弱势群体体育权益探析
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摘要
随着社会的快速发展和高度的转型,农民工成为了我国由传统社会向现代社会转变的重要标志。农民工作为一个群体或一个阶层与社会的发展与变革越来越紧密的联系在一起,对中国正在发生的转型有着不容忽视的影响。他们对社会、城市的建设和发展起了很大的贡献和重要的推动作用。但是由于种种因素的影响,农民工的某些权利和权益的享有及保障与他们所付出的劳动并没有成正比发展,而在很大的程度上他们的权益受到了侵害,例如工资拖欠问题、医疗卫生问题、子女教育问题。对此,政府和有关部门已经制定了相应的政策和措施来保障农民工的权益,从根本上解决农民工工作中遇到的问题。
物质生活提高,精神享受就成了公民追求的一个目标。体育是丰富公民文化生活、提高生活质量的一个重要手段,也是公民享有的一项基本权利。但实际情况来看,农民工体育参与和体育权益维护的状况不是很乐观。农民工从事着苦、累、差、险的工作,为城市建设做了很大的贡献,但他们的体育权益的享有和保障却没有很好的实现。政府和国家领导人对农民工的生活质量和身体健康的发展是很关注的,为了丰富农民工的文体生活,提高他们的身体素质,制定了相应的法规和政策来维护农民工的权益,农民工的文体权益实施也得到了一定的提高,但在参与过程中受一些因素的制约,例如对农民工自己对体育的认识不足、经济不宽裕、闲暇时间缺乏等条件的影响,再加上有些部门和单位对国家政策的实施力度好态度的不足,农民工的体育参与情况不乐观,农民工的体育权益在很大程度上也没得到保障。
针对这个问题,本文运用文献资料、访谈、问卷调查等方法,以武汉市为焦点,对有关部门、单位和负责人进行访谈,以及到农民工工作地进行实地访谈并发放调查问卷进行调查分析。实地调查了武汉市农民工在闲暇时间体育参与情况、农民工可利用的体育设施场地情况、农民工体育权益维护情况以及影响农民工参与体育的因素等进行了分析和研究。结果显示,不同年龄、不同文化程度、不同行业的农民工业余文体生活有较大的差异,总的来看是非常缺乏的,体育活动的参与机会少、体育场地设施缺乏、体育组织和指导方面与城镇居民比也相差较远,根据调查结果,作者给出了自己的观点并提出了一些建议。
With the fact that society develops quickly and transforms deeply, the peasant worker is becoming the important group that our country changes from tradition society to modern society. The peasant worker as a group or a stratum has be relation to the society’s development more and more. And the group make a fierce effecting to the development of the society . They make a big contribution and driving to the society and city’s construction and development. But because of all factors, the ensrement of their rights and interests did not have direct proportionl to their working, and encroaching on it becoms normal,so the government has already worked out the rules to protect thei rights and interests to solve the problems which meet in the work .for instance, the problem of the salary , the health and medical community on very big degree have be solved.
Wihe the material life improving ,the spirit enjoyment has become the citizen’s a target .Sport is a important means to improve the quality of their lives, As the same time it is also one fundamental right that the citizen enjoys. But the situation which the peasant workers participate sports is not very sanguine. From all , the peasant workers is engaged in the bitter , tired , bad and vicious job, for the city’s construction has made very big contribution. But their sports rights and interests have not be enjoyed and ensured. The government and state leaders have been to pay close attention to the peasant workers’body and health development.So, for enriching the peasant workers’style, have worked out the rules and laws to protect their rights and interests the peasant laborer rights and interests is put into effect having also got certain rise. But because of the sports is so peculiar , participating in the restraint accepting a few factors in process on very big degree, for example, the cognition to sports is insufficient , economy is not ample , leisure time is short of and so on.Of course we din nou remove the reason that some branchs and units implement good attitude of dynamics deficiency to country policy's,so the peasant workers’sport rights and interests is ensured to a great extent neither.
About this problems , the artical wield method such as document data , interview , questionnaire investigation and take Wu Han City as focal point to carry out an interview on the department concerned of some units and person in charge, as well as the working site is in progress to the peasant worker to carry out investigation analysis. Fact that the peasant worker of Wu Han City sports participated sports and maked use of the facilities and the peasant workers’sports rights and interests defending condition and affecting and so on have been analysed and studied. As a result, demonstrates , the peasant industry spare time style of life being unlike age , being unlike level of education , being unlike industry has bigger difference, general coming to watch has been very deficient , that the sports activities participation chance is few , stadium field facilities is short of , sports organization and guides aspect has been more distant than also there is difference between with the city and town dwell, according to result , the author has given out self viewpoint and has submitted a little suggestion.
