韩国留学生现代汉语复句习得及选择策略研究
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摘要
考察留学生汉语语法项目的习得情况现在成为了汉语作为第二语言习得研究的热门主题。然而,几乎所有的此类研究成果都是以汉语中常用的特殊句式为考察内容,比如“把”字句、“被”字句、比较句、存现句等。留学生习得现代汉语复句的情况如何?这方面的研究几乎是一片空白。
     本论文首先梳理了现代汉语句式本体研究的发展脉络。现代汉语句式本体方面的研究起步较早,到了本世纪初期形成了研究的高潮。语言学界关于“句式”与“句型”到底相同不相同还存在不同意见。但是明确对“句式”下定义的并不多,由此可见,“句式”的意义和内涵还需要进一步的研究。接下来,本论文又将第二语言习得方面有关句式的研究做了一个大致的回顾。二语习得句式方面的研究大致经历了偏误分析、习得研究两个大的阶段。但考察的句式主要以汉语中常用的特殊句式为主,考察的对象也过于集中于少数几个国家。
     第二章立足于现代汉语句式本体和第二语言习得的研究成果,从分类标准、句式数量、命名及描写方式三个方面将二者的单句系统、特殊句式系统、复句系统做了大致的梳理、比较,并进行了评价。接下来,本论文在现代汉语句式本体研究的相关观点的基础上,明确了本研究对于句式的定义,并结合本体和二语习得方面有关复句句式的研究成果,确定了本论文考察的复句句式范围:11个复句类型及53个下位复句句式。
     第三章主要考察的是韩国留学生习得53个复句句式的难易程度。考察的语料来自于北京语言大学“HSK动态语料库”。考察习得难度常用的三种方法为正确使用相对频率法、习得区间法和蕴涵量表法。前两种方法的基础是某句式在某一层级的正确使用相对频次。考虑到某句式的使用频次高低会大大影响正确使用相对频次的高低,由此得出的结论会存在一定的偏差,我们首先采取了复句句式使用频次、层级使用频率、正确使用频率相结合的三频综合法对韩国学生的53种复句句式的习得难度进行了初步的考察。蕴涵量表法的基础是某句式在某一层级的正确使用频次,能够比较有效地反映某个句式在各个层级的习得状况。为了更加有效地反映韩国学生的复句习得难度,我们又采用了蕴涵量表法进行了第二次考察。两次考察的结论除了容易习得的句式比较一致以外,在较容易习得复句句式、较难习得复句句式、难习得或未习得复句句式上产生了较大分歧。综合分析了产生分歧的原因之后,我们将两种方法的出的结论进行了综合,得出了韩国学生现代汉语复句句式习得的难度:最容易掌握的句式有12个,较容易掌握的句式有]0个,较难掌握的句式有23个,最难习得或未习得的句式有5个,此外还有三个为缺损语料句式。此外,我们也采用三频综合法,考察了韩国学生11种复句类型的习得难度。习得难度由低到高依次为:Y因果复句>z转折复句>J假设复句>M目的复句>JS解说复句>D递进复句>B并列复句=T条件复句>X选择复句=L连贯复句>R让步复句。
     第四章将韩国学生习得53种复句句式时产生的偏误进行了分类、总结。共得出十类偏误,分别为关联词语误用、关联词语错用、关联词语错序、关联词语缺失、关联词语使用冗赘、相关句式配置不当、句式杂糅、关联词语词性错误、复句格式成分化失当、其他。在这些偏误类型中,关联词语误用、关联词语缺失、关联词语错用这三类偏误类型的错误用例最多,占到了偏误用例总量的近80%,分别为32.51%、28.53%、18.66%。韩国语中的汉字词非常多,发音、词义与汉语相同或者相近的词语对韩国学生习得汉语复句关联词语有积极作用。同时,由于韩国语中很多汉字词与相应的汉语词汇的意义上并不存在一一对应的关系,因此很容易产生对汉语复句关联词语意义理解的泛化或误解,由此造成了关联词语误用。另外,韩国语是典型的、依靠词尾变化来体现语法意义的黏着语(复句也是如此),因此,对于汉语复句关联词语的记忆和运用是韩国学生习得汉语复句的难点,因此韩国学生会产生大量关联词语缺失和关联词语错序的偏误。汉语复句关联词中存在很多形式上相似、词义相近的关联词或者关联词对,这些相似性使得韩国学生在使用关联词语时互相混淆,产生关联词语错用的偏误。
     韩国学生在用汉语进行输出时,倾向于向母语求助。除了大量使用母语中与汉语关联词相对应的复句句式,还有时错误地将母语中该词的意义直接转换用于汉语。此外,韩国学生还经常采用简化策略:对复句句式还未熟练掌握前,韩国学生常会将复句的格式放入单句句式中,使之成为单句句式的某个成分;很多复句关联词语都有省略形式,韩国学生使用这些省略形式的频次远远高于非省略形式;关联词语音节的多少也是影响韩国学生对复句句式的选择,选择音节少、双音节的关联词语,会减少犯错的概率。
     第五章重点考察了《成功之路》系列教材中复句句式的选取和编排情况、复句句式在语言点注释和课文中的复现情况、有关复句的练习设置情况。《成功之路》的编排依据是《进修大纲》。《成功之路》对于《进修大纲》中规定的复句句式并未完全覆盖,有很多常用的复句句式都未编排入册,但基本遵循了《进修大纲》中所要求的顺序来进行了编排。存在的问题还包括,复句句式的编排过于集中于准中级教材,并且在教材中,大量复句句式呈现的形式是连词或副词,而非句式,这样都不利于复句句式的教学和习得。《成功之路》中复句句式在语言点注释和课文中的复现率都不高,并且呈现不均衡性。不均衡性体现在两点上:一为有些复句句式复现率很高,有些很低,甚至为零;第二,有些复句句式的复现集中于某一课或某几课。复句句式的练习编排存在着题量不足、题型不够丰富、缺乏有针对性的练习等缺点。最后,本论文结合对韩国学生习得复句的难度、偏误类型等对对外汉语教材复句句式的编排和复句教学提出了一些建议。
