MGWC与MRPC两种新型气体探测器研制及性能研究
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摘要
气体探测器是在粒子物理、生物医学等基础科学和工农业生产及其他社会领域应用最广的核辐射探测器之一。近年来，出现了两类新型气体探测器MPGD与RPC或MRPC，代表了当今气体探测器的主要发展方向，也使开展这两类探测器的研制与性能研究具有重要科学意义和使用价值。
本文由两部分组成，第一部分系统研究了强电场条件下，电子和正离子在混合气体中的漂移、扩散和电子雪崩规律；分析了MPGD的工作原理；研究了MGWC的制作方法和工艺；探索了用计算机辅助设计方法与相关专业软件相结合来设计MGWC并研究其性能的方法和步骤；自主设计，研制出了一种MGWC；对所研制MGWC的主要物理参数进行了模拟计算，得出了计算公式；对所研制MGWC的部分性能进行了测试，得出了结论；提出了MGWC性能优化的方法和原则。论文第二部分从气体导电理论和统计物理学角度出发，结合实验结果研究了MRPC的微观物理机制，得出了结论；研制出了一种MRPC；建立了基于宇宙线望远镜系统的MRPC性能测试实验平台；对所研制MRPC的性能进行了测试，结果表明对于已研制出的MRPC，其各项性能指标达到了国际先进水平。
Gas detector has been one of the most widely used radiation detectors in basic sciences and many social development fields. Over the past several years, there have been two new kinds of gas detectors: MPGD and RPC or MRPC which represent the development trend of gas detector. Therefore it is very meaningful to develop MPGD &MRPC and study on their performances, because these two kinds of gas detectors have great potential.
This paper includes two sections. The first section has studied on the laws about drift, diffusion of electrons and positive ions and electronic avalanche under high electric field in mixed gas. Meanwhile the mechanism of MPGD and the process of developing MGWC have been analyzed. And at the same time some functions for calculating the physical parameters of MGWC has been acquired. Based on the situation of print circuit technology in China, a prototype of MGWC has been constructed, and some of its performances have also been tested. Finally principles and methods for improving the performances of MGWC have been presented. According to the theory of Gas Conduction and Statistical Physics, the second section of this paper has researched into the micro-mechanism of MRPC and reached conclusion. A system for testing the performances of MRPC by cosmic rays has been established, and the MRPCs constructed by us have been measured too. The results of measured performances of MRPCs have proved that the MRPC developed by us has had advanced level in the world.
本文由两部分组成，第一部分系统研究了强电场条件下，电子和正离子在混合气体中的漂移、扩散和电子雪崩规律；分析了MPGD的工作原理；研究了MGWC的制作方法和工艺；探索了用计算机辅助设计方法与相关专业软件相结合来设计MGWC并研究其性能的方法和步骤；自主设计，研制出了一种MGWC；对所研制MGWC的主要物理参数进行了模拟计算，得出了计算公式；对所研制MGWC的部分性能进行了测试，得出了结论；提出了MGWC性能优化的方法和原则。论文第二部分从气体导电理论和统计物理学角度出发，结合实验结果研究了MRPC的微观物理机制，得出了结论；研制出了一种MRPC；建立了基于宇宙线望远镜系统的MRPC性能测试实验平台；对所研制MRPC的性能进行了测试，结果表明对于已研制出的MRPC，其各项性能指标达到了国际先进水平。
Gas detector has been one of the most widely used radiation detectors in basic sciences and many social development fields. Over the past several years, there have been two new kinds of gas detectors: MPGD and RPC or MRPC which represent the development trend of gas detector. Therefore it is very meaningful to develop MPGD &MRPC and study on their performances, because these two kinds of gas detectors have great potential.
This paper includes two sections. The first section has studied on the laws about drift, diffusion of electrons and positive ions and electronic avalanche under high electric field in mixed gas. Meanwhile the mechanism of MPGD and the process of developing MGWC have been analyzed. And at the same time some functions for calculating the physical parameters of MGWC has been acquired. Based on the situation of print circuit technology in China, a prototype of MGWC has been constructed, and some of its performances have also been tested. Finally principles and methods for improving the performances of MGWC have been presented. According to the theory of Gas Conduction and Statistical Physics, the second section of this paper has researched into the micro-mechanism of MRPC and reached conclusion. A system for testing the performances of MRPC by cosmic rays has been established, and the MRPCs constructed by us have been measured too. The results of measured performances of MRPCs have proved that the MRPC developed by us has had advanced level in the world.
