基于自组织理论的高技术虚拟企业管理模式研究
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摘要
市场全球化、个性化、网络化的飞速发展,加剧了当前的市场竞争,网络经济的出现使得人类社会发生了从工业经济时代到知识经济时代的革命,并引发了企业管理领域以业务流程重组为核心内容的一场新的管理革命,传统企业管理模式已很难适应新的市场环境。在高科技蓬勃发展的今天,市场竞争更加激烈,顾客的需求趋于多样化和个性化。企业的竞争优势在很大程度上取决于企业本身是否具有快速的市场应变能力。显然,传统的大规模、大批量、单功能的刚性生产方式已不能满足未来市场需要。面对动态、快速、多变的市场环境,必须采用新的企业管理模式,才能使企业更好地生存和发展。
随着全球经济信息化、一体化和网络化过程的不断推进,一种新型的企业组织形式—虚拟企业(Virtual Enterprise,VE),正在对传统的企业管理思想和管理模式产生深刻影响。高技术企业绝大部分为中小企业,该类企业规模小但灵活性强,代表着未来知识经济时代的产业发展方向,最适合采用虚拟组织模式。但是,目前虚拟企业管理理论研究还处于起步阶段,尤其是针对高技术企业特点组建的虚拟组织研究,还没有形成较完整的理论体系和管理模式。因此,本文根据高技术企业特点,依据网络经济要求,研究一种新型的高技术虚拟企业(High-Tech Virtual Enterprise,HTVE)管理模式,这既是高技术企业提高竞争能力和市场适应能力的迫切需要,同时也是新型企业组织和管理模式理论研究迫切需要。
本文在对国内外虚拟企业理论、自组织理论、交易费用理论等相关理论和方法以及研究成果进行系统分析的基础上,界定了高技术虚拟企业的内涵、特征、类型,揭示了高技术虚拟企业产生的动因,并运用交易费用理论进行了高技术虚拟企业经济学分析。
根据高技术虚拟企业的特性,分析了高技术虚拟企业由无序到有序的构建过程,再从低级有序到高级有序的运作过程,最后到终止过程的演化规律。提出了基于自组织理论的高技术虚拟企业管理模式的理论框架,该管理模式包括组织模式、组建管理模式、运作管理模式、终止管理模式。
设计了将知识链、资金链相互耦合渗透到供应链的各环节中,以信息平台为技术手段,契约为法律保障,以价值增值为目标的多重链紧密结合,共同作用,相互促进,协调发展的网络动态结构。基于模块化方法,建立了高技术虚拟企业功能模块设计的IDEF模型。借助于自组织演化动力学模型,揭示了功能模块的非线性关系。
基于自组织理论,阐述了高技术虚拟企业构建过程的他组织到自组织演化过程。建立了高技术虚拟企业组建过程中的状态转移模型和序参量模型。通过高技术虚拟企业核心能力形成机理分析,建立了高技术虚拟企业核心能力集成模型。
根据协同学原理,建立了高技术虚拟企业运作管理模式,具体包括合作伙伴关系协同管理模式、多重链协同模式、协调控制模式。在高技术虚拟企业合作伙伴关系协同管理机制中,建立了基于熵理论的合作伙伴信誉评价模型;基于优势互补的高技术虚拟企业激励约束博弈模型;以沟通、协作和协商三层结构为基础的,以协调为核心的协调机制模型。构建了知识链和资金链相互耦合,渗透到供应链各环节中的多重链协同模式,此外还建立了经营管理机制,风险监控机制和信息反馈机制,这些机制的建立,为高技术虚拟企业有条不紊的运行,奠定了坚实的基础。
根据系统渐变和突变原理,建立了高技术虚拟企业终止识别模式;设计了高技术虚拟企业后评估体系以及利益分配和风险共担方式。针对高技术虚拟企业的特点,建立了高技术虚拟企业模式总结体系,并构建了基于高技术虚拟企业不同阶段的知识积累模式。这些都将为未来的合作提供科学的依据。
最后本文以“xc90汽车导航设备研发和生产”项目为实证研究对象,构建了由日本DESON公司为盟主,以日本日立公司等高技术企业为合作伙伴组建的“xc90汽车导航”项目虚拟企业,对本文所设计的高技术虚拟企业管理模式进行了应用,验证了管理模式的科学性和实用性。
With the rapid development of the globalization, personalization and networking of the market, the current market competition is being intensified. The appearance of network economy makes the human society change from industrial economy era to knowledge economy era, and brings a revolution in enterprises management field. Since the traditional enterprises management mode has no longer adapted to the new market environment, the business process reengineering becomes the core of this management revolution. In these days, the high technologies develop vigorously, market competition becomes increasingly fierce, and the demands of customers tend to be more diversified and personalized. To a large extent, the competitive advantage of enterprises is determined by its feasibility to the market demand. Obviously, the traditional rigid production mode of large scale and single function could not meet the future market demands. Therefore, the enterprises hoping to survive and develop in this dynamic, rapid and changeable market environment have to adopt the new enterprise management mode.
