results is improved.
On loss allocation, the paper first points out the reasonability of loss allocation method based on complex power tracing method by using electricity path equivalence decouple theory. Then, the upstream tracing method and downstream tracing method are developed to allocate the complex loss. The bi-directional allocation method, namely each component's transmission loss in the network is shared by both the generators and loads, is also put forward in this paper to eliminate the compensation of loss between the generators and loads.
In order to display the results of transmission pricing and complex power tracing in an apparent way, this paper uses graphs and animations to describe the procession and results of transmission pricing. The visualization objects include the power flow animation, each customer's use rate of transmission line, the power supplying paths. A novel method is developed using power flow tracing method for finding all the directed paths between two designed
nodes in the directed graph with loops.
As complex power method introduces large number new nodes, the invert of tracing matrixes will consume a long time. To solve this problem, this paper re-numbers the nodes by using graph theory. When there are no loop flows, the power flow tracing results can be obtained without inverting the matrixes directly, so the efficiency is improved greatly. When there are loop flows, the power flow tracing problem can still be solved by using traditional methods.
Several examples show the merits of the proposed pricing model in measuring line using rate, loss allocation, visualization and solution speed. So the proposed model is very suitable for large grid's transmission pricing.
在输电成本分摊方面，本文首先指出建立在有功功率与无功功率解耦追踪的基础上的传统潮流追踪方法的不合理性。接着在复比例共享原则基础上给出了复功率追踪两种实现形式，即逆流跟踪形式与顺流跟踪形式。通过对网损进行特别处理来提高潮流追踪结果的精度。
在网损分摊方面，本文利用现有的电气路径等值解耦理论，指出了基于复功率追踪的网损分摊方法是合理的。在此基础上，提出了网损分摊的逆流追踪方法与顺流追踪方法，以及由发电机与负荷共同承担每个元件的网损的双向分摊模式，以此来消除网损的交叉补贴。
为了直观地表示计算结果，本文研究了潮流、线路使用率、供电路径的演示方法。鉴于目前还没有高效的供电路径搜索的数值方法，发展了一种新的基于潮流跟踪的供电路径搜索新方法，该方法可以通过简单的运算来获得带环路网络指定两节点间的所有供电路径。
由于复功率追踪引入了与线路数目相等的新节点，对潮流跟踪矩阵进行求逆时将耗费大量的时间。为解决这一问题，本文将基于图论的节点编号方法引入到基于矩阵的追踪方法中，在无环流时，可以不用直接对矩阵进行求逆，从而加快了潮流跟踪的求解时间；在有环流时，仍可以通过传统的方法对潮流跟踪矩阵进行求逆。
多个算例展示了本文所提出的模型在衡量线路使用率、网损分摊、可视化以及求解输电方面的优点，因此所提出的模型是可以应用到大型网络的输电计费实践中。
Transmission tariff may be the only income source of the electric power company in a deregulated electric power industry, so the transmission tariff schematic is the key for the success of electric power industry's reform. The transmission tariff set up by marginal pricing is very volatile and can't confirm the financial balancing; The transmission tariff set up by cost pricing can't give out enough and exact economic signals. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified cost pricing model using power flow tracing method.
As the traditional power flow tracing method is based on the active and reactive power decoupled method, the results obtained by this method is not precision. Based on the complex sharing principle, a novel complex tracing method for transmission pricing is developed in this paper, the upstream tracing method and downstream tracing method are discussed in detail. By treating the transmission loss with special ways, the precision of results is improved.
On loss allocation, the paper first points out the reasonability of loss allocation method based on complex power tracing method by using electricity path equivalence decouple theory. Then, the upstream tracing method and downstream tracing method are developed to allocate the complex loss. The bi-directional allocation method, namely each component's transmission loss in the network is shared by both the generators and loads, is also put forward in this paper to eliminate the compensation of loss between the generators and loads.
In order to display the results of transmission pricing and complex power tracing in an apparent way, this paper uses graphs and animations to describe the procession and results of transmission pricing. The visualization objects include the power flow animation, each customer's use rate of transmission line, the power supplying paths. A novel method is developed using power flow tracing method for finding all the directed paths between two designed
nodes in the directed graph with loops.
As complex power method introduces large number new nodes, the invert of tracing matrixes will consume a long time. To solve this problem, this paper re-numbers the nodes by using graph theory. When there are no loop flows, the power flow tracing results can be obtained without inverting the matrixes directly, so the efficiency is improved greatly. When there are loop flows, the power flow tracing problem can still be solved by using traditional methods.
