金属环境中D（d,p）T反应的屏蔽效应及氘沉积行为研究
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摘要
热核反应是核天体物理研究的关键课题,其反应截面的大小决定着恒星演化中的核素合成和核能产生进程。当前恒星演化理论的重大疑难问题之一为起关键作用的几个热核反应截面的超低能数据仍然没有能够得到准确测量。核天体物理学全面发展要求对超低能核反应进行深入研究,获取精确的超低能核反应数据。
恒星中的热核反应发生在远低于库仑势垒的能区,该能区的核反应截面随能量的减小近似呈指数下降,通常的实验条件很难对其进行直接测量。为了获取该能区内的核反应截面数据,自上世纪80年代晚期以来,研究者们建立了-些特殊的装置、采用新的实验方法,使实验不断向低能区延伸,得到了一系列同位素靶轻核反应的截面。这些实验结果清楚地揭示了电子屏蔽效应的存在及其随能量变化的规律。德国柏林技术大学的学者们在研究中发现：由于真空条件的限制,靶材料会形成金属氧化物或者碳沉积物构成的表面层,进而影响到氘在靶材料中的密度分布,而且氘密度分布随深度的变化往往很大。所以实验得出的屏蔽势能是包括电子屏蔽和氘靶核密度变化等多种因素在内的综合效应。
为了验证超低能区金属环境下D(d,p)T反应由电子屏蔽所带来的增强效应,分析氘靶核密度变化给实验结果带来的影响,推导出更接近于真实值的屏蔽势能,我们实验小组与日本东北大学合作,在该大学核科学实验室的低能强流加速器上对5keV至10keV(质心系能量)的能量范围内含氘Be,Al,Dy,Yb和Zr靶中的D(d,p)T反应的电子屏蔽效应进行了研究。对氘靶核密度在金属靶中的深度分布提出一个简单模型,利用该模型对实验所得到的归一化质子产额进行分析,得到了几种靶中D(d,p)T反应的屏蔽势能,依次分别是：116±46eV,156±40 eV,172±36 eV,211±61eV和175±53eV。分析结果表明金属环境下超低能区D(d,p)T反应截面较气体靶有明显的增强,而且增强效应与载体材料有很大的相关性；氘密度分布对屏蔽效应的推导产生影响,利用笔者所提出的密度分布模型计算所得结果均小于氘密度分布为常数时的计算结果。研究发现在Yb, Pd材料中D(d,p)T反应具有温度效应,即在相同弹核能量条件下,质子的产额随温度升高而降低。
这项工作首次研究了氘密度深度分布对屏蔽势能推导带来的影响,提出有关氘分布模型并加以验证,运用模型重新计算了屏蔽势能。尽管如此,实验数据处理中还有不确定性：一是氘在相关介质中的阻止本领,在如此低的能区还没有阻止本领的实验数据,只能采用理论编评的结果(用SRIM计算)；二是反应截面也是采用理论推导结果,需要有更高精度的计算；三是文中所提出的氘靶核密度分布模型较为粗糙,会给计算结果带来一定的误差,需要进一步完善。
A lasting topic in nuclear astrophysics is the screening of the nuclear Coulomb potential due to the atomic electrons in laboratory nuclear physics experiments which enhances the experimental reaction cross-sections at low energies relative to the bare nucleus. The cross sections of nuclear fusion reactionσ(E) in energy region far below the Coulomb barrier is roughly represented by the Gamow fac-tor, and drops exponentially with decreasing projectile energy, which are hard to be measured accurately and are extrapolated from the data at higher energies customarily. The Coulomb potential of the target nucleus and projectile theoret-ically calculated from bare nuclei states. However, the target nuclei studied in laboratory are usually in the form of atoms or molecules, so that the Coulomb barrier is effectively reduced both in height and radial extension. As a result, the corresponding cross sections are higher than would be the case for bare nuclei. The enhanced cross sectionσs(E) is expressed asσs(E)=σb(E+Ue) with an electron screening potential Ue, andσb(E) is the cross section for bare nucleus.
The D(d,p)T reactions in different materials in sub-low energy region have been studied. Though analysis methods for the Ue of D(d,p)T reaction in metal environment were different, they were all based on an assumption of a stable and homogeneous deuteron density distribution. However, the deuteron atom is smaller than any metal atoms and its utmost high mobility makes the assump-tion doubtful. Therefore, one can suppose neither a stable nor a homogeneous deuteron density distribution which is required by the standard analysis method. So a rough model of deuterons density distribution is introduced.
The experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Nuclear Science, To-hoku University. The deuterated thick targets used in this work are Be, Al, Dy, Yb and Zr metal, respectively. The projectile energy range is 5 keV～10 keV(CMS), and the temperature is 121 K,136 K,134 K,163 K and 140 K re-spectively. The screening potential are calculated using the model in different metal, and they are 116±46 eV,156±40 eV,172±36 eV,211±61 eV and 175±53 eV, respectively. The result of the experiment indicate that the D(d,p)T reaction in metal are assuredly enhanced, and the Ue is correlative to the metal material.
The experiments of temperature (the thermal input power) effects to the proton yield were performed in Yb and Pd environment. The yield of proton is decreasing with the thermal input power increasing at the same projectile energy. At the same time, it is found that the effective target area shifts at different pro-jectile energy, and the changing range is estimated.