Investigation of students' Chinese grammar acquisition has now become one of hot topics about a second language acquisition research. However, almost all of the results of such researches are used to study the special sentence patterns, For example, the "把"sentence,"被" sentence, comparative sentence, existential sentences etc. What is the foreign students' acquisition of modern Chinese complex sentence? Research on this topic is almost never done.
     First, this paper has collated the ontological researches on the modern Chinese sentence patterns. The ontological research on the modern Chinese sentence patterns started earlier. This research had reached its climax in the beginning of this century. But the scholars have not reached consensus on the definition of modern Chinese sentence pattern. Therefore the terms about sentence patterns(句式、句型等) is not still clear. The definitions on the "sentence patterns" are not much, therefore, the meaning and connotation of "sentence patterns" also needs further research. Next, this paper has collated the researches on the second language acquisition of the modern Chinese sentence patterns. That have experienced mostly two phases:the analysis of sentence patterns errors, the research on sentence patterns acquisition. But, these researches are relatively concentrated, and therefore they lack generalization.
     Chapter two is based on the achievements of the ontological researches on the modern Chinese sentence patterns and the reaches on second language acquisition of modern Chinese sentence patterns. This paper has collated and evaluated the simple sentence system, the special sentence patterns system and the complex sentence system from three aspects——the classification standards, the amounts of sentence patterns and the way of description. Next, on the basis of the views of the ontological researches of modern Chinese sentence patterns, this paper has made clear for the definition of sentence patterns, and has set limits of complex sentence patterns for this paper to investigate. That limits are11complex sentence patterns and53subordinate complex sentence patterns.
