菜缢管蚜抗性的时空动态及毒理机制研究
|
摘要
菜缢管蚜Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach属于同翅目，蚜科，是十字花科蔬菜、花卉的主要害虫之一。其主要危害甘蓝、花椰菜和青菜等十字花科蔬菜，对蔬菜的生产构成极大的威胁。为了给菜缢管蚜的防治工作提供理论依据，本文对福州地区各主要菜区菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性进行监测，并对各菜缢管蚜种群羧酸酯酶个体分布频率进行了研究，主要结果如下：
1 福州地区不同菜区四个菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗药性监测结果表明，在2003年6月建新菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到54.1、130.0、121.5、20.0、27.1、9.7、42.3倍，上街菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到56.5、113.5、93.4、21.4、26.3、7.0、46.6倍，洪塘菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到60.0、112.0、111.1、19.6、26.2、10.6、43.0倍，农大菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到61.4、145.3、133.8、25.4、21.4、10.3、45.8倍；监测结果表明各种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯已产生高抗；对阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和毒死蜱形成中等抗性，可以谨慎和有节制的继续使用，而甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯则已经形成过高的抗性，不宜继续使用；同时应该轮用不同作用机制的药剂，以延缓抗药性的发展。
2 研究结果也表明福州地区各主要菜区菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗药性在季节上均呈现有规律的波浪式变化，每年5-6月、10-11月高而9月初各种群抗性水平显著较低；考虑到各菜区菜缢管蚜种群在季节上的变化，在防治的时候应针对不同季节进行，对其抗药性季节差异予以重视。
3 对各地菜缢管蚜种群个体羧酸酯酶研究结果表明，无论是抗性种群还是敏感种群，其个体羧酸酯酶活性分布频率均趋于正态分布，即两头低，中间高；各抗性种群的羧酸酯酶的活性水平明显高于敏感种群，其中以洪塘菜缢管蚜种群的羧酸酯酶活性水平最高，这跟各种群的抗药性监测结果亦相吻合。
Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, which belongs to Homoptera, is an important worldwide pest to eruciferous vegetables. Serious damage to cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea van capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and greengrocery were found in vegetables fields in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Vegetable production therefore is seriously threatened. To provide theoretical basis for L. erysimi integrated control, studies on the dynamics of resistance development and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance to methamidophos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, avermectins, carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos, the dynamics of CarE and the frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity of several different Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach populations in Fuzhou, and the relationship between seasonal variation of Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach populations and their insecticide resistance were conducted. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Compared to the susceptible population which was reared in the the field insecticide-free condition, the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Jianxin L. erysimi population were 54.1-, 130.0-, 121.5-, 20.0-, 27.1-, 9.7-, and 42.3-fold respectively; the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Shangjie L. erysimi population were 56.5-, 113.5-, 93.4-, 21.4-, 26.3-, 7.0-, and 46.6-fold respectively; the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Hongtang L. erysimi population were 60.0-, 112.0-, 111.1-, 19.6-, 26.2-, 10.6-, and 43.0-fold respectively; and the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Nongda L. erysimi population were 61.4-, 145.3-, 133.8-, 25.4-, 21.4-, 10.3-, and 45.8-fold respectively. L. erysimi showed very high resistance levels to methamidophos, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, these insecticides thus should be not used any longer; while the resistance levels to imidacloprid, avermectins, carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos were moderate, and these insecticides should be used rest
rainedly.
2. In addition, L. erysimi populations showed seasonal variations of resistance to the insecticides. Generally to say, insecticide resistance in early summer and autumn is higher than that in spring and winter in one year. Therefore L. erysimi integrated control should according to its resistance seasonal variation.
3. Studies on frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity indicated that the frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity both of resistant populations and of susceptive population were trend to normal school, and the resistant L. erysimi populations have significant higher CarE activity than susceptive L. erysimi population. Thereinto, the activity level of CartE in Hongtang L. erysimi population is the highest among the four field populations, which is tally to the result of drug-fast test on each population.
1 福州地区不同菜区四个菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗药性监测结果表明，在2003年6月建新菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到54.1、130.0、121.5、20.0、27.1、9.7、42.3倍，上街菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到56.5、113.5、93.4、21.4、26.3、7.0、46.6倍，洪塘菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到60.0、112.0、111.1、19.6、26.2、10.6、43.0倍，农大菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别达到61.4、145.3、133.8、25.4、21.4、10.3、45.8倍；监测结果表明各种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯已产生高抗；对阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和毒死蜱形成中等抗性，可以谨慎和有节制的继续使用，而甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯则已经形成过高的抗性，不宜继续使用；同时应该轮用不同作用机制的药剂，以延缓抗药性的发展。
2 研究结果也表明福州地区各主要菜区菜缢管蚜种群对甲胺磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、丁硫克百威、毒死蜱的抗药性在季节上均呈现有规律的波浪式变化，每年5-6月、10-11月高而9月初各种群抗性水平显著较低；考虑到各菜区菜缢管蚜种群在季节上的变化，在防治的时候应针对不同季节进行，对其抗药性季节差异予以重视。
3 对各地菜缢管蚜种群个体羧酸酯酶研究结果表明，无论是抗性种群还是敏感种群，其个体羧酸酯酶活性分布频率均趋于正态分布，即两头低，中间高；各抗性种群的羧酸酯酶的活性水平明显高于敏感种群，其中以洪塘菜缢管蚜种群的羧酸酯酶活性水平最高，这跟各种群的抗药性监测结果亦相吻合。
Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, which belongs to Homoptera, is an important worldwide pest to eruciferous vegetables. Serious damage to cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea van capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and greengrocery were found in vegetables fields in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Vegetable production therefore is seriously threatened. To provide theoretical basis for L. erysimi integrated control, studies on the dynamics of resistance development and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance to methamidophos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, avermectins, carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos, the dynamics of CarE and the frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity of several different Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach populations in Fuzhou, and the relationship between seasonal variation of Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach populations and their insecticide resistance were conducted. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Compared to the susceptible population which was reared in the the field insecticide-free condition, the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Jianxin L. erysimi population were 54.1-, 130.0-, 121.5-, 20.0-, 27.1-, 9.7-, and 42.3-fold respectively; the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Shangjie L. erysimi population were 56.5-, 113.5-, 93.4-, 21.4-, 26.3-, 7.0-, and 46.6-fold respectively; the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Hongtang L. erysimi population were 60.0-, 112.0-, 111.1-, 19.6-, 26.2-, 10.6-, and 43.0-fold respectively; and the insecticide ratios to the insecticides in Nongda L. erysimi population were 61.4-, 145.3-, 133.8-, 25.4-, 21.4-, 10.3-, and 45.8-fold respectively. L. erysimi showed very high resistance levels to methamidophos, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, these insecticides thus should be not used any longer; while the resistance levels to imidacloprid, avermectins, carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos were moderate, and these insecticides should be used rest
rainedly.