Along with the constant development of information, integration and networking process of global economy, a new type of enterprise organization form—Virtual Enterprise (VE) is performing profound influence on traditional enterprise management thought and management mode. High-tech enterprises, which are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, have the characteristics of small scale and strong flexibility. High-tech enterprises represent the industrial development direction of the future knowledge economy era, and are suitable for adopting the mode of virtual organization. However, the present study on virtual enterprise management theory is still in primary stage, especially the study of the virtual organization establishing according to the characteristics of high-tech enterprises has not formed a relatively complete theoretical system and management mode. Therefore, the dissertation will make research on a new type of management mode of High-tech Virtual Enterprise (HTVE) according to the characteristics of high-tech enterprises and the demand of network economy. It not only meet the urgent demand of high-tech enterprises to enhance their competitiveness and market adaptability, but also obtain great significance in the theoretical research of the new type of enterprise organization and management mode.
Based on the analysis of the related theories and methods such as VE theory, self-organization theory and transaction cost theory, the connotation, characteristics and types of HTVE are defined, the forming reasons of HTVE is clarified, economic analysis of HTVE is made by applying the transaction cost theory in this dissertation.
According to the feature of HTVE, the dissertation studies the evolution rule of the HTVE, including the construction process which is from disorder to order, the operation process which from low class order to high class order, and the termination process which is from order to disorder. It also puts forwards the theory framework of HTVE management model based on self-organization theory, that is to say, the HTVE management mode is composed of organization mode, construction process, operation process and termination process.
The dynamic network structure of HTVE is designed, which is a closely combined, interacted and coordinated developing structure permeating the inter-couples of knowledge chain and capital chain through each link of the supply chain, taking information platform and contract network as legal guarantee and aiming at value adding of multiple links. Based on the modular method, the IDEF model for function designing module of HTVE is set up. With the help of dynamic model of self-organization evolution, the nonlinear relationship of function modules is showed.
Based on self-organization theory, the construction evolution process of HTVE from hetero-organization to self-organization is described. The state transition model and order parameter model in the construction process of HTVE are set up. The integration model of HTVE’s core competence is set up through the formation mechanism analysis of HTVE’s core competence.
According to the synergetic theory, the operation management mode of HTVE is established, which includes the collaborative management mode of partnership, the collaborative mode of multiple chains and the coordination control mode. In the collaborative management mechanisms of HTVE’s partnership, the dissertation establishes the partner trust evaluating model based on the entropy theory, the coordination mechanism model which is based on the three-layer structure, namely communication, cooperation and negotiation, and takes coordination as the core, the incentive and constraint game model based on complementary advantages. The collaborative mode of multiple chains is constructed in which the knowledge chain and capital chain inter-couples and permeates through each link of the supply chain. Furthermore the operation and management mechanism, risk monitoring mechanism and information feedback mechanism are established. The establishment of these mechanisms lays solid foundation for HTVE to operate orderly.
According to the system gradual change and mutation principle, the termination recognition mode of HTVE is established, and the post-evaluation system, benefit distribution and risk sharing pattern are designed. According to the characteristics of HTVE, model summary system of HTVE is set up and knowledge accumulation mode based on different stage is constructed, which will provide scientific reference for the future cooperation.