物质生活提高,精神享受就成了公民追求的一个目标。体育是丰富公民文化生活、提高生活质量的一个重要手段,也是公民享有的一项基本权利。但实际情况来看,农民工体育参与和体育权益维护的状况不是很乐观。农民工从事着苦、累、差、险的工作,为城市建设做了很大的贡献,但他们的体育权益的享有和保障却没有很好的实现。政府和国家领导人对农民工的生活质量和身体健康的发展是很关注的,为了丰富农民工的文体生活,提高他们的身体素质,制定了相应的法规和政策来维护农民工的权益,农民工的文体权益实施也得到了一定的提高,但在参与过程中受一些因素的制约,例如对农民工自己对体育的认识不足、经济不宽裕、闲暇时间缺乏等条件的影响,再加上有些部门和单位对国家政策的实施力度好态度的不足,农民工的体育参与情况不乐观,农民工的体育权益在很大程度上也没得到保障。
针对这个问题,本文运用文献资料、访谈、问卷调查等方法,以武汉市为焦点,对有关部门、单位和负责人进行访谈,以及到农民工工作地进行实地访谈并发放调查问卷进行调查分析。实地调查了武汉市农民工在闲暇时间体育参与情况、农民工可利用的体育设施场地情况、农民工体育权益维护情况以及影响农民工参与体育的因素等进行了分析和研究。结果显示,不同年龄、不同文化程度、不同行业的农民工业余文体生活有较大的差异,总的来看是非常缺乏的,体育活动的参与机会少、体育场地设施缺乏、体育组织和指导方面与城镇居民比也相差较远,根据调查结果,作者给出了自己的观点并提出了一些建议。
With the fact that society develops quickly and transforms deeply, the peasant worker is becoming the important group that our country changes from tradition society to modern society. The peasant worker as a group or a stratum has be relation to the society’s development more and more. And the group make a fierce effecting to the development of the society . They make a big contribution and driving to the society and city’s construction and development. But because of all factors, the ensrement of their rights and interests did not have direct proportionl to their working, and encroaching on it becoms normal,so the government has already worked out the rules to protect thei rights and interests to solve the problems which meet in the work .for instance, the problem of the salary , the health and medical community on very big degree have be solved.
Wihe the material life improving ,the spirit enjoyment has become the citizen’s a target .Sport is a important means to improve the quality of their lives, As the same time it is also one fundamental right that the citizen enjoys. But the situation which the peasant workers participate sports is not very sanguine. From all , the peasant workers is engaged in the bitter , tired , bad and vicious job, for the city’s construction has made very big contribution. But their sports rights and interests have not be enjoyed and ensured. The government and state leaders have been to pay close attention to the peasant workers’body and health development.So, for enriching the peasant workers’style, have worked out the rules and laws to protect their rights and interests the peasant laborer rights and interests is put into effect having also got certain rise. But because of the sports is so peculiar , participating in the restraint accepting a few factors in process on very big degree, for example, the cognition to sports is insufficient , economy is not ample , leisure time is short of and so on.Of course we din nou remove the reason that some branchs and units implement good attitude of dynamics deficiency to country policy's,so the peasant workers’sport rights and interests is ensured to a great extent neither.
About this problems , the artical wield method such as document data , interview , questionnaire investigation and take Wu Han City as focal point to carry out an interview on the department concerned of some units and person in charge, as well as the working site is in progress to the peasant worker to carry out investigation analysis. Fact that the peasant worker of Wu Han City sports participated sports and maked use of the facilities and the peasant workers’sports rights and interests defending condition and affecting and so on have been analysed and studied. As a result, demonstrates , the peasant industry spare time style of life being unlike age , being unlike level of education , being unlike industry has bigger difference, general coming to watch has been very deficient , that the sports activities participation chance is few , stadium field facilities is short of , sports organization and guides aspect has been more distant than also there is difference between with the city and town dwell, according to result , the author has given out self viewpoint and has submitted a little suggestion.
引文
[1] 夏国锋,陆继锋.关于农民工文化生活及其层化现象的典型调查[J].农村社会,2006,1.