2. In addition, L. erysimi populations showed seasonal variations of resistance to the insecticides. Generally to say, insecticide resistance in early summer and autumn is higher than that in spring and winter in one year. Therefore L. erysimi integrated control should according to its resistance seasonal variation.
3. Studies on frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity indicated that the frequency distribution of individual L. erysimi CarE activity both of resistant populations and of susceptive population were trend to normal school, and the resistant L. erysimi populations have significant higher CarE activity than susceptive L. erysimi population. Thereinto, the activity level of CartE in Hongtang L. erysimi population is the highest among the four field populations, which is tally to the result of drug-fast test on each population.
引文
S．W．Robinson．1994．使用农药混剂是抗性治理策略中的一项措施．农药科学与管理．2：21-24
曹鹏翔，张益先，费显伟．1995．苦参素对菜青虫等3种害虫的毒力测定和药效试验．植物保护．21(3)：43
陈林．2001．苦豆碱及毗虫啉对菜田蚜虫群落的影响．徐州师范大学学报．19(4)：59-62．
陈巧云，蒋家良，林浩等．1980．淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的关系．昆虫学报．25(4)：350-357
陈永年，陈灿，马骏．2000．甘蓝害虫优化管理中蚜虫类行动阈值研究．植物学报．26(1)：10-13
陈云平．2000．不同药剂防治菜蚜的试验．武夷科学．16(12)：74-78．
戴美学，祖爱民，王青．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂防治麦蚜和菜蚜的研究．中国生物防治．13(4)：173-175
戴美学，祖爱民．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂对豆田蚜虫及其天敌的毒效测定．昆虫天敌，19(2)：49-54．
戴美学，祖爱民．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂对豆田蚜虫及其天敌的毒效测定．昆虫天敌．19(2)：49-54
邓政炎，侯任环，黄炳球，莫蒙异，吴建辉，吴争先．1994．广东不同地区萝卜蚜抗药性研究．华南农业大学学报．15(2)：61-66
高希武，胡熳华，郑炳宗．1998．应用酶标仪动力学方法监测棉蚜的抗药性．昆虫知识．35(1)：17-19
高希武，郑炳宗，曹本均．1989．桃蚜对杀虫剂抗性机制研究．中国昆虫学会第二届药剂毒理学学术讨论会论文摘要汇编．36．农业出版社．
高希武，郑炳宗．1991．几种农药对羧酸脂酶的抑制和拟除虫菊脂的增效．北京农业大学学报．17(4)：89-94．
高希武，邦润勇，宁世民，胡熳华，关成久，郑炳宗．1997．棉蚜不同品系羧酸酯酶的酶标仪动力学测定研究．中国农业大学学报．2(5)：59-63
高希武．1992．寄主植物对棉蚜羧酸酯酶活性的影响．昆虫学报．35：267-272．
高希武等．1992．桃蚜对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯抗性机制研究．植物保护学报．19(4)：365-371
胡绍海，胡卫军．1998．茶皂素在化学农药乳油剂中增效作用研究．中国农业科学．31(2)．
胡绍海．1989．菊科植物胜红蓟素防治蚜虫的效果研究．湖南师范大学自然科学学报．12(3)：255-261
胡笑形．1986．拟除虫菊脂类药剂的抗性问题．农药．13(4)：27-29．
蒋继宏，刘缠民，黄小花．2003．苦豆碱及吡虫啉对菜田蚜虫群落的毒力研究．西北林
学院学报．18(2)：63-64．
李士进．1994．农药的毒力波动规律及应用．河北农业大学学报．17(3)：89-94．
李腾武，宗静，高希武，郑炳宗．1997．寄主植物对桃蚜羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用．植物保护．23(2)：14-16
刘缠民，蒋继宏，黄小花，蔡燕，李海燕，廉振民．2002．苦豆碱对菜缢管蚜的毒力作用．江苏农业科学．4：41-43．
刘缠民，蒋继宏，黄小花，周文报，钱雨，蔡燕，廉振民．2002．苦豆碱及顺式氯氰菊酯对菜田蚜虫群落的毒力研究．动物学杂志．37(2)：2-5．
刘长仲等．2000．苦豆子和乌头生物碱对桃蚜的毒力测定和防效试验．植物保护．26(6)：20-22．
刘树生．1990．桃蚜被寄生龄期与受寄生蜂影响大小的关系．昆虫学报．33(4)：430-436．
