新建建筑围护结构干燥特性及其影响研究
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摘要
中国正处于工业化、城镇化加速发展时期,2005年建设部统计我国现有建筑总面积400多亿平方米,在未来十五年,中国每年新增建筑面积将约达18亿至20亿平方米。随着人类对环境和能源危机的关注,对建筑节能和居住环境要求的日益提高,围护结构性能的研究提到了越来越重要的日程。建筑围护结构材料是典型的多孔介质,多数为复杂的毛细多孔体,其孔洞充满着湿空气、液态水或冰。在潮湿的建筑材料层中通过几种不同的途径进行热量传递,围护结构内部的湿量传递对热量传递和围护结构的保温性能有不可忽视的影响。
目前国内外围护结构热质耦合传递文献主要是对热湿地区准稳态建筑的热质耦合传递的模拟及其研究。而对新建建筑,即初始含湿量较大的建筑的干燥过程的研究较少,尤其是对严寒地区的新建建筑的研究,未见文献发表。围护结构的湿积累引发的工程耐久性问题、围护结构的内表面散湿量对室内热舒适性及空气品质的影响、围护结构的含湿量及湿渗透对建筑负荷尤其是冬季供暖负荷的影响,都是亟待解决的问题。而新建建筑围护结构由于有较大的初始含湿量,上述问题在干燥过程中将更加严重。
本文运用Whitaker体积平均法,首次对严寒地区(以哈尔滨地区为例)新建建筑围护结构干燥过程的热湿耦合传递进行了模拟。考虑了液态水的渗透和冬季围护结构内湿分结冰的情况,以体积含湿量梯度为质驱动势,经过对多层多孔材料界面处含湿量的不连续处理,建立了不同干燥时段的热质耦合传递质量和能量平衡方程。分析了室内外条件、围护结构保温层热侧的隔汽层、冷侧的空气层以及围护结构内外表面涂层对新建建筑围护结构干燥速率的影响。在哈尔滨工业大学建筑节能实验室对单层多孔介质围护结构干燥过程的热质耦合传递进行了实验研究,并与模拟结果进行了对比,验证了模拟的正确性。
对于夏热冬冷或夏热冬暖地区,由于室外气温较高,新建建筑围护结构的干燥对室内温湿度环境的影响可通过增加通风率来缓解,可对于严寒地区,尤其是冬季,由于通风能耗较大,一般通风率较小,新建建筑的干燥对室内环境的影响会更严重。在哈尔滨地区实际的室外气候条件下,本文对新建建筑的干燥过程对室内温湿度环境的影响进行了研究,分别建立了围护结构和室内空气的综合质量和能量平衡方程。并讨论了不同的通风率对围护结构内表面散湿量及室内空气呼吸舒适度不满意率的影响。
目前发达国家建筑外围护结构的热阻是我国建筑围护结构热阻的2-3倍,在我国推广节能建筑已势在必行。然而为应对世界性的能源危机而提出的一些国际国内节能标准并没有考虑围护结构内的湿传递,在建筑能耗的研究中忽略墙体湿传递会导致能耗较大的估算误差。严寒地区冬季建筑供暖能耗占整个建筑能耗较大的比例,新建建筑较大的初始含湿量及保温层的受潮影响整个建筑的保温性能。本文对新建建筑围护结构干燥过程中热质传递对建筑能耗的影响进行了研究,包括冬季的供暖能耗和全年湿负荷。
本文对新建建筑围护结构的干燥过程进行了较全面的研究,完善了围护结构的热质耦合传递理论,为进一步推动建筑节能以及室内空气质量的研究提供重要的参考作用
China is in the time of fast developing of industrialization and urbanization. In 2005, the government showed that the existing building total area was about 40,000 million square meter, and 1800 to 2000 million square meters building area would increase every year in the next fifteen years. With the attention on human environment and energy crisis and increased need for energy-saving and indoor environment, more and more refined study was on the building envelope. Building envelope is a typical porous media, in which is full of moist air, liquid water or ice. The heat transfers in the moist porous building materials through a few different ways. The effect of moisture transfer on heat transfer and insulation performance of porous building envelope can not ignore.