Finally, the dissertation takes the project of development and production of xc90 automobile navigation equipment as the empirical research object. The management mode of HTVE is applied in the VE of xc90 automobile navigation project, constructed by the Japanese DESON Company as core-company, and high-tech enterprises such as Japanese Hitachi as the partners, which verified the scientific and practicability of HTVE’s management mode.
随着全球经济信息化、一体化和网络化过程的不断推进,一种新型的企业组织形式—虚拟企业(Virtual Enterprise,VE),正在对传统的企业管理思想和管理模式产生深刻影响。高技术企业绝大部分为中小企业,该类企业规模小但灵活性强,代表着未来知识经济时代的产业发展方向,最适合采用虚拟组织模式。但是,目前虚拟企业管理理论研究还处于起步阶段,尤其是针对高技术企业特点组建的虚拟组织研究,还没有形成较完整的理论体系和管理模式。因此,本文根据高技术企业特点,依据网络经济要求,研究一种新型的高技术虚拟企业(High-Tech Virtual Enterprise,HTVE)管理模式,这既是高技术企业提高竞争能力和市场适应能力的迫切需要,同时也是新型企业组织和管理模式理论研究迫切需要。
本文在对国内外虚拟企业理论、自组织理论、交易费用理论等相关理论和方法以及研究成果进行系统分析的基础上,界定了高技术虚拟企业的内涵、特征、类型,揭示了高技术虚拟企业产生的动因,并运用交易费用理论进行了高技术虚拟企业经济学分析。
根据高技术虚拟企业的特性,分析了高技术虚拟企业由无序到有序的构建过程,再从低级有序到高级有序的运作过程,最后到终止过程的演化规律。提出了基于自组织理论的高技术虚拟企业管理模式的理论框架,该管理模式包括组织模式、组建管理模式、运作管理模式、终止管理模式。
设计了将知识链、资金链相互耦合渗透到供应链的各环节中,以信息平台为技术手段,契约为法律保障,以价值增值为目标的多重链紧密结合,共同作用,相互促进,协调发展的网络动态结构。基于模块化方法,建立了高技术虚拟企业功能模块设计的IDEF模型。借助于自组织演化动力学模型,揭示了功能模块的非线性关系。
基于自组织理论,阐述了高技术虚拟企业构建过程的他组织到自组织演化过程。建立了高技术虚拟企业组建过程中的状态转移模型和序参量模型。通过高技术虚拟企业核心能力形成机理分析,建立了高技术虚拟企业核心能力集成模型。
根据协同学原理,建立了高技术虚拟企业运作管理模式,具体包括合作伙伴关系协同管理模式、多重链协同模式、协调控制模式。在高技术虚拟企业合作伙伴关系协同管理机制中,建立了基于熵理论的合作伙伴信誉评价模型;基于优势互补的高技术虚拟企业激励约束博弈模型;以沟通、协作和协商三层结构为基础的,以协调为核心的协调机制模型。构建了知识链和资金链相互耦合,渗透到供应链各环节中的多重链协同模式,此外还建立了经营管理机制,风险监控机制和信息反馈机制,这些机制的建立,为高技术虚拟企业有条不紊的运行,奠定了坚实的基础。
根据系统渐变和突变原理,建立了高技术虚拟企业终止识别模式;设计了高技术虚拟企业后评估体系以及利益分配和风险共担方式。针对高技术虚拟企业的特点,建立了高技术虚拟企业模式总结体系,并构建了基于高技术虚拟企业不同阶段的知识积累模式。这些都将为未来的合作提供科学的依据。
最后本文以“xc90汽车导航设备研发和生产”项目为实证研究对象,构建了由日本DESON公司为盟主,以日本日立公司等高技术企业为合作伙伴组建的“xc90汽车导航”项目虚拟企业,对本文所设计的高技术虚拟企业管理模式进行了应用,验证了管理模式的科学性和实用性。
With the rapid development of the globalization, personalization and networking of the market, the current market competition is being intensified. The appearance of network economy makes the human society change from industrial economy era to knowledge economy era, and brings a revolution in enterprises management field. Since the traditional enterprises management mode has no longer adapted to the new market environment, the business process reengineering becomes the core of this management revolution. In these days, the high technologies develop vigorously, market competition becomes increasingly fierce, and the demands of customers tend to be more diversified and personalized. To a large extent, the competitive advantage of enterprises is determined by its feasibility to the market demand. Obviously, the traditional rigid production mode of large scale and single function could not meet the future market demands. Therefore, the enterprises hoping to survive and develop in this dynamic, rapid and changeable market environment have to adopt the new enterprise management mode.
