花岗岩热破裂实验研究
摘要
高温岩体地热是一种新的清洁能源,高温岩体地热资源的开发涉及许多基础学科与技术学科,如地学、热力学、岩体力学、深部钻井技术、材料科学、地球深部的测试技术等。在开发地热的过程中需要解决的问题多多,大深度打钻孔、打钻后钻孔的变形、水压致裂和致裂后裂缝的稳定工作,钻孔与裂纹的贯通、人工储留层的设计以及储留层的温度场控制等问题仍待研究。高温下岩体的破裂称作热破裂,为了实际工程应用的需要,必须要研究岩石在三轴应力和高温状态下的破裂规律。
针对以上问题,论文采用高温三轴应力声发射实验,以及声发射实验和渗透性实验、细观CT扫描实验、其他相关研究的对比研究,对岩石在三轴应力下的热破裂规律进行了研究,得到相应研究成果如下:
1)利用“20MN伺服控制高温高压岩体三轴试验机”进行了大尺寸(φ200×400mm)花岗岩试样在高温恒定三轴应力(轴压860kN,围压1150kN)下的声发射特征实验,主要成果有:
(1)通过噪声实验,确定了声发射实验中的噪声,分析了噪声声发射的特征参数大小及变化规律。
(2)声发射的产生是由于岩石内部局部应力(能量)的积累、释放造成的,在压力和温度作用下岩石内部结构发生了明显的变化,花岗岩发生热破裂的门槛值温度为110℃-120℃左右。
(3)在实验的第一个阶段(常温(24℃)到60℃)产生的声发射主要是在三轴压力下,原生裂隙整合调整造成的,不是由岩石热破裂产生的。实验中段260℃附近声发射比较剧烈,能量比较集中,岩石内部的结构发生了较大的破坏,或者形成了较大的贯通裂纹。
(4)恒定三轴压力下随着温度的升高,岩石的声发射现象即破裂规律可分为5个阶段:常温(24℃)到60℃,岩石原生裂隙整合阶段;60℃到120℃,热破裂前声发射静默阶段;120℃到260℃,热破裂声发射阶段;260℃到340℃,大规模热破裂后声发射静默阶段;340℃以后,二次热破裂开始阶段。原岩状态下高温岩体的热破裂是一个持续不断的能量集聚和释放的交替过程。
2)声发射实验结果与同等实验条件下的渗透性实验进行了对比研究,声发射实验结果与声发射实验后试样切片的细观CT实验进行了对比研究,声发射实验结果与其他相关研究结果进行了对比研究,主要成果有:
(1)渗透率的变化和岩石内部各个阶段产生的热破裂裂纹、渗流通道和渗流网络的特点有关系,对这些特点进行了详细探讨。实验中出现的“跳跃”和“回吸跳跃”现象的产生是由于渗透通道的堵塞造成的。
(2)通过声发射实验和渗透性实验的对比,声发射规律和渗透性规律存在一致性,得出了岩石的破裂规律。根据渗透性实验,在所测温度范围内破裂过程可分为三个阶段:常温到120℃,低渗无热破裂阶段;120℃到260℃,渗透性增加频繁热破裂阶段;260℃到300℃,渗透性增大无热破裂阶段。渗透性规律比声发射规律存在滞后性。
(3)提出了岩石热破裂的三个模型:微小裂纹、单一的宏观裂隙和裂隙网络,对三个模型在热作用下的变化规律和特点作了论述。实验中真实的岩石热破裂是这三个模型一个或者几个的组合。
(4)通过细观CT实验和陈颙所做工作验证了以上提出的一系列结论的正确性。
The exploration of hot dry rock geothermal—a kind of new cleaning energy resource—involves numerous foundational and technological subjects, such as geonomy, thermodynamics, rock mass mechanics, deep drilling technology, material science, testing technology in deep earth, etc. There are lots of problems in the process of exploring geothermy needing solving and studying, such as high depth holes drill, distortion of holes after drill, hydraulic fracturing,the transfixion between drill holes and cracks, the design of artificial reservoir and the control of the temperature field in it, etc. The rock cracking under high temperature is called the heat cracking. With the need of practical engineering application, the cracking rules of rocks under high temperature and triaxical stress need to be studied.
Aiming at the above problems, this paper adopted the acoustic emission experiment under triaxical stress, acoustic emission experiment and penetrability experiment, CT scanning experiment and the contrasting studies of the senior scholars' works, the research on the heat cracking rules of the rocks under triaxical stress have been studied and the corresponding research findings are as follow:
1) Acoustic emission experiment on jumbo sized (φ200×400mm) granitesample has been made under high temperature and invariable triaxical stress(axial pressure 860KN and confining pressurel150KN) by the use of 20MNservo controlled triaxial rock testing system of high temperature and highpressure. The main findings include:
(1) Through the noise experiment, the noise in acoustic emission experiment has been confirmed, and the size of character parameter and its transformation laws have been analyzed.
(2) The appearance of the acoustic emission is brought by the partial energy accumulation and release inside of the rocks, the interior structure of which has gained obvious changes with the influence of pressure and temperature. Meanwhile, the temperature's threshold value when heat cracking happens to the granite is around 110℃to 120℃.
(3) In the first stage of the experiment with the normal temperature from 24℃to 60℃, the acoustic emission was caused mainly by the conformity and adjustment of the original crannies under the triaxical stress rather than by the heat cracking of the rocks. In the middle stage of the experiment with the temperature around 260℃acoustic emission brought about heatedly, when with the relative centralization of the energy the interior structure of the rocks suffered from bigger destruction or there were bigger transfixion crannies coming into being.
(4) Under the invariable triaxical stress, as the temperature goes up, the acoustic emission phenomenon, so called cracking rules, can be divided into 5 stages: the conformity stage of the original rock crannies at the normal temperature from 24℃to 60℃; Still stage of the acoustic emission before the heat cracking between 60℃and 120; The acoustic emission of heat cracking stage 120℃and 260℃; Still stage of the acoustic emission after the large-scale heat cracking between 260℃and 340℃; Hypo-heat cracking beginning stage after 340℃. In the original rock state, the heat cracking is an alternant and continual process in which the energy centralizes and releases.
2) The main findings as follow have been revealed by the contrasting research on the acoustic emission experiment and the penetrability experiment under the same conditions, the contrasting research on the results acquired from the acoustic emission experiment and the CT experiment of the sample splice up