罗纪台，陈平春，韩熹莱等．1987．拟除虫菊脂和有机磷混配对抗性桃蚜增效作用的研究．北京农业大学学报．13(2)：207-212．
罗万春，李云寿，慕立义等．1996．苦豆子种子提取物对两种蔬菜害虫的活性．植物保护学报．23(3)：281-282．
罗万春，李云寿，慕立义等．1997．几种苦豆子生物碱对小菜蛾部分生理指标的影响．昆虫知识．34(4)：212
罗万春，李云寿．1996．苦豆子甲醇提取物对菜蚜的避忌作用及药效．Pesticides．35(6)：34-36
罗万春等．1997．苦豆子生物碱对萝卜蚜的毒力及其对几种酯酶的影响．昆虫学报．40(4)：358-365．
彭丽年，林荣寿，黄英．1996．菜青虫和菜蚜的抗药性测定．西南农业大学学报．18(6)：530-532
钱琴菊．1993．茶皂素在农药上的应用研究．农药．32(2)：15-16．
乔传令，王靖，黄菁．2000．不同种群小菜蛾对4种杀虫剂的抗性及抗性基因频率．农药学学报．Vol．2(9)：25-29．
任月萍．刘生祥．张春梅．2000．六种杀虫剂对四种蚜虫的毒力测定．宁夏农学院学报．21(1)：41-49．
茹李军，芮昌辉，范贤林，赵建周，魏岑．1998．菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析．ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SINICA．41(3)：243-249．
茹李军等．1998．菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析．昆虫学报．41(3)：243-249．
芮昌辉，赵永巧，范贤林，魏岑．1996．菜缢管蚜对12种杀虫剂的交互抗药性测定．植物保护．1：27-28．
芮昌辉．魏岑．赵永巧等．1994．菜缢管蚜对氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷及其混剂的抗性发展研究．农药学术讨论会论文集．北京：化学工业出版社，52-54
上海市农科院园艺所．1987．上海农业科技．(5-6)：17．
孙鲁娟，高希武，郑炳宗．2002．棉蚜抗氧化乐果品系几敏感品系羧酸酯酶性质的比较．
昆虫学报．45(6)：724-727．
唐振华，韩启发，庄佩君．1994．镶嵌式交替防治对菜蚜抗性演化的影响．昆虫学报．37(1)：25-30
唐振华，庄佩君，韩启发，黎云根．1988．上海地区菜缢管蚜对有机磷的抗药性及其生化检测．植物保护学报．15(1)：63-66
唐振华等．1994．镶嵌式交替防治对菜蚜抗性演化的影响．昆虫学报．37(1)：25-30
汪信庚，刘树生．1994．菜蚜种群密度简易估计的数学模型．浙江农业大学学报．20(6)：621-627
王成树，陈树仁．1999．蔬菜害虫及其天敌昆虫群落多样性和相关性研究．生物多样性．7(2)：
王金福，李真峰．1988．杭州市郊区主要蔬菜害虫群落结构的研究．生态学报．8(1)：78-85
王开运等．1992．六种蚜虫对溴氰菊酯等杀虫剂的抗性及毒力选择性．农药．31(3)：2-5
王沫，张淑黎，聂桂枝．1999．棉铃虫抗药性季节变化规律研究．湖北农业科学．6：39-41
王强，韩丽娟，黄祥麟，顾中言，许小龙．1996．吡虫啉对几种同翅目害虫的触杀毒力测定．江苏农业学报．12(3)：29-31
魏岑．茹李军．范贤林等．1996．增效混剂延缓棉铃虫对菊酯农药抗性机制的研究．植物保护学报，23(2)：152-156
魏岑等．1988．北京地区菜缢管蚜对菊酯类农药的抗药性监控研究．植物保护．14(6)：17-19
薛名．李强．杨乐宾等．1996．八种选择性杀虫剂对菜青虫、菜蚜的防效及对天敌昆虫的毒杀作用．农药．35(8)：15-18．
杨崇实．赵士敏．王万立．1998．卫青萝卜病毒病生态防治技术研究．植物保护学报．25(2)：
杨乐恩．1995．不同寄主作物上桃蚜对药剂敏感性的研究．华南农业大学学报．16(1)：80-83．
杨效文，张孝羲．1988．烟蚜抗药性的生化及分子生物学机制．世界农业．11：37-38．
姚洪渭，叶恭银，程家安．2002．寄主植物影响害虫药剂敏感性的研究进展．昆虫学报．45(2)：253-264
张宗炳．1987．从种群遗传学讨论昆虫抗药性的形成与消失．植物保护．13(4)：40
赵颖，高希武，胡熳华，郑炳宗．1997．棉蚜不同抗性品系鞍酸酯酶比较．植物保护学报．24(4)：351-355．
赵志模，刘映红，张昌伦．1994．重庆市郊不同种植制度菜地昆虫群落结构研究．植物保护学报．21(1)：3945
郑立金，朱训永，吴传勇．1997．多虫净防治蔬菜蚜虫的田间药效试验．南京农专学报．13(3)：21-23
周程爱，张德永．2000．长沙菜区甘蓝桃蚜对常用杀虫剂的敏感性及田间药剂试验．湖南
农业科学．(4)：33-34．
Al-Aboodi, A. and R.H. ffrench-Constant. 1995. RAPD PCR confirms absence of genetic variation between insecticide resistant variants of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Great Lakes Entomol. 28(2): 127-133.
Artia F.L., Hamilton J.T. and Framzmann B.A. 1979. Carbamate resistance in a field strain of Myzus persieae(sulz), (chemiptera: Aphididae). General and Applied Entomology. 11: 24-26.