The main attention of the existing references about the heat and mass transfer of building envelope is on the simulation and study of heat and mass transfer of quasi-stable state building in hot and moist area. But little was on the drying of the new buildings, that is buildings with high initial moisture content, especially the buildings in cold serious area, in which no published reference seen. The wall system is an important component of building exterior envelope which affects the building performance in many ways: the moist damping on the building service life, the interior moisture release on the indoor air quanlity and the moisture infiltration on the building energy performance, etc. these questions would be more serious for new buildings due to the high initial moisture content.
The heat and moisture coupling transfer of drying building envelope with multilayer composition in the cold serious area Harbin was simulated first time using Whitaker volume average method. The infiltration of liquid water and the freezing of moisture were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving forces and the discontinuity effects of interface between porous materials with different pore size distribution was solved. The heat and mass conservation equations were built for different drying periods. The effect of indoor and outdoor climate condition, the vapor insulation and air layer beside insulated layer, the interior wallpaper and exterior glazed tile on the drying rate was compared and analyzed. The experimental study on the single layer porous building materials envelope was done in energy-saving laboratory of Harbin Institute of Technology, and the result was compared with simulated result.
For the warm areas, the effect of building drying on indoor air quality can be minished through increasing ventilation rate. But for cold serious area, especially in winter, the ventilation rate is usually small due to the big energy consumption, so the effect on indoor condition would be more serious. The effect of building envelope drying on the indoor temperature and humidity was analyzed under the measured outdoor climate condition of Harbin. The integrated heat and moisture coupled transfer of the whole building was modeled. The effect of different indoor ventilation rate on interior moisture release and percent dissatisfied of warm respiratory comfort was discussed.
The building envelope insulation performance of developed countries is about two to three times higher than our countries. It is imperative to achieve energy-saving buildings under the situation. The proposed international and internal energy-saving criterion to reply to the economy crisis did not take into account the effect of moisture transfer in building envelope. The estimation error on building energy performance due to the neglect of moisture infiltration affects the building energy efficiency more serious. In cold serious area, the heating load in winter has a big proportion to the whole building energy performance. The new building due to the high initial moisture content and insulation damping affects the building insulation performance. The effect of heat and moisture transfer on building energy, that is building energy consumption and air-conditioning moisture load, was studied in this paper.
The drying performance of the new building envelope was studied comprehensively in this paper,which consummated the study on heat and moisture transfer of building envelope further. It will provide an imporant intruction for energy-saving and study of indoor air quality deeply.
目前国内外围护结构热质耦合传递文献主要是对热湿地区准稳态建筑的热质耦合传递的模拟及其研究。而对新建建筑,即初始含湿量较大的建筑的干燥过程的研究较少,尤其是对严寒地区的新建建筑的研究,未见文献发表。围护结构的湿积累引发的工程耐久性问题、围护结构的内表面散湿量对室内热舒适性及空气品质的影响、围护结构的含湿量及湿渗透对建筑负荷尤其是冬季供暖负荷的影响,都是亟待解决的问题。而新建建筑围护结构由于有较大的初始含湿量,上述问题在干燥过程中将更加严重。
本文运用Whitaker体积平均法,首次对严寒地区(以哈尔滨地区为例)新建建筑围护结构干燥过程的热湿耦合传递进行了模拟。考虑了液态水的渗透和冬季围护结构内湿分结冰的情况,以体积含湿量梯度为质驱动势,经过对多层多孔材料界面处含湿量的不连续处理,建立了不同干燥时段的热质耦合传递质量和能量平衡方程。分析了室内外条件、围护结构保温层热侧的隔汽层、冷侧的空气层以及围护结构内外表面涂层对新建建筑围护结构干燥速率的影响。在哈尔滨工业大学建筑节能实验室对单层多孔介质围护结构干燥过程的热质耦合传递进行了实验研究,并与模拟结果进行了对比,验证了模拟的正确性。
对于夏热冬冷或夏热冬暖地区,由于室外气温较高,新建建筑围护结构的干燥对室内温湿度环境的影响可通过增加通风率来缓解,可对于严寒地区,尤其是冬季,由于通风能耗较大,一般通风率较小,新建建筑的干燥对室内环境的影响会更严重。在哈尔滨地区实际的室外气候条件下,本文对新建建筑的干燥过程对室内温湿度环境的影响进行了研究,分别建立了围护结构和室内空气的综合质量和能量平衡方程。并讨论了不同的通风率对围护结构内表面散湿量及室内空气呼吸舒适度不满意率的影响。
目前发达国家建筑外围护结构的热阻是我国建筑围护结构热阻的2-3倍,在我国推广节能建筑已势在必行。然而为应对世界性的能源危机而提出的一些国际国内节能标准并没有考虑围护结构内的湿传递,在建筑能耗的研究中忽略墙体湿传递会导致能耗较大的估算误差。严寒地区冬季建筑供暖能耗占整个建筑能耗较大的比例,新建建筑较大的初始含湿量及保温层的受潮影响整个建筑的保温性能。本文对新建建筑围护结构干燥过程中热质传递对建筑能耗的影响进行了研究,包括冬季的供暖能耗和全年湿负荷。
本文对新建建筑围护结构的干燥过程进行了较全面的研究,完善了围护结构的热质耦合传递理论,为进一步推动建筑节能以及室内空气质量的研究提供重要的参考作用
China is in the time of fast developing of industrialization and urbanization. In 2005, the government showed that the existing building total area was about 40,000 million square meter, and 1800 to 2000 million square meters building area would increase every year in the next fifteen years. With the attention on human environment and energy crisis and increased need for energy-saving and indoor environment, more and more refined study was on the building envelope. Building envelope is a typical porous media, in which is full of moist air, liquid water or ice. The heat transfers in the moist porous building materials through a few different ways. The effect of moisture transfer on heat transfer and insulation performance of porous building envelope can not ignore.
The main attention of the existing references about the heat and mass transfer of building envelope is on the simulation and study of heat and mass transfer of quasi-stable state building in hot and moist area. But little was on the drying of the new buildings, that is buildings with high initial moisture content, especially the buildings in cold serious area, in which no published reference seen. The wall system is an important component of building exterior envelope which affects the building performance in many ways: the moist damping on the building service life, the interior moisture release on the indoor air quanlity and the moisture infiltration on the building energy performance, etc. these questions would be more serious for new buildings due to the high initial moisture content.
The heat and moisture coupling transfer of drying building envelope with multilayer composition in the cold serious area Harbin was simulated first time using Whitaker volume average method. The infiltration of liquid water and the freezing of moisture were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving forces and the discontinuity effects of interface between porous materials with different pore size distribution was solved. The heat and mass conservation equations were built for different drying periods. The effect of indoor and outdoor climate condition, the vapor insulation and air layer beside insulated layer, the interior wallpaper and exterior glazed tile on the drying rate was compared and analyzed. The experimental study on the single layer porous building materials envelope was done in energy-saving laboratory of Harbin Institute of Technology, and the result was compared with simulated result.
For the warm areas, the effect of building drying on indoor air quality can be minished through increasing ventilation rate. But for cold serious area, especially in winter, the ventilation rate is usually small due to the big energy consumption, so the effect on indoor condition would be more serious. The effect of building envelope drying on the indoor temperature and humidity was analyzed under the measured outdoor climate condition of Harbin. The integrated heat and moisture coupled transfer of the whole building was modeled. The effect of different indoor ventilation rate on interior moisture release and percent dissatisfied of warm respiratory comfort was discussed.
The building envelope insulation performance of developed countries is about two to three times higher than our countries. It is imperative to achieve energy-saving buildings under the situation. The proposed international and internal energy-saving criterion to reply to the economy crisis did not take into account the effect of moisture transfer in building envelope. The estimation error on building energy performance due to the neglect of moisture infiltration affects the building energy efficiency more serious. In cold serious area, the heating load in winter has a big proportion to the whole building energy performance. The new building due to the high initial moisture content and insulation damping affects the building insulation performance. The effect of heat and moisture transfer on building energy, that is building energy consumption and air-conditioning moisture load, was studied in this paper.
The drying performance of the new building envelope was studied comprehensively in this paper,which consummated the study on heat and moisture transfer of building envelope further. It will provide an imporant intruction for energy-saving and study of indoor air quality deeply.
引文
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