Several examples show the merits of the proposed pricing model in measuring line using rate, loss allocation, visualization and solution speed. So the proposed model is very suitable for large grid's transmission pricing.
引文
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industry deregulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1997,12(1):503～510
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[4] 曾鸣．电力市场理论及应用．中国电力出版社．2000
[5] 姚建刚，章建．电力市场分析．高等教育出版社．1999
[6] 四川省电力公司财务部．输电电价和输电费的结算．四川省电力公司，2002
[7] 魏萍，倪以信．输电系统开放中经济问题综述．电力系统自动化，1999，23(20)：52～56
[8] 孙洪波，常宝波，周家启．电力市场中电网成本分配问题及其改进．电力系统自动化，1998，22(10)：26～30
[9] 华栋，王玮，张平．输电服务的定价模式及方法．武汉水利电力大学学报(社会科学版)，2000，20(3)：43～46
[10] Shirmohammadi D, Filho X V, Gorenstin B, et al. Some fundamental, technical concepts about cost based transmission pricing. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1996,11(2):1002～1008
[11] TsukamotoY, Iyoda I.Allocation of fixed transmission cost to wheeling transactions by cooperative game theory. IEEE Power Industry Computer Application Conference, 1995:3～10
[12] Wijayatung P D C, Cory B J, Short M J. Security and revenue reconciliation in optimal transmission pricing. IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1999, 146(4):355～359
[13] Marangon Lima J W, de Oliverira E J. The long-term impact of transmission pricing. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1998, 13(4):1514～1520
[14] Yu C W, David A K. Pricing transmission services in the context of
industry deregulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1997,12(1):503～510
[15] 金卓睿，李莉，刘俊勇．成本分解的输电定价新方法．四川大学学报(工程科学版)，2001，33(4)：106～110
[16] 蔡兴国，刘玉军．边际成本法在输电定价中的应用．电力系统自动化，2000，24(6)：21～24
[17] Rudnick H, Palma R, Fernandez J E. Marginal pricing and supplement cost allocation in transmission open access. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1 995,10(2):1125～1132
[18] Ng W Y. Generalized Generation Distribution Factors for Power System Security Evaluation. IEEE Trans on PAS, 1981,100(3): 1001～1005
[19] Phichaisawat S, Song Y H. Transmission pricing using improved sensitivity indices. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001,3:1250～1255
[20] Bialek J.Tracing the flow of electricity, IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1996,143 (4):313～320
[21] Bialek J. Topological generation and load distribution factors for supplement charge allocation in transmission open access. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1997,12(3):1185～1193
[22] Bialek J, Tam D B. Tracing the generators' output. International Conference on Opportunities and Advances in International Electric Power Generation:133～136
[23] Bialek J. Identification of source-sink connections in transmission networks. Fourth International Conference on Power System Control and Management, 1996:200～204
[24] Bialek J. Tracing-based unifying framework for transmission pricing of cross-border trades in Europe. International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2000:532～537
[25] Ping Wei, Bin Yuan, Yixin N, et al. Power flow tracing for transmission open access. International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2000:476～481.
[26] 谢开贵，周家启．基于有向通路的潮流跟踪新方法．中国电机工程学报，2001，21(11)：87～92
[27] Wu F F, Yixin Ni, Ping Wei. Power transfer allocation for open access using graph theory-fundamentals and applications in systems without loop flow. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2000(15): 923～929
[28] Hongbo Sun, Yu D C, Qionglin Zheng, et al. AC power flow tracing in transmission networks. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000(3):1715～1720
[29] 魏萍，倪以信，吴复立，等．基于图论的输电线路功率组成和发电机与负荷间功率输送关系的快速分析．中国电机工程学报，2000，20(6)：21～25
[30] 杨华春，王鹏，刘鹏，等．电力市场中转运费模型的研究．电力系统自动化，2001，25(24)：7～11
[31] 乔振宇，陈学允，张粒子．功率分解潮流计算方法．中国电机工程学报，2001，21(1)：78～79
[32] 彭建春，江辉，章建，等．复功率电源的元件功率分量理论与仿真．中国电机工程学报．2001，21(2)：11～15
[33] 彭建春，江辉，成连生．复功率电源的支路功率分量理论．中国电机工程学报，2001，21(1)：1～5
[34] Rolf M, Haubrich H J. Use of marginal loss coefficients for assessment of transactions in electrical transmission systems. International Conference on Electric Power Engineering, 1999:18
[35] Galiana F D, Conejo A J, Kockar I. Incremental transmission loss allocation under pool dispatch. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2002,17(1):26～33
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