Broadway, R. M. 1995. Are insects resistant to plant proteinase inhibitors. J. Insect. Physiol. 41(2): 107-116.
Brun, L.O., J. Stuart, V. Gaudichon, K. Aronstein & R.H. ffrench-Constant. 1995. Functional haplodiploidy: a mechanism for the spread of insecticide resistance in an important international insect pest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92(21): 9861-9865.
Cheng, J., J.A. Saunders & S.L. Sinden. 1995. Colorado potato beetle resistant somatic hybrid potato plants produced via protoplast electrofusion. In vitro cellular and developmental biology. Plant: dournal of the Tissue Culture Association. 31(2): 90-95.
Christine Chevillon, Denis Bourguet, Francois Rousset, Nicole Pasteur and Michel Raymond. 1997. Pleiotropy of adaptive changes in populations: somparisions among insecticide resistance genes in Culex pipiens. Genet. Res., Camb 70: 195-204
Chuanling Qiao and Yanchun Yan. 1998. Single-helicoverpa armigera test to determine insecticide resistance genotype frequency. Entomologia Sinica. Vol. 5: 355-361
Clark, J.M., J.G. Scott, F. Campos & J.R. Bloomquist. 1995. Resistance to avermectins: extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40: 1-30.
Curtis C F. et. al., 1978. Selection for and against insecticide resistance possible methods of inhibiting the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes. Ecol. Entomol. 30(1): 13-20
Cutrigh C R. 1959. Rotational use of spray chemicals in insect and mite control, J. Economic Entomology. 52: 432-434
Davies Adrew G., Game Anne Y., Chen Zhenzhong, Williams Tracey J., Stephen Goodall, Janet L: Yen, John A. MeKenzie and Philip Batterham. 1996. Scalloped wings is the Lueilia cuprina Notch Homologue and a Candidate for the Modifier of Fitness and Asymmetry of Diazinon Resistance. Genetics. 143: 1321-1337
Denis Bourguet, Thomas Lenormand, Thomas Guillemaud, Veronique Marcel, Didier Fournier and Michiel Raymond. 1997. Variation of dominance of newly arisen adaptive genes. Genetics. 147: 1225-1234
Denis Brourguet. 1999. The evolution of dominaee. Heredity. 83: 1-4
Devonshire A. L. 1977. The properties of a earboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzuspersicae (Sulz.), and its role in conferring insecticide resistance. Biochem. J. 167: 675-683
Devonshire A.L., Moores G.D. 1982. A carboxy lesterase with broad substrate specificity causts organophosphorus. Carbumate and Pyrethroid resistance in Peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae). Pestic Biochem Physiol. 18. 235-246.
Feng, R. and M.B.Isman. 1995. Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experientia. 51 (8): 831-833.
Fernanda Borja Peppe and Cecilia Lomnaco. 2003. Phenotypic plasticity of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) raised on Brassica oleracea L. vat. acephala (kale) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26, 2, 189-194
Field L. M. 1988. Molecular evidence that insecticide resistance in peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) results from amplification of an esterase gene. Biochem. J. 251: 309-312
Field L. M. 1993. Cloning and analysis of the esterase genes conferring insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochera. J. 294: 569-574
Firko M. J, Hayes J. L. 1990. Quantitative genetic tools for insecticide resistance risk assessment: estimating the heritability of resistance. J. Econ. Entomol., 83(3): 647-654
Foster S.P., Harrington R., Devonshire A.L., Denholm I., Clark S.J. and Mugglestone M.A. 1997. Evidence for a possible fitness trade-off between insecticide resistance and the low temperature movement that is essential for survival of UK populations of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 87: 573-579
Foster, S.P., R. Harrington, A.L.Devonshire, I. Denholm, G.J. Devine & M.G. Kenward. 1996. Comparative survival of insecticide-susceptible and resistant peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in low temperature field trials. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86 (1)p.17-27.
Georghiou P.Q. In: FAO Plant Production stries. Rome, Microfiche No.822774S-E.
Hattori, J., D. Brown, G. Mourad, H. Labbe, T.Ouellet, G.Sunohara, R.Rutledge, J.King & B.Miki. 1995. An acetohydroxy acid synthase mutant reveals a single site involved in multiple herbicide resistance. MGG Mol. Gen. Genet. 246(4): 419-425.
Hemingway Janet, Linda Field, John Vontas. 2002. An Overview of Insecticide Resistance. Science Vol.298: 96-97
Hick, C.A., L.M. Field & A.L. Devonshire. 1996. Changes in the methylation of amplified esterase DNA during loss and reselection of insecticide resistance in peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26(1): 41-47
Huang Yao, Martin S. Williamson, Alan L. Devonshire, John D. Windass, Stuart J. Lansdell, Neil S. Millar. 1999. Molecular characterization and imidacloprid selectivity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. J. Neurochem. 73: 380-389
Keller, P., A. Mukhtar & M.Galun. 1995. Resistance: Are there limits to resistance in
lichens. Symbiosis. 18(1): 87-88.
Ketterman A.J., Jayawardena K.G., Hemingway J. 1992. Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in insecticide resistance from the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Biochem. J. 287: 355-360
Kuno E.1986. Evaluation of statistical precision and density of efficient sampling for the population estimation based on frequency of occurrence. Res. Popul. Ecol., 28: 305-319
Lee, L., C. Hartman, C. Laramore, N. Tumer & P. Day. 1995. Herbicide-resistant creeping bentgrass. USGA Green Sect. Rec. 33(2): 16-18.