[2] 童娟娥,任开顺.外来务工人员业余文化生活现状调查[J].浙江统计.2006,1.
[3] 鲁长芬,王健,罗小兵,胡庆山.城市农民工参与全民健身的现状调查与分析[J].天津体育学院学报,2005,(20)5.
[4] 国家体育总局《全民健身指导丛书》编委会.国外大众体育[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.16.
[5] 网友评论 来源: 中青在线(北京)2007,10.17.
[6] 王思斌.社会工作导论[M].北京大学出版社,1998 年版.
[7] 陈宁.全民健身概论[M].四川:四川教育出版社,2006,7.
[8] 李林.法治社会与弱势群体的人权保障[J].《前线》,2001 年第 5 期.
[9] 吴中宇.社会保障学[M].华中科技大学出版社,2004,12.
[10] 李培林.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996,(4).
[11]“当代中国社会阶层结构”课题组.当代社会流动[M],社会化科学文献出版社,2004.
[12] 唐克军.“最后的农民”与政府的乡村策略[J].探索与争鸣,2004(4)
[13] 傅晨,谢小蓉.《新生代农民工“民工荒”刍议》[J].统筹城乡发展.2006(2)
[14] 蒋美华,刘永亮.《农民工的弱势地位及改变途径》[J].郑州航空管理学院学报(社会科学版)
[15] 全永波.弱势群体权益保障的构建和完善[J]. 《 职场观察》.
[16] 什么是社会弱势群体 最佳答案 所在位置: 网上资料 2.
[17] 胡科,黄玉诊,金育强.作为权利的体育[J].体育学刊,2007,14(2).
[18] 齐延平.《人权与法治》[M].山东人民出版社,2003,1.
[19] 吴鹏森.现代社会保障概论[M].上海人民出版社,2004,7:27-28.
[20] Li,Chang.“Surplus rural laborers and internal migration in China:Current status and future prospects,”AsianSurvey,Vol.36,No.11,1996:1122-1145.
[21] 吴鹏森.现代社会保障概论[M].上海人民出版社,2004,7.
[22] 刘林箭,张毅. 浙江省农民工生活方式与体育现状的调查研究[J].湖州师范学院学报,2005.2:28(1).
[23] 新华社中国要闻. 国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见.北京 2006 年 3 月 27 日电.
[24] 唐红.农民工权益保障的法律思考[J].江西青年职业学院学报,2006,(3).
[25] 中华人民共和国体育法规:公共文化体育设施条例.2003,8,1.
[26] Edvina U. Dural exchange theofy[J]. Social Network and Informal Social Support Als,1990,96(3):22-23.
[27] Frank Cass&Co.Culture, sport, society[M], England,1998.
[28] 吴中宇.社会保障学[M].华中科技大学出版社,2004,12.
[29] 陈宁.全民健身概论[M].四川:四川教育出版社,2006,7.
[30] 石立江.我国大众体育权益及其保障系统[J].山西师大体育学院报,2007,3.
[31] 柳思维.特别关注维护农民工的健康权益[J].消费经济,2005,21(2).
[32] 汪俊英.切实保障进城务工农民的合法权益[J].学习论坛,2008,22(8).
[33] 李卉.浅析构建和谐社会中的弱势群体问题[J].成都教育学院学报,2006,20(1).
[34] 刘福成.农民工权益无法保障的现状、成因及对策研究[J].生产力研究,2006,3.
[35] 张国富,李伟歌.加强农民工社会保障建设的构想[J].云南师范大学学报,2006,38(4).
[36] 杜志娟,候力健,于宝明.关注弱势群体的体育参与以促进全民健身运动的普及[J].山东体育学院学报,2006,22(5).
[37] 王思斌.改革中弱势群体的政策支持[J].北京大学学报,2003,40(6).
[38] 邹师,李坚,王大超.低收入群体健康投资观念及相关理论研究[J].中国体育科技,2004,40(5).
[39] 中卫.鲁晨生.城市农民工法律援助问题研究[J].安徽警官职业学院学报,2006,4.
[40] 林琳.服务弱势群体 构建和谐社会[J].武汉学刊,2005,5.
[41] 王思斌.当前我国社会保障制度的断裂与弥合[J].2004,3.
[42] Chan,Kam Wing and Li Zhang.“The Hukon System and Rural-Urban Migration in China:Processes and Change,”The China Quarterly,No.160,1999.