Along with the constant development of information, integration and networking process of global economy, a new type of enterprise organization form—Virtual Enterprise (VE) is performing profound influence on traditional enterprise management thought and management mode. High-tech enterprises, which are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, have the characteristics of small scale and strong flexibility. High-tech enterprises represent the industrial development direction of the future knowledge economy era, and are suitable for adopting the mode of virtual organization. However, the present study on virtual enterprise management theory is still in primary stage, especially the study of the virtual organization establishing according to the characteristics of high-tech enterprises has not formed a relatively complete theoretical system and management mode. Therefore, the dissertation will make research on a new type of management mode of High-tech Virtual Enterprise (HTVE) according to the characteristics of high-tech enterprises and the demand of network economy. It not only meet the urgent demand of high-tech enterprises to enhance their competitiveness and market adaptability, but also obtain great significance in the theoretical research of the new type of enterprise organization and management mode.
Based on the analysis of the related theories and methods such as VE theory, self-organization theory and transaction cost theory, the connotation, characteristics and types of HTVE are defined, the forming reasons of HTVE is clarified, economic analysis of HTVE is made by applying the transaction cost theory in this dissertation.
According to the feature of HTVE, the dissertation studies the evolution rule of the HTVE, including the construction process which is from disorder to order, the operation process which from low class order to high class order, and the termination process which is from order to disorder. It also puts forwards the theory framework of HTVE management model based on self-organization theory, that is to say, the HTVE management mode is composed of organization mode, construction process, operation process and termination process.
The dynamic network structure of HTVE is designed, which is a closely combined, interacted and coordinated developing structure permeating the inter-couples of knowledge chain and capital chain through each link of the supply chain, taking information platform and contract network as legal guarantee and aiming at value adding of multiple links. Based on the modular method, the IDEF model for function designing module of HTVE is set up. With the help of dynamic model of self-organization evolution, the nonlinear relationship of function modules is showed.
Based on self-organization theory, the construction evolution process of HTVE from hetero-organization to self-organization is described. The state transition model and order parameter model in the construction process of HTVE are set up. The integration model of HTVE’s core competence is set up through the formation mechanism analysis of HTVE’s core competence.
According to the synergetic theory, the operation management mode of HTVE is established, which includes the collaborative management mode of partnership, the collaborative mode of multiple chains and the coordination control mode. In the collaborative management mechanisms of HTVE’s partnership, the dissertation establishes the partner trust evaluating model based on the entropy theory, the coordination mechanism model which is based on the three-layer structure, namely communication, cooperation and negotiation, and takes coordination as the core, the incentive and constraint game model based on complementary advantages. The collaborative mode of multiple chains is constructed in which the knowledge chain and capital chain inter-couples and permeates through each link of the supply chain. Furthermore the operation and management mechanism, risk monitoring mechanism and information feedback mechanism are established. The establishment of these mechanisms lays solid foundation for HTVE to operate orderly.
According to the system gradual change and mutation principle, the termination recognition mode of HTVE is established, and the post-evaluation system, benefit distribution and risk sharing pattern are designed. According to the characteristics of HTVE, model summary system of HTVE is set up and knowledge accumulation mode based on different stage is constructed, which will provide scientific reference for the future cooperation.
Finally, the dissertation takes the project of development and production of xc90 automobile navigation equipment as the empirical research object. The management mode of HTVE is applied in the VE of xc90 automobile navigation project, constructed by the Japanese DESON Company as core-company, and high-tech enterprises such as Japanese Hitachi as the partners, which verified the scientific and practicability of HTVE’s management mode.
引文
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