引文
[1]谢一冈、陈昌等，粒子探测器与数据获取，科学出版社，2003年7月，第一版
[2]邵明，新型粒子探测器的研究，中国科技大学博士论文，2002年6月
[3]J.M. Benlloch et al, Performance tests of a medical mini gamma-camera(summary), Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 2003, A504:232-233
[4]安继刚，电离辐射探测器，原子能出版社，1995年5月，第一版
[5]G. Charpak et al, Some developments in the operation of multi-wire proportional chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1970, 80:13-34
[6]A. Oed, Micro pattern structures for gas detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2001, A471:109-114
[7]R. Santonico and R. Gardarelli, The development of resistive plate chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1981,187:377
[8]E. C. Zeballos et al, A new type of resistive plate chamber: The multigap RPC, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1996, A374:132
[9]F. Angelini et al, A large area, high gain Micro Gap Chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1995, A 362:273-276
[10]E. Christophel et al, The micro-gap wire chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1997, A 398:195-202
[11]F. Sauli, Nucl. GEM: A new concept for electron amplification in gas detectors; Instr. and Meth.,1997, A 386:531-534
[12]G. Charpak et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1978,156:1
[13]E A Babichev et al, Photon counting and integrating analog gaseous detectors for digital scanning radiography, Nucl Instr. and Meth., 1998, A 419:290-294
[14]A. Bressan et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1999, NS-46:86
[15]刘连寿、吴元芳，高能碰撞多粒子产生，上海科学出版社，1997年5月，第一版
[16]ANSYS6.1 Commercial Finite Element Computation package, Ansys Inc. Canonsburg, PA
[17]A. Fasso et al, FLUKA 99, Particle Transport Code, Version 1999
[18]吴治国、沈能学等，原子核物理实验方法，原子能出版社，1997年6月，第三版
[19]汲长松，核辐射探测器及实验技术手册，原子能出版社，1990年10月，第一版
[20]王运永、毛慧顺，多丝正比室与漂移室，科学出版社，1982年1月，第一版
[21]安继刚，卿上玉等，充气电离室，原子能出版社，1997年5月第一版
[22]Fabio Sauli, Application of gaseous detectors in astrophysics, medicine and biology, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1992, A323:1-11
[23]A. Oed, Position-sensitive detector with micro-strip anode for electron multiplication with gases, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1988, A 263:351-359
[24]G. Cicognani et al, Stability of microstrip gas chambers with small anode-cathode gap on ionic conducting glass, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1998, A 416:263-266
[25]G. Barouch et al, Development of a fast gaseous detector: 'Micromegas', Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 423:32-48
[26]W.K. Pitts et al, Development and operation of laser machined microwell detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 438:277-281
[27]R. Bellazini et al, The micro-groove detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 424:444-458
[28]A. Bressan et al, High rate behavior and discharge limitsin micro-pattem detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 424:321-342
[29]J. Claude Labble et al, The micro slit gas detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A430:54-59
[30]B. Adeva et al, The Micro Wire Detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999 A 435:402-407
[31]P. Rehak et al, Proceedings of the Intemational Workshop on MPGD, Orsay, June 1999.
[32]A. Breskin, Advances in gas avalanche radiation detectors for biomedical applications, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 200, A454:26-39
[33]马礼敦、杨福家，同步辐射应用概论，复旦大学出版社，2001年2月第一版
[34]www.kbpcb.com/cn/technics/info_lzcl.htm
[35]杨仲耆，大学物理学，人民教育出版社，1980年6月第一版
[36]徐学基、诸定昌，气体放电物理，复旦大学出版社，1996年8月第一版
[37]G. Auriemma et al, Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon-CO2 gas mixtures at high fields, Nucl, Instr. and Meth., 2003, A 513:484-489
[38]http://garfield.web.cern.ch/garfield/
[39]P.Schilly et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1971, 91:221
[40]罗固源，结构力学，重庆大学出版社，2001年11月，第一版
[41]王运永、刘荣光等，大型丝室制作中的张力测量研究，核电子学与核探测技术，1984，Vol4，No6：25-28
[42]史焕章，平衡式张力计的研制，核电子学与核探测技术，Vol16，No1：20-24
[43]上海高等工业学校物理学编写组，普通物理学(上册)，高等教育出版社，1961年第一版，414-429
[44]盛业公司，气体质量流量计换算说明，2001年6月
[45]高树香、陈宗柱，气体导电，南京工学院出版社，1988年6月，第一版
[46]Yu.N. Pestov, Review on counters with localized discharge, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2002, A494: 447-454
[47]M Abbrescia et al, Progresses in the simulation of resistive plate chamber in avalanche mode, Nucl. Sci., 1999, 78:459-464
[48]P Fonte, Application and new developments in resistive plate chambers, Trans. Nucl. Sci., 2002, Vol49, No3:881-887
[49]M.Shao et al, Beam test results oftwo kinds ofmulti-gap resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2002, A492:344-350
[50]Werner Riegler, Detailed models for timing and ef.ciency in resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr.and Meth., 2003, A508:14-18
[51]B. Bonner et al, A multi-gap resistive plate chamber prototype for time-of-flight for the STAR experiment at RHIC, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A 478:176-179
[52]R Santonico, RPC: Where we are and where we are going, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2000, A 456: 1-5