Leibee, G.L. & J.L. Capinera. 1995. Pesticide resistance in Florida insects limits management options. Fla. Entomol. 78(3): 386-399.
Linda M. Field and Alan L. Devonshire. 1997. Structure and organization of amplicons containing the E4 esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persieae (Sulzer). Biochem. J, 322. 867-871
Linda M. Field and Roger L. Blackman. 2003. Insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer): chromosome location and epigenetic effects on esterase gene expression in clonal lieages. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79: 107-113
Linda M. Field, Alan L. Devonshire, Chris Tyler-Smith. 1996. Analysis of amplicons containing the esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 313: 543-547
Linda M. Field, Alan L. Devonshire. 1998. Evidence that the E4 and FE4 esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) are part of a gene family. Biochem. J. 330: 169-173
Linda M. Field, Roger L. Blackman, Chris Tyler-Smith, Alan L. Devonshire. 1999. Relationship between amount of esterase and gene copy number in insecticide-resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 339: 737-742
Linda M. Field. 2000. Methylation and expression of amplified esterase genes in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 349: 863-868
Luigi Sannino, Felice Porrone, Cristina Biondani, Gioacchino Salerno. 2000. Aphid control on Burley and Flue-cured tobacco with foliar insecticides.Il Tabacco, 8: 25-31
MacArthur R H. 1995. Fluctuation of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology, 36: 533-536
Mani G. S. 1985. Evolution of resistance in the presence of two insecticides. Genetics. 109: 761-783
MeKenzie, J.A. 1996. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of insecticide resistance. Environmental Intelligence Unit, R.G. Landes(eds).; San Diego: Academic Press, 185 p.
Nauen, R., J. Strobel; K. Tietjen, Y. Otsu, C.Edelen & A.Elbert. 1996. Aphicidal activity of imidacloprid against a tobacco feeding strain of Myzus persicae (Homoptera:
Aphididac) from Japan closely related to Myzus nicotianae and highly resistant to earbamates and organophosphates. Bull. Entomol Res. 86(2): 165-171.
Needham P.H. and Sawichi R.M., 1971. Diagnosis of resistance to oganophosphorus insecticides in Myzus persicae (sulz). Nature, 230: 125-126.
Newcomb R. D., Campbell P.M., Ollis D. L., Cheah E., Russell R. J., Oakeshott J. G.. 1997. A single amino acid substitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphorus hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly. Genetics. Vol.94: 7464-7468
Peter D. Keightley and Henrik Kacser. 1987. Dominace, Pleiotropy and Metabolic structure. Genitics. 117: 319-329
Pham Thi Vuong, Jinho Kim and Yoohan Song. 2001. The seasonal occurrence of the two aphid species, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, and their natural enemies on vegetable crops. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 4(1): 41-44
Sun Y P and Johnson E R. 1960. Analysis of joint action of insecticides against house flies. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53(5): 887-892
William W. M. 1975. Diversity, complexity, stability and pest control. J.Appl.Ecol., 12: 795-807
Williams I.S., Haylock L.A., Dewar A.M., Dixon A.F.G.. 1998. Selection for a moderately insecticide resistant clone of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on sugarbeet in the absence of pesticides. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 88: 653-658
Wilson A.C.C, Sunnucks P., Blackman R.L., Hales D.F.. 2002. Microsatellite variation in cyclically parthenogenetic populations of Myzus persicae in south-eastern Australia. Heredity. 88: 258-266
Wilson A.C.C., Gauthier J.P. and Robert Y.. 1999. Molecular characterization of clones of the Myzus persieae complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) differing in their ability to transmit the potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 89: 355-363