In this work, for the first time, the deuteron density is taken as a variable during dealing with the experiment data. However, we would make notes that the simulation of SRIM in the low energy region could introduce considerable error, and the model of deuteron density should be improved and more detailed study for different metals are required.
恒星中的热核反应发生在远低于库仑势垒的能区,该能区的核反应截面随能量的减小近似呈指数下降,通常的实验条件很难对其进行直接测量。为了获取该能区内的核反应截面数据,自上世纪80年代晚期以来,研究者们建立了-些特殊的装置、采用新的实验方法,使实验不断向低能区延伸,得到了一系列同位素靶轻核反应的截面。这些实验结果清楚地揭示了电子屏蔽效应的存在及其随能量变化的规律。德国柏林技术大学的学者们在研究中发现：由于真空条件的限制,靶材料会形成金属氧化物或者碳沉积物构成的表面层,进而影响到氘在靶材料中的密度分布,而且氘密度分布随深度的变化往往很大。所以实验得出的屏蔽势能是包括电子屏蔽和氘靶核密度变化等多种因素在内的综合效应。
为了验证超低能区金属环境下D(d,p)T反应由电子屏蔽所带来的增强效应,分析氘靶核密度变化给实验结果带来的影响,推导出更接近于真实值的屏蔽势能,我们实验小组与日本东北大学合作,在该大学核科学实验室的低能强流加速器上对5keV至10keV(质心系能量)的能量范围内含氘Be,Al,Dy,Yb和Zr靶中的D(d,p)T反应的电子屏蔽效应进行了研究。对氘靶核密度在金属靶中的深度分布提出一个简单模型,利用该模型对实验所得到的归一化质子产额进行分析,得到了几种靶中D(d,p)T反应的屏蔽势能,依次分别是：116±46eV,156±40 eV,172±36 eV,211±61eV和175±53eV。分析结果表明金属环境下超低能区D(d,p)T反应截面较气体靶有明显的增强,而且增强效应与载体材料有很大的相关性；氘密度分布对屏蔽效应的推导产生影响,利用笔者所提出的密度分布模型计算所得结果均小于氘密度分布为常数时的计算结果。研究发现在Yb, Pd材料中D(d,p)T反应具有温度效应,即在相同弹核能量条件下,质子的产额随温度升高而降低。
这项工作首次研究了氘密度深度分布对屏蔽势能推导带来的影响,提出有关氘分布模型并加以验证,运用模型重新计算了屏蔽势能。尽管如此,实验数据处理中还有不确定性：一是氘在相关介质中的阻止本领,在如此低的能区还没有阻止本领的实验数据,只能采用理论编评的结果(用SRIM计算)；二是反应截面也是采用理论推导结果,需要有更高精度的计算；三是文中所提出的氘靶核密度分布模型较为粗糙,会给计算结果带来一定的误差,需要进一步完善。
A lasting topic in nuclear astrophysics is the screening of the nuclear Coulomb potential due to the atomic electrons in laboratory nuclear physics experiments which enhances the experimental reaction cross-sections at low energies relative to the bare nucleus. The cross sections of nuclear fusion reactionσ(E) in energy region far below the Coulomb barrier is roughly represented by the Gamow fac-tor, and drops exponentially with decreasing projectile energy, which are hard to be measured accurately and are extrapolated from the data at higher energies customarily. The Coulomb potential of the target nucleus and projectile theoret-ically calculated from bare nuclei states. However, the target nuclei studied in laboratory are usually in the form of atoms or molecules, so that the Coulomb barrier is effectively reduced both in height and radial extension. As a result, the corresponding cross sections are higher than would be the case for bare nuclei. The enhanced cross sectionσs(E) is expressed asσs(E)=σb(E+Ue) with an electron screening potential Ue, andσb(E) is the cross section for bare nucleus.
The D(d,p)T reactions in different materials in sub-low energy region have been studied. Though analysis methods for the Ue of D(d,p)T reaction in metal environment were different, they were all based on an assumption of a stable and homogeneous deuteron density distribution. However, the deuteron atom is smaller than any metal atoms and its utmost high mobility makes the assump-tion doubtful. Therefore, one can suppose neither a stable nor a homogeneous deuteron density distribution which is required by the standard analysis method. So a rough model of deuterons density distribution is introduced.
The experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Nuclear Science, To-hoku University. The deuterated thick targets used in this work are Be, Al, Dy, Yb and Zr metal, respectively. The projectile energy range is 5 keV～10 keV(CMS), and the temperature is 121 K,136 K,134 K,163 K and 140 K re-spectively. The screening potential are calculated using the model in different metal, and they are 116±46 eV,156±40 eV,172±36 eV,211±61 eV and 175±53 eV, respectively. The result of the experiment indicate that the D(d,p)T reaction in metal are assuredly enhanced, and the Ue is correlative to the metal material.
The experiments of temperature (the thermal input power) effects to the proton yield were performed in Yb and Pd environment. The yield of proton is decreasing with the thermal input power increasing at the same projectile energy. At the same time, it is found that the effective target area shifts at different pro-jectile energy, and the changing range is estimated.
In this work, for the first time, the deuteron density is taken as a variable during dealing with the experiment data. However, we would make notes that the simulation of SRIM in the low energy region could introduce considerable error, and the model of deuteron density should be improved and more detailed study for different metals are required.
引文
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