[53]M. Sanpei et al, Performances of resistive plate chamber with non-ozone depletion Freon, Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1997,Vol44,No3:752
[54]E. C. Zeballos et al, Effect of adding SF6 in gas mixture in a multi-gap resistive chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 1998, A419:475-478
[55]G. Aielli et al, SF_6 quenched gas mixtures for streamer mode operation of RPCs at very low voltages, SF6 Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A493:137-145
[56]P. Camarri et al, Streamer suppression with SF_6 in RPCs operated in avalanche mode, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 1998, A 414:317-324
[57]http://www.ceec.cn/zjqh/gzqh_kxrs.htm
[58]I. Smirnov, Heed, program to compute energy loss of fast particles in gases, Version 1.01, CERN
[59]F. Rieke, W. Prepejchal, Phys. Rev. A6(1972)1507
[60]Werner Riegler et al, Detector physics and simulation of resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A500:144-162
[61]S. Biagi, Imonte, program to compute gas properties, Version 4.5
[62]S. Biagi, Magboltz, program to compute gas transport parameters, Version 2.2, CERN
[63]H. R.ather, Electron Avalanches and Breakdown in Gases, Butterworth & Co., London, 1964
[64]S. Ramo, Proc. IRE 27(1939)584
[65]P. Fontea, High-resolution TOF with RPCs, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A477:17-22
[66]Despina Hatzifotiadou, The time of flight detector for the ALICE experiment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A502:123-126
[67]C. Lippmann et al, Space charge effects and induced signals in resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A508:19-22
[68]刘君华、丁晖等，LabVIEW教程，西安电子科技大学出版社，2001年8月第一版
[69]杨昊日，基于LabVlEW的MRPC探测器测试系统，清华大学硕士论文，2003
[70]http://root.cern.ch/
[71]唐勒，ROOT数据分析处理软件的学习及应用，清华大学本科论文，2003
[2]邵明，新型粒子探测器的研究，中国科技大学博士论文，2002年6月
[3]J.M. Benlloch et al, Performance tests of a medical mini gamma-camera(summary), Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 2003, A504:232-233
[4]安继刚，电离辐射探测器，原子能出版社，1995年5月，第一版
[5]G. Charpak et al, Some developments in the operation of multi-wire proportional chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1970, 80:13-34
[6]A. Oed, Micro pattern structures for gas detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2001, A471:109-114
[7]R. Santonico and R. Gardarelli, The development of resistive plate chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1981,187:377
[8]E. C. Zeballos et al, A new type of resistive plate chamber: The multigap RPC, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1996, A374:132
[9]F. Angelini et al, A large area, high gain Micro Gap Chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1995, A 362:273-276
[10]E. Christophel et al, The micro-gap wire chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1997, A 398:195-202
[11]F. Sauli, Nucl. GEM: A new concept for electron amplification in gas detectors; Instr. and Meth.,1997, A 386:531-534
[12]G. Charpak et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,1978,156:1
[13]E A Babichev et al, Photon counting and integrating analog gaseous detectors for digital scanning radiography, Nucl Instr. and Meth., 1998, A 419:290-294
[14]A. Bressan et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1999, NS-46:86
[15]刘连寿、吴元芳，高能碰撞多粒子产生，上海科学出版社，1997年5月，第一版
[16]ANSYS6.1 Commercial Finite Element Computation package, Ansys Inc. Canonsburg, PA
[17]A. Fasso et al, FLUKA 99, Particle Transport Code, Version 1999
[18]吴治国、沈能学等，原子核物理实验方法，原子能出版社，1997年6月，第三版
[19]汲长松，核辐射探测器及实验技术手册，原子能出版社，1990年10月，第一版
[20]王运永、毛慧顺，多丝正比室与漂移室，科学出版社，1982年1月，第一版
[21]安继刚，卿上玉等，充气电离室，原子能出版社，1997年5月第一版
[22]Fabio Sauli, Application of gaseous detectors in astrophysics, medicine and biology, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1992, A323:1-11
[23]A. Oed, Position-sensitive detector with micro-strip anode for electron multiplication with gases, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1988, A 263:351-359
[24]G. Cicognani et al, Stability of microstrip gas chambers with small anode-cathode gap on ionic conducting glass, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1998, A 416:263-266
[25]G. Barouch et al, Development of a fast gaseous detector: 'Micromegas', Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 423:32-48
[26]W.K. Pitts et al, Development and operation of laser machined microwell detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 438:277-281
[27]R. Bellazini et al, The micro-groove detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 424:444-458
[28]A. Bressan et al, High rate behavior and discharge limitsin micro-pattem detectors, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A 424:321-342
[29]J. Claude Labble et al, The micro slit gas detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999, A430:54-59
[30]B. Adeva et al, The Micro Wire Detector, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1999 A 435:402-407
[31]P. Rehak et al, Proceedings of the Intemational Workshop on MPGD, Orsay, June 1999.