Zhu, K.Y. & J.M. Clark. 1995. Comparisons of kinetic properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from azinphosmethyl-susceptible and resistant strains of Colorado potato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 51(1): 57-67.
曹鹏翔，张益先，费显伟．1995．苦参素对菜青虫等3种害虫的毒力测定和药效试验．植物保护．21(3)：43
陈林．2001．苦豆碱及毗虫啉对菜田蚜虫群落的影响．徐州师范大学学报．19(4)：59-62．
陈巧云，蒋家良，林浩等．1980．淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的关系．昆虫学报．25(4)：350-357
陈永年，陈灿，马骏．2000．甘蓝害虫优化管理中蚜虫类行动阈值研究．植物学报．26(1)：10-13
陈云平．2000．不同药剂防治菜蚜的试验．武夷科学．16(12)：74-78．
戴美学，祖爱民，王青．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂防治麦蚜和菜蚜的研究．中国生物防治．13(4)：173-175
戴美学，祖爱民．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂对豆田蚜虫及其天敌的毒效测定．昆虫天敌，19(2)：49-54．
戴美学，祖爱民．1997．G-P复合生物杀虫剂对豆田蚜虫及其天敌的毒效测定．昆虫天敌．19(2)：49-54
邓政炎，侯任环，黄炳球，莫蒙异，吴建辉，吴争先．1994．广东不同地区萝卜蚜抗药性研究．华南农业大学学报．15(2)：61-66
高希武，胡熳华，郑炳宗．1998．应用酶标仪动力学方法监测棉蚜的抗药性．昆虫知识．35(1)：17-19
高希武，郑炳宗，曹本均．1989．桃蚜对杀虫剂抗性机制研究．中国昆虫学会第二届药剂毒理学学术讨论会论文摘要汇编．36．农业出版社．
高希武，郑炳宗．1991．几种农药对羧酸脂酶的抑制和拟除虫菊脂的增效．北京农业大学学报．17(4)：89-94．
高希武，邦润勇，宁世民，胡熳华，关成久，郑炳宗．1997．棉蚜不同品系羧酸酯酶的酶标仪动力学测定研究．中国农业大学学报．2(5)：59-63
高希武．1992．寄主植物对棉蚜羧酸酯酶活性的影响．昆虫学报．35：267-272．
高希武等．1992．桃蚜对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯抗性机制研究．植物保护学报．19(4)：365-371
胡绍海，胡卫军．1998．茶皂素在化学农药乳油剂中增效作用研究．中国农业科学．31(2)．
胡绍海．1989．菊科植物胜红蓟素防治蚜虫的效果研究．湖南师范大学自然科学学报．12(3)：255-261
胡笑形．1986．拟除虫菊脂类药剂的抗性问题．农药．13(4)：27-29．
蒋继宏，刘缠民，黄小花．2003．苦豆碱及吡虫啉对菜田蚜虫群落的毒力研究．西北林
学院学报．18(2)：63-64．
李士进．1994．农药的毒力波动规律及应用．河北农业大学学报．17(3)：89-94．
李腾武，宗静，高希武，郑炳宗．1997．寄主植物对桃蚜羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用．植物保护．23(2)：14-16
刘缠民，蒋继宏，黄小花，蔡燕，李海燕，廉振民．2002．苦豆碱对菜缢管蚜的毒力作用．江苏农业科学．4：41-43．
刘缠民，蒋继宏，黄小花，周文报，钱雨，蔡燕，廉振民．2002．苦豆碱及顺式氯氰菊酯对菜田蚜虫群落的毒力研究．动物学杂志．37(2)：2-5．
刘长仲等．2000．苦豆子和乌头生物碱对桃蚜的毒力测定和防效试验．植物保护．26(6)：20-22．
刘树生．1990．桃蚜被寄生龄期与受寄生蜂影响大小的关系．昆虫学报．33(4)：430-436．
罗纪台，陈平春，韩熹莱等．1987．拟除虫菊脂和有机磷混配对抗性桃蚜增效作用的研究．北京农业大学学报．13(2)：207-212．
罗万春，李云寿，慕立义等．1996．苦豆子种子提取物对两种蔬菜害虫的活性．植物保护学报．23(3)：281-282．
罗万春，李云寿，慕立义等．1997．几种苦豆子生物碱对小菜蛾部分生理指标的影响．昆虫知识．34(4)：212
罗万春，李云寿．1996．苦豆子甲醇提取物对菜蚜的避忌作用及药效．Pesticides．35(6)：34-36
罗万春等．1997．苦豆子生物碱对萝卜蚜的毒力及其对几种酯酶的影响．昆虫学报．40(4)：358-365．
彭丽年，林荣寿，黄英．1996．菜青虫和菜蚜的抗药性测定．西南农业大学学报．18(6)：530-532
钱琴菊．1993．茶皂素在农药上的应用研究．农药．32(2)：15-16．
乔传令，王靖，黄菁．2000．不同种群小菜蛾对4种杀虫剂的抗性及抗性基因频率．农药学学报．Vol．2(9)：25-29．
任月萍．刘生祥．张春梅．2000．六种杀虫剂对四种蚜虫的毒力测定．宁夏农学院学报．21(1)：41-49．
茹李军，芮昌辉，范贤林，赵建周，魏岑．1998．菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析．ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SINICA．41(3)：243-249．
茹李军等．1998．菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析．昆虫学报．41(3)：243-249．
芮昌辉，赵永巧，范贤林，魏岑．1996．菜缢管蚜对12种杀虫剂的交互抗药性测定．植物保护．1：27-28．
芮昌辉．魏岑．赵永巧等．1994．菜缢管蚜对氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷及其混剂的抗性发展研究．农药学术讨论会论文集．北京：化学工业出版社，52-54
上海市农科院园艺所．1987．上海农业科技．(5-6)：17．
孙鲁娟，高希武，郑炳宗．2002．棉蚜抗氧化乐果品系几敏感品系羧酸酯酶性质的比较．
昆虫学报．45(6)：724-727．
唐振华，韩启发，庄佩君．1994．镶嵌式交替防治对菜蚜抗性演化的影响．昆虫学报．37(1)：25-30
唐振华，庄佩君，韩启发，黎云根．1988．上海地区菜缢管蚜对有机磷的抗药性及其生化检测．植物保护学报．15(1)：63-66
唐振华等．1994．镶嵌式交替防治对菜蚜抗性演化的影响．昆虫学报．37(1)：25-30
汪信庚，刘树生．1994．菜蚜种群密度简易估计的数学模型．浙江农业大学学报．20(6)：621-627
王成树，陈树仁．1999．蔬菜害虫及其天敌昆虫群落多样性和相关性研究．生物多样性．7(2)：
王金福，李真峰．1988．杭州市郊区主要蔬菜害虫群落结构的研究．生态学报．8(1)：78-85
王开运等．1992．六种蚜虫对溴氰菊酯等杀虫剂的抗性及毒力选择性．农药．31(3)：2-5
王沫，张淑黎，聂桂枝．1999．棉铃虫抗药性季节变化规律研究．湖北农业科学．6：39-41
王强，韩丽娟，黄祥麟，顾中言，许小龙．1996．吡虫啉对几种同翅目害虫的触杀毒力测定．江苏农业学报．12(3)：29-31
魏岑．茹李军．范贤林等．1996．增效混剂延缓棉铃虫对菊酯农药抗性机制的研究．植物保护学报，23(2)：152-156
魏岑等．1988．北京地区菜缢管蚜对菊酯类农药的抗药性监控研究．植物保护．14(6)：17-19
薛名．李强．杨乐宾等．1996．八种选择性杀虫剂对菜青虫、菜蚜的防效及对天敌昆虫的毒杀作用．农药．35(8)：15-18．
杨崇实．赵士敏．王万立．1998．卫青萝卜病毒病生态防治技术研究．植物保护学报．25(2)：
杨乐恩．1995．不同寄主作物上桃蚜对药剂敏感性的研究．华南农业大学学报．16(1)：80-83．
杨效文，张孝羲．1988．烟蚜抗药性的生化及分子生物学机制．世界农业．11：37-38．
姚洪渭，叶恭银，程家安．2002．寄主植物影响害虫药剂敏感性的研究进展．昆虫学报．45(2)：253-264
张宗炳．1987．从种群遗传学讨论昆虫抗药性的形成与消失．植物保护．13(4)：40
赵颖，高希武，胡熳华，郑炳宗．1997．棉蚜不同抗性品系鞍酸酯酶比较．植物保护学报．24(4)：351-355．
赵志模，刘映红，张昌伦．1994．重庆市郊不同种植制度菜地昆虫群落结构研究．植物保护学报．21(1)：3945
郑立金，朱训永，吴传勇．1997．多虫净防治蔬菜蚜虫的田间药效试验．南京农专学报．13(3)：21-23
周程爱，张德永．2000．长沙菜区甘蓝桃蚜对常用杀虫剂的敏感性及田间药剂试验．湖南
农业科学．(4)：33-34．
Al-Aboodi, A. and R.H. ffrench-Constant. 1995. RAPD PCR confirms absence of genetic variation between insecticide resistant variants of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Great Lakes Entomol. 28(2): 127-133.
