电气设备直流局部放电信号的检测与研究
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摘要
电力行业作为我国国民经济发展的重要支柱性产业,对我国经济的快速发展具有非常重要的意义。其中高压直流输电因为具有距离长、容量大、控制灵活等优点,近年来,直流输电方式及相应的直流输电设备在国内外的电力行业中都有较快的发展。随着电网规模的不断扩大,电压等级的逐步提高,对系统的可靠性、稳定性等方面提出了更高的要求。同时,对直流电气设备运行状态的安全性也提出了进一步的要求。
在电力系统中,使电气设备产生故障的原因有很多,这其中由绝缘损坏引起的故障所占的比重最大。导致绝缘损坏的原因很多,而由局部放电导致的电气设备绝缘劣化是重要原因。所以在绝缘状态检测中局部放电检测占有非常重要的地位。
本文首先从局部放电的理论入手,通过局部放电的概念、种类、原理、特点及直流局部放电机理等局部放电的理论,全面的介绍了局部放电的含义。然后在交流局部放电检测系统的基础上,搭建起了直流局部放电检测系统,用高频CT法对直流局部放电的信号进行检测,选取了典型的局部放电模型：电晕放电、内部放电、悬浮电位放电,在不同外加直流电压作用下,进行了直流局部放电的实验。通过分析,提出了放电幅值与放电次数之间的关系以及放电时间间隔与放电次数之间的关系可作为直流局部放电模式识别的图谱。最后,在直流局部放电实验的基础上,将不同类型的直流局部放电特征量进行了分析比较,提取了局部放电图谱的偏斜度和陡峭度作为直流局部放电类型识别的特征量；证明它们可以有效地识别直流局部放电的类型。
As a major pillar industry of gross domestic economic development of China, power industry plays an extremely important role. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission can transfer heavy capacity to far distance, and it can be controlled flexibly. In recent years, the HVDC have developed rapidly in the power industry all over the world, and as well as the DC voltage electrical equipment. Along with the enlarging of the power network and the increasing of the voltage level, the security and stability of the power system would be higher. At the same time, the security on the running state of DC electrical equipment would be advanced, too.
Many reasons can lead to the insulation failure of electrical equipment. The partial discharge is an important reason for leading to the insulation deterioration of electrical equipment. So the partial discharge occupies a very important position in insulation test.
First of all, this paper begins with the partial discharge theory, such as the definition, the categories, the elements, the characteristic of the partial discharge. And then introduces the mechanism of the partial discharge at DC voltage, in order to give a comprehensive summary of it. Based on the AC partial discharge testing system, we seted up the testing system of partial discharge at DC voltage. We test the signal of the DC partial discharge by the way of HFCT. And three typical discharges models are choosed. They are corona discharge, internal discharge and suspending discharge. The tests are done at different DC voltage. Based on the analysis, the relationship between the partial discharge amplitude and its number and the relationship between the time interval of discharge and its number are selected as PD pattern to identify its type. Finally, based on partial discharge tests at DC voltage, the article analyses and compares the characteristic parameters of the different type of the DC voltage partial discharge. The statistical characteristic parameters, including skewness and kurtosis, are selected as the partial discharge characteristic parameters at DC voltage; they can be used to effectively identify the types of partial discharge at DC voltage.
在电力系统中,使电气设备产生故障的原因有很多,这其中由绝缘损坏引起的故障所占的比重最大。导致绝缘损坏的原因很多,而由局部放电导致的电气设备绝缘劣化是重要原因。所以在绝缘状态检测中局部放电检测占有非常重要的地位。
本文首先从局部放电的理论入手,通过局部放电的概念、种类、原理、特点及直流局部放电机理等局部放电的理论,全面的介绍了局部放电的含义。然后在交流局部放电检测系统的基础上,搭建起了直流局部放电检测系统,用高频CT法对直流局部放电的信号进行检测,选取了典型的局部放电模型：电晕放电、内部放电、悬浮电位放电,在不同外加直流电压作用下,进行了直流局部放电的实验。通过分析,提出了放电幅值与放电次数之间的关系以及放电时间间隔与放电次数之间的关系可作为直流局部放电模式识别的图谱。最后,在直流局部放电实验的基础上,将不同类型的直流局部放电特征量进行了分析比较,提取了局部放电图谱的偏斜度和陡峭度作为直流局部放电类型识别的特征量；证明它们可以有效地识别直流局部放电的类型。
As a major pillar industry of gross domestic economic development of China, power industry plays an extremely important role. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission can transfer heavy capacity to far distance, and it can be controlled flexibly. In recent years, the HVDC have developed rapidly in the power industry all over the world, and as well as the DC voltage electrical equipment. Along with the enlarging of the power network and the increasing of the voltage level, the security and stability of the power system would be higher. At the same time, the security on the running state of DC electrical equipment would be advanced, too.
Many reasons can lead to the insulation failure of electrical equipment. The partial discharge is an important reason for leading to the insulation deterioration of electrical equipment. So the partial discharge occupies a very important position in insulation test.