[2] 童娟娥,任开顺.外来务工人员业余文化生活现状调查[J].浙江统计.2006,1.
[3] 鲁长芬,王健,罗小兵,胡庆山.城市农民工参与全民健身的现状调查与分析[J].天津体育学院学报,2005,(20)5.
[4] 国家体育总局《全民健身指导丛书》编委会.国外大众体育[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.16.
[5] 网友评论 来源: 中青在线(北京)2007,10.17.
[6] 王思斌.社会工作导论[M].北京大学出版社,1998 年版.
[7] 陈宁.全民健身概论[M].四川:四川教育出版社,2006,7.
[8] 李林.法治社会与弱势群体的人权保障[J].《前线》,2001 年第 5 期.
[9] 吴中宇.社会保障学[M].华中科技大学出版社,2004,12.
[10] 李培林.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996,(4).
[11]“当代中国社会阶层结构”课题组.当代社会流动[M],社会化科学文献出版社,2004.
[12] 唐克军.“最后的农民”与政府的乡村策略[J].探索与争鸣,2004(4)
[13] 傅晨,谢小蓉.《新生代农民工“民工荒”刍议》[J].统筹城乡发展.2006(2)
[14] 蒋美华,刘永亮.《农民工的弱势地位及改变途径》[J].郑州航空管理学院学报(社会科学版)
[15] 全永波.弱势群体权益保障的构建和完善[J]. 《 职场观察》.
[16] 什么是社会弱势群体 最佳答案 所在位置: 网上资料 2.
[17] 胡科,黄玉诊,金育强.作为权利的体育[J].体育学刊,2007,14(2).
[18] 齐延平.《人权与法治》[M].山东人民出版社,2003,1.
[19] 吴鹏森.现代社会保障概论[M].上海人民出版社,2004,7:27-28.
[20] Li,Chang.“Surplus rural laborers and internal migration in China:Current status and future prospects,”AsianSurvey,Vol.36,No.11,1996:1122-1145.
[21] 吴鹏森.现代社会保障概论[M].上海人民出版社,2004,7.
[22] 刘林箭,张毅. 浙江省农民工生活方式与体育现状的调查研究[J].湖州师范学院学报,2005.2:28(1).
[23] 新华社中国要闻. 国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见.北京 2006 年 3 月 27 日电.
[24] 唐红.农民工权益保障的法律思考[J].江西青年职业学院学报,2006,(3).
[25] 中华人民共和国体育法规:公共文化体育设施条例.2003,8,1.
[26] Edvina U. Dural exchange theofy[J]. Social Network and Informal Social Support Als,1990,96(3):22-23.
[27] Frank Cass&Co.Culture, sport, society[M], England,1998.
[28] 吴中宇.社会保障学[M].华中科技大学出版社,2004,12.
[29] 陈宁.全民健身概论[M].四川:四川教育出版社,2006,7.
[30] 石立江.我国大众体育权益及其保障系统[J].山西师大体育学院报,2007,3.
[31] 柳思维.特别关注维护农民工的健康权益[J].消费经济,2005,21(2).
[32] 汪俊英.切实保障进城务工农民的合法权益[J].学习论坛,2008,22(8).
[33] 李卉.浅析构建和谐社会中的弱势群体问题[J].成都教育学院学报,2006,20(1).
[34] 刘福成.农民工权益无法保障的现状、成因及对策研究[J].生产力研究,2006,3.
[35] 张国富,李伟歌.加强农民工社会保障建设的构想[J].云南师范大学学报,2006,38(4).
[36] 杜志娟,候力健,于宝明.关注弱势群体的体育参与以促进全民健身运动的普及[J].山东体育学院学报,2006,22(5).
[37] 王思斌.改革中弱势群体的政策支持[J].北京大学学报,2003,40(6).
[38] 邹师,李坚,王大超.低收入群体健康投资观念及相关理论研究[J].中国体育科技,2004,40(5).
[39] 中卫.鲁晨生.城市农民工法律援助问题研究[J].安徽警官职业学院学报,2006,4.
[40] 林琳.服务弱势群体 构建和谐社会[J].武汉学刊,2005,5.
[41] 王思斌.当前我国社会保障制度的断裂与弥合[J].2004,3.
[42] Chan,Kam Wing and Li Zhang.“The Hukon System and Rural-Urban Migration in China:Processes and Change,”The China Quarterly,No.160,1999.