Artia F.L., Hamilton J.T. and Framzmann B.A. 1979. Carbamate resistance in a field strain of Myzus persieae(sulz), (chemiptera: Aphididae). General and Applied Entomology. 11: 24-26.
Broadway, R. M. 1995. Are insects resistant to plant proteinase inhibitors. J. Insect. Physiol. 41(2): 107-116.
Brun, L.O., J. Stuart, V. Gaudichon, K. Aronstein & R.H. ffrench-Constant. 1995. Functional haplodiploidy: a mechanism for the spread of insecticide resistance in an important international insect pest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92(21): 9861-9865.
Cheng, J., J.A. Saunders & S.L. Sinden. 1995. Colorado potato beetle resistant somatic hybrid potato plants produced via protoplast electrofusion. In vitro cellular and developmental biology. Plant: dournal of the Tissue Culture Association. 31(2): 90-95.
Christine Chevillon, Denis Bourguet, Francois Rousset, Nicole Pasteur and Michel Raymond. 1997. Pleiotropy of adaptive changes in populations: somparisions among insecticide resistance genes in Culex pipiens. Genet. Res., Camb 70: 195-204
Chuanling Qiao and Yanchun Yan. 1998. Single-helicoverpa armigera test to determine insecticide resistance genotype frequency. Entomologia Sinica. Vol. 5: 355-361
Clark, J.M., J.G. Scott, F. Campos & J.R. Bloomquist. 1995. Resistance to avermectins: extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40: 1-30.
Curtis C F. et. al., 1978. Selection for and against insecticide resistance possible methods of inhibiting the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes. Ecol. Entomol. 30(1): 13-20
Cutrigh C R. 1959. Rotational use of spray chemicals in insect and mite control, J. Economic Entomology. 52: 432-434
Davies Adrew G., Game Anne Y., Chen Zhenzhong, Williams Tracey J., Stephen Goodall, Janet L: Yen, John A. MeKenzie and Philip Batterham. 1996. Scalloped wings is the Lueilia cuprina Notch Homologue and a Candidate for the Modifier of Fitness and Asymmetry of Diazinon Resistance. Genetics. 143: 1321-1337
Denis Bourguet, Thomas Lenormand, Thomas Guillemaud, Veronique Marcel, Didier Fournier and Michiel Raymond. 1997. Variation of dominance of newly arisen adaptive genes. Genetics. 147: 1225-1234
Denis Brourguet. 1999. The evolution of dominaee. Heredity. 83: 1-4
Devonshire A. L. 1977. The properties of a earboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzuspersicae (Sulz.), and its role in conferring insecticide resistance. Biochem. J. 167: 675-683
Devonshire A.L., Moores G.D. 1982. A carboxy lesterase with broad substrate specificity causts organophosphorus. Carbumate and Pyrethroid resistance in Peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae). Pestic Biochem Physiol. 18. 235-246.
Feng, R. and M.B.Isman. 1995. Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experientia. 51 (8): 831-833.
Fernanda Borja Peppe and Cecilia Lomnaco. 2003. Phenotypic plasticity of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) raised on Brassica oleracea L. vat. acephala (kale) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26, 2, 189-194
Field L. M. 1988. Molecular evidence that insecticide resistance in peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) results from amplification of an esterase gene. Biochem. J. 251: 309-312
Field L. M. 1993. Cloning and analysis of the esterase genes conferring insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochera. J. 294: 569-574
Firko M. J, Hayes J. L. 1990. Quantitative genetic tools for insecticide resistance risk assessment: estimating the heritability of resistance. J. Econ. Entomol., 83(3): 647-654
Foster S.P., Harrington R., Devonshire A.L., Denholm I., Clark S.J. and Mugglestone M.A. 1997. Evidence for a possible fitness trade-off between insecticide resistance and the low temperature movement that is essential for survival of UK populations of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 87: 573-579
Foster, S.P., R. Harrington, A.L.Devonshire, I. Denholm, G.J. Devine & M.G. Kenward. 1996. Comparative survival of insecticide-susceptible and resistant peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in low temperature field trials. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86 (1)p.17-27.