[32]A. Breskin, Advances in gas avalanche radiation detectors for biomedical applications, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 200, A454:26-39
[33]马礼敦、杨福家，同步辐射应用概论，复旦大学出版社，2001年2月第一版
[34]www.kbpcb.com/cn/technics/info_lzcl.htm
[35]杨仲耆，大学物理学，人民教育出版社，1980年6月第一版
[36]徐学基、诸定昌，气体放电物理，复旦大学出版社，1996年8月第一版
[37]G. Auriemma et al, Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon-CO2 gas mixtures at high fields, Nucl, Instr. and Meth., 2003, A 513:484-489
[38]http://garfield.web.cern.ch/garfield/
[39]P.Schilly et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 1971, 91:221
[40]罗固源，结构力学，重庆大学出版社，2001年11月，第一版
[41]王运永、刘荣光等，大型丝室制作中的张力测量研究，核电子学与核探测技术，1984，Vol4，No6：25-28
[42]史焕章，平衡式张力计的研制，核电子学与核探测技术，Vol16，No1：20-24
[43]上海高等工业学校物理学编写组，普通物理学(上册)，高等教育出版社，1961年第一版，414-429
[44]盛业公司，气体质量流量计换算说明，2001年6月
[45]高树香、陈宗柱，气体导电，南京工学院出版社，1988年6月，第一版
[46]Yu.N. Pestov, Review on counters with localized discharge, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2002, A494: 447-454
[47]M Abbrescia et al, Progresses in the simulation of resistive plate chamber in avalanche mode, Nucl. Sci., 1999, 78:459-464
[48]P Fonte, Application and new developments in resistive plate chambers, Trans. Nucl. Sci., 2002, Vol49, No3:881-887
[49]M.Shao et al, Beam test results oftwo kinds ofmulti-gap resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., 2002, A492:344-350
[50]Werner Riegler, Detailed models for timing and ef.ciency in resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr.and Meth., 2003, A508:14-18
[51]B. Bonner et al, A multi-gap resistive plate chamber prototype for time-of-flight for the STAR experiment at RHIC, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A 478:176-179
[52]R Santonico, RPC: Where we are and where we are going, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2000, A 456: 1-5
[53]M. Sanpei et al, Performances of resistive plate chamber with non-ozone depletion Freon, Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1997,Vol44,No3:752
[54]E. C. Zeballos et al, Effect of adding SF6 in gas mixture in a multi-gap resistive chamber, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 1998, A419:475-478
[55]G. Aielli et al, SF_6 quenched gas mixtures for streamer mode operation of RPCs at very low voltages, SF6 Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A493:137-145
[56]P. Camarri et al, Streamer suppression with SF_6 in RPCs operated in avalanche mode, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 1998, A 414:317-324
[57]http://www.ceec.cn/zjqh/gzqh_kxrs.htm
[58]I. Smirnov, Heed, program to compute energy loss of fast particles in gases, Version 1.01, CERN
[59]F. Rieke, W. Prepejchal, Phys. Rev. A6(1972)1507
[60]Werner Riegler et al, Detector physics and simulation of resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A500:144-162
[61]S. Biagi, Imonte, program to compute gas properties, Version 4.5
[62]S. Biagi, Magboltz, program to compute gas transport parameters, Version 2.2, CERN
[63]H. R.ather, Electron Avalanches and Breakdown in Gases, Butterworth & Co., London, 1964
[64]S. Ramo, Proc. IRE 27(1939)584
[65]P. Fontea, High-resolution TOF with RPCs, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2002, A477:17-22
[66]Despina Hatzifotiadou, The time of flight detector for the ALICE experiment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A502:123-126
[67]C. Lippmann et al, Space charge effects and induced signals in resistive plate chambers, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, 2003, A508:19-22
[68]刘君华、丁晖等，LabVIEW教程，西安电子科技大学出版社，2001年8月第一版
[69]杨昊日，基于LabVlEW的MRPC探测器测试系统，清华大学硕士论文，2003
[70]http://root.cern.ch/
[71]唐勒，ROOT数据分析处理软件的学习及应用，清华大学本科论文，2003