     Chapter three had investigated the difficulty of the Korean students' acquisition of53subordinate complex sentence patterns. The corpus of this investigation is from the Beijing Language and Culture University "HSK dynamic corpus". Three commonly used methods in the investigation of the difficulty of acquisition are the relative frequency of correct use method(正确使用相对频率法),acquisition interval method(习得区间法)and implicational scale method(蕴涵量表法).The first and second methods are on the basis of the correct use of relative frequency of a sentence in a hierarchy. Consider the usage frequency of a sentence will greatly influence the correct use of relative frequency, the conclusion will have a certain deviation, we first take the "three-frequency-comprehensive method(三频综合法)”which combine the sentence pattern usage frequency, the frequency of use, the frequency of use level right to preliminary investigate on the53kinds of sentence patterns of Korean students' Acquisition difficulty. The implicational scale method(蕴涵量表法)is based on the correct usage frequency of a sentence in a hierarchy, which can reflect the acquisition situation.of a sentence in each level more effectively. In order to reflect the Korean students' acquisition difficulty of complex sentences more effectively, we also adopted the implicational scale method(蕴涵量表法)for the second expedition. The two survey conclusion produced a larger differences on the sentences which are easily acquisition, the sentences which are difficult to learn, the sentences which are more difficult to learn and the sentences which are not be learned, except the sentences which are easily learned. After comprehensive analysis of the reasons of the difference, we comprehens two methods conclusion, get the last conclusion:the difficulty of the Korean students' acquisition of53subordinate complex sentence patterns is:there are12sentences which are most easily to grasp,10sentences which are easy to grasp,23sentences which are more difficult to grasp,5sentences which are hardest to grasp, in addition to three for defects of corpus sentences. Last, we also adopt "three-frequency-comprehensive method(三频综合法)”investigates the Korean students' acquisition difficulty of11kinds of sentence types. The acquisition difficulty from low to high as follows:Y(causal clause)>Z(Transitional sentence> M(Objective clause)>J(hypothesis compound sentence)>JS (explains complex sentence>D(The progressive duplicate sentences)> B(Compound complex sentence)=T(progressive duplicate sentences juxtaposed complex conditional clause)> X(Selective complex Chinese sentence)=L(Coherent complex sentences)>R (Concessions complex sentence).
     Chapter four classified and summarized the errors of Korean students' acquisition of53kinds of Complex sentences. A total of ten types of errors are obtained:related words errors, related words misuse, related words wrong order, related words omission, related words diffuse, The related sentences errors, sentence combination, parts of speech errors, sentence format into differentiation, other misconduct and the other. In these types, related words errors, related words omission, related words misuse have most error cases, accounted for nearly80%of the total error cases, respectively32.51%,28.53%,18.66%. There are much Chinese Words in Korean language, those words which pronunciation, meaning is same or similar to Chinese are good to the Korean students' acquisition of Chinese related words. At the same time, because the meaning of many Chinese Words in Korean does not corresponding to Chinese words, so it is easily to understand generalization or misunderstand Chinese sentence words meaning, the resulting correlation malapropism. In addition, the Korean language is a typical, agglutinative language which grammatical meaning is rely on the changes of suffix (the same to the Complex sentence).therefore, it is difficult for the Korean students to remember and use the related words of Chinese Complex sentences, so the Korean students will produce a large number of related word deletion and related words in correct sequence error. There are many Chinese sentence related words which are similar to other related words in forms and meanings, those similarity make the Korean students product related words misuse error when use these words.
     When Korean students output Chinese, they tend to turn to mother tongue. In addition to the amount of the use of the sentences which is similar to Chinese sentences in their mother tongue, even make many mistakes. Korean students also often adopt a simplified strategy:before the Complex sentences have be mastered, Korean students often will put Complex sentence format into Simple sentences so that the Complex sentence format become a component; many related words have elided forms, the frequency of Korean students using these omitted forms is much higher than that of non.; Related words syllable is also influenced Korean students to chosse sentences, selection of small number of syllables, two-syllable words, will reduce the probability of error.
     Chapter five focuses on the condition of complex sentences selection and layout, the condition of complex sentences reproduction in the "language points" and the texts, the condition of complex sentences in the exercise of textbook series "The Road to Success"." The road to success" is based on the "Study Outline"."The Road to Success" do not completely covered all the complex sentences as the "Study Outline" required, there are many commonly used sentences are not compiled into the books, but it follows the basic orders outline as required. The problems include:the arrangement of complex sentences focus too much on quasi intermediate textbooks, and in teaching materials, large number of sentences patterns present as conjunction or adverb, rather than sentences, that are not conducive to teaching and learning. The complex sentences repetition rates in the language points and the text of "The Road to Success" are not high, and the present unbalanced. Disequilibrium is embodied in two:first, some complex sentences repetition rate is very high, some is very low, even to zero; second, some complex sentences repetition focused on a certain class or some classes. The defects of complex sentences exercise arrangement are insufficient numbers, type is not rich enough, the lack of specific practice. Finally, this paper combines the Korean students' acquisition of complex sentences difficulty, the types of errors on complex sentence to give some suggestions about in editing complex sentences in Chinese textbooks and complex sentence teaching.
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