Georghiou P.Q. In: FAO Plant Production stries. Rome, Microfiche No.822774S-E.
Hattori, J., D. Brown, G. Mourad, H. Labbe, T.Ouellet, G.Sunohara, R.Rutledge, J.King & B.Miki. 1995. An acetohydroxy acid synthase mutant reveals a single site involved in multiple herbicide resistance. MGG Mol. Gen. Genet. 246(4): 419-425.
Hemingway Janet, Linda Field, John Vontas. 2002. An Overview of Insecticide Resistance. Science Vol.298: 96-97
Hick, C.A., L.M. Field & A.L. Devonshire. 1996. Changes in the methylation of amplified esterase DNA during loss and reselection of insecticide resistance in peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26(1): 41-47
Huang Yao, Martin S. Williamson, Alan L. Devonshire, John D. Windass, Stuart J. Lansdell, Neil S. Millar. 1999. Molecular characterization and imidacloprid selectivity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. J. Neurochem. 73: 380-389
Keller, P., A. Mukhtar & M.Galun. 1995. Resistance: Are there limits to resistance in
lichens. Symbiosis. 18(1): 87-88.
Ketterman A.J., Jayawardena K.G., Hemingway J. 1992. Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase involved in insecticide resistance from the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Biochem. J. 287: 355-360
Kuno E.1986. Evaluation of statistical precision and density of efficient sampling for the population estimation based on frequency of occurrence. Res. Popul. Ecol., 28: 305-319
Lee, L., C. Hartman, C. Laramore, N. Tumer & P. Day. 1995. Herbicide-resistant creeping bentgrass. USGA Green Sect. Rec. 33(2): 16-18.
Leibee, G.L. & J.L. Capinera. 1995. Pesticide resistance in Florida insects limits management options. Fla. Entomol. 78(3): 386-399.
Linda M. Field and Alan L. Devonshire. 1997. Structure and organization of amplicons containing the E4 esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persieae (Sulzer). Biochem. J, 322. 867-871
Linda M. Field and Roger L. Blackman. 2003. Insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer): chromosome location and epigenetic effects on esterase gene expression in clonal lieages. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79: 107-113
Linda M. Field, Alan L. Devonshire, Chris Tyler-Smith. 1996. Analysis of amplicons containing the esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 313: 543-547
Linda M. Field, Alan L. Devonshire. 1998. Evidence that the E4 and FE4 esterase genes responsible for insecticide resistance in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) are part of a gene family. Biochem. J. 330: 169-173
Linda M. Field, Roger L. Blackman, Chris Tyler-Smith, Alan L. Devonshire. 1999. Relationship between amount of esterase and gene copy number in insecticide-resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 339: 737-742
Linda M. Field. 2000. Methylation and expression of amplified esterase genes in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Biochem. J. 349: 863-868
Luigi Sannino, Felice Porrone, Cristina Biondani, Gioacchino Salerno. 2000. Aphid control on Burley and Flue-cured tobacco with foliar insecticides.Il Tabacco, 8: 25-31
MacArthur R H. 1995. Fluctuation of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology, 36: 533-536
Mani G. S. 1985. Evolution of resistance in the presence of two insecticides. Genetics. 109: 761-783
MeKenzie, J.A. 1996. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of insecticide resistance. Environmental Intelligence Unit, R.G. Landes(eds).; San Diego: Academic Press, 185 p.
Nauen, R., J. Strobel; K. Tietjen, Y. Otsu, C.Edelen & A.Elbert. 1996. Aphicidal activity of imidacloprid against a tobacco feeding strain of Myzus persicae (Homoptera:
Aphididac) from Japan closely related to Myzus nicotianae and highly resistant to earbamates and organophosphates. Bull. Entomol Res. 86(2): 165-171.
Needham P.H. and Sawichi R.M., 1971. Diagnosis of resistance to oganophosphorus insecticides in Myzus persicae (sulz). Nature, 230: 125-126.
Newcomb R. D., Campbell P.M., Ollis D. L., Cheah E., Russell R. J., Oakeshott J. G.. 1997. A single amino acid substitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphorus hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly. Genetics. Vol.94: 7464-7468
Peter D. Keightley and Henrik Kacser. 1987. Dominace, Pleiotropy and Metabolic structure. Genitics. 117: 319-329
Pham Thi Vuong, Jinho Kim and Yoohan Song. 2001. The seasonal occurrence of the two aphid species, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, and their natural enemies on vegetable crops. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 4(1): 41-44
Sun Y P and Johnson E R. 1960. Analysis of joint action of insecticides against house flies. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53(5): 887-892
William W. M. 1975. Diversity, complexity, stability and pest control. J.Appl.Ecol., 12: 795-807
Williams I.S., Haylock L.A., Dewar A.M., Dixon A.F.G.. 1998. Selection for a moderately insecticide resistant clone of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on sugarbeet in the absence of pesticides. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 88: 653-658
Wilson A.C.C, Sunnucks P., Blackman R.L., Hales D.F.. 2002. Microsatellite variation in cyclically parthenogenetic populations of Myzus persicae in south-eastern Australia. Heredity. 88: 258-266
Wilson A.C.C., Gauthier J.P. and Robert Y.. 1999. Molecular characterization of clones of the Myzus persieae complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) differing in their ability to transmit the potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 89: 355-363
Zhu, K.Y. & J.M. Clark. 1995. Comparisons of kinetic properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from azinphosmethyl-susceptible and resistant strains of Colorado potato beetle. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 51(1): 57-67.