First of all, this paper begins with the partial discharge theory, such as the definition, the categories, the elements, the characteristic of the partial discharge. And then introduces the mechanism of the partial discharge at DC voltage, in order to give a comprehensive summary of it. Based on the AC partial discharge testing system, we seted up the testing system of partial discharge at DC voltage. We test the signal of the DC partial discharge by the way of HFCT. And three typical discharges models are choosed. They are corona discharge, internal discharge and suspending discharge. The tests are done at different DC voltage. Based on the analysis, the relationship between the partial discharge amplitude and its number and the relationship between the time interval of discharge and its number are selected as PD pattern to identify its type. Finally, based on partial discharge tests at DC voltage, the article analyses and compares the characteristic parameters of the different type of the DC voltage partial discharge. The statistical characteristic parameters, including skewness and kurtosis, are selected as the partial discharge characteristic parameters at DC voltage; they can be used to effectively identify the types of partial discharge at DC voltage.
引文
[1]曾南超,高压直流输电在我国电网发展中的作用[J],高电压技术,2004,30(11)：11-12
[2]R. Bartnikas, Partial Discharges:Their Mechanism, Detection and Measurement [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2002,9(5):763-807
[3]E.C.Rogers, D.J.Skippe, Gaseous Discharge Phenomena in HVdc Cable Dielectrics[J], Proc.IEEE,1960,107(Part A):241-254
[4]U. Fromm, Interpretation of Partial Discharges at dc Voltages [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1995,2(5):761-770
[5]M. J.P. Jeroense, F. H. Kreuger, Partial Discharge Measurements on a High Voltage Direct Current Mass Impregnated Paper Cable [C], IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,1996:134-137
[6]G. Hoogenraad, P. Morshuis, C. Petrarca, Classification of Partial Discharges for DC Equipment [C], IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomenon, San Francisco,1996:110-112
[7]Peter H. F. Morshuis, Johan J. Smit, Partial Discharges at dc Voltage:Their Mechanism, Detection and Analysis [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2005,12(2):328-340
[8]陈勇,于成龙,何承基,直流局部放电测试技术在电容器老化判断中的应用[J],中国测试技术,2003,9：20-21
[9]刘华昌,吴春艳,电容器直流局部放电的统计指纹分析[J],高电电器,2005,41(6)：405-407
[10]刘华昌,于成龙,冉汉政,高压电容器直流局部放电测试抗干扰的分析[J],高电压技术,2005,31(7)：10-12
[11]李晓华,吴广宁,张血琴.典型缺陷的直流局部放电波形测量与特性分析[J].高电压技术,2007,33(8)：31-34
[12]边姗姗,吴广宁,张血琴,高压储能缺陷电容器直流局部放电信号的统计分析[J],绝缘材料,2007,40(5)：63-66
[13]李建明,朱康,高压电气设备试验方法,北京：中国电力出版社,2001,298-309
[14]谭坚文,快前沿电磁脉冲的模拟与测量技术研究,[硕士学位论文],中国人民解放军理工大学,2005,44-51
[15]李少慧,宁雅农,光纤传感器,武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1997
[16]Anon, Partial Discharge Testing of Gas insulated Substations[J], IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1992,7(2):499-506
[17]邱昌容,电工设备局部放电及其测试技术,北京：机械工业出版社,1994
[18]Miyamoto M, Hatakeyama Y, Partial discharge measurement with fluorescent optical fiber sensor, Proceedings of the Asian Conference of Electrical Insulation Diagnosis,1999:216-220
[19]Chen Min, Koij Urano, Li You-Cheng, Application of Combined PD Sensor for GIS PD Detection and Condition Monitoring, International Conference on A Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Beijing, China,2008
[20]Cease T W, Driggans J G, Weikel S J, Optical voltage and current sensors used in a revenue metering system, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991, 12(4)::1422-1427
[21]丁燕生,唐志国,李成榕等,变压器的UHF法局放故障定位初探[J],高电压技术,2005,31(11)：18-20
[22]王国利,郝艳捧,李彦明,变压器局部放电特高频在线监测系统的研究[J],电工电能新技术,2004,23(4)：18-23
[23]陆宇航,杜伯学,朱晓辉,基于匹配滤波法的超高频局部放电信号检测[J],电网技术,2008,32(17)：84-89
[24]王国利,郝艳捧,刘味果等,电力变压器超高频局部放电测量系统[J],高电压技术,2001,27(4)：23-27
[25]李军浩,司文荣,王颂袁等,电力变压器局部放电定位方法现状及发展[J],变压器,2007,6(3)：40-44
[26]孙才新,罗兵,顾乐观等,变压器局部放电源的电-声和声-声定位法及其评判的研究[J],电工技术学报,1997,12(5)：49-60
[27]朱德恒,严璋,高电压绝缘,北京：清华大学出版社,1992,200-232
[28]施围,邱毓昌,张乔根,高电压工程基础,北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[29]P. Morshuis, R.OENSE, J. Beyer, Partial Discharge Part XXIV:The Analysis of PD in HVDC Equipment [J], IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,1997,13(2): 6-16
[30]D.G.Pellinen, M.S.S.Capua, E.Steohen, ect, Rogowski Coil for Measuring Fast,High-level Pulsed Currrent, Rev. Sci. Instrum,1980,51(11):1535-1540
[31]杜伯学,陆宇航,张强,基于传感器阈值法的局部放电信号自消噪[J],高电压技术,2001,34(8)：1578-1582
[32]B.X.Du, Q.Zhang, Y.H.Lu, PD Pattern Classification for dc System Based on Fractal Dimensions[J], IEEE,2006,5(6):427-430
[2]R. Bartnikas, Partial Discharges:Their Mechanism, Detection and Measurement [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2002,9(5):763-807
[3]E.C.Rogers, D.J.Skippe, Gaseous Discharge Phenomena in HVdc Cable Dielectrics[J], Proc.IEEE,1960,107(Part A):241-254
[4]U. Fromm, Interpretation of Partial Discharges at dc Voltages [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1995,2(5):761-770
[5]M. J.P. Jeroense, F. H. Kreuger, Partial Discharge Measurements on a High Voltage Direct Current Mass Impregnated Paper Cable [C], IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,1996:134-137
[6]G. Hoogenraad, P. Morshuis, C. Petrarca, Classification of Partial Discharges for DC Equipment [C], IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomenon, San Francisco,1996:110-112
[7]Peter H. F. Morshuis, Johan J. Smit, Partial Discharges at dc Voltage:Their Mechanism, Detection and Analysis [J], IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2005,12(2):328-340
[8]陈勇,于成龙,何承基,直流局部放电测试技术在电容器老化判断中的应用[J],中国测试技术,2003,9：20-21
[9]刘华昌,吴春艳,电容器直流局部放电的统计指纹分析[J],高电电器,2005,41(6)：405-407
[10]刘华昌,于成龙,冉汉政,高压电容器直流局部放电测试抗干扰的分析[J],高电压技术,2005,31(7)：10-12
[11]李晓华,吴广宁,张血琴.典型缺陷的直流局部放电波形测量与特性分析[J].高电压技术,2007,33(8)：31-34
[12]边姗姗,吴广宁,张血琴,高压储能缺陷电容器直流局部放电信号的统计分析[J],绝缘材料,2007,40(5)：63-66
[13]李建明,朱康,高压电气设备试验方法,北京：中国电力出版社,2001,298-309
[14]谭坚文,快前沿电磁脉冲的模拟与测量技术研究,[硕士学位论文],中国人民解放军理工大学,2005,44-51
[15]李少慧,宁雅农,光纤传感器,武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1997
[16]Anon, Partial Discharge Testing of Gas insulated Substations[J], IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1992,7(2):499-506
[17]邱昌容,电工设备局部放电及其测试技术,北京：机械工业出版社,1994
[18]Miyamoto M, Hatakeyama Y, Partial discharge measurement with fluorescent optical fiber sensor, Proceedings of the Asian Conference of Electrical Insulation Diagnosis,1999:216-220
[19]Chen Min, Koij Urano, Li You-Cheng, Application of Combined PD Sensor for GIS PD Detection and Condition Monitoring, International Conference on A Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Beijing, China,2008
[20]Cease T W, Driggans J G, Weikel S J, Optical voltage and current sensors used in a revenue metering system, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991, 12(4)::1422-1427
[21]丁燕生,唐志国,李成榕等,变压器的UHF法局放故障定位初探[J],高电压技术,2005,31(11)：18-20
[22]王国利,郝艳捧,李彦明,变压器局部放电特高频在线监测系统的研究[J],电工电能新技术,2004,23(4)：18-23
[23]陆宇航,杜伯学,朱晓辉,基于匹配滤波法的超高频局部放电信号检测[J],电网技术,2008,32(17)：84-89
[24]王国利,郝艳捧,刘味果等,电力变压器超高频局部放电测量系统[J],高电压技术,2001,27(4)：23-27
[25]李军浩,司文荣,王颂袁等,电力变压器局部放电定位方法现状及发展[J],变压器,2007,6(3)：40-44
[26]孙才新,罗兵,顾乐观等,变压器局部放电源的电-声和声-声定位法及其评判的研究[J],电工技术学报,1997,12(5)：49-60
[27]朱德恒,严璋,高电压绝缘,北京：清华大学出版社,1992,200-232
[28]施围,邱毓昌,张乔根,高电压工程基础,北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[29]P. Morshuis, R.OENSE, J. Beyer, Partial Discharge Part XXIV:The Analysis of PD in HVDC Equipment [J], IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,1997,13(2): 6-16
[30]D.G.Pellinen, M.S.S.Capua, E.Steohen, ect, Rogowski Coil for Measuring Fast,High-level Pulsed Currrent, Rev. Sci. Instrum,1980,51(11):1535-1540
[31]杜伯学,陆宇航,张强,基于传感器阈值法的局部放电信号自消噪[J],高电压技术,2001,34(8)：1578-1582
[32]B.X.Du, Q.Zhang, Y.H.Lu, PD Pattern Classification for dc System Based on Fractal Dimensions[J], IEEE,2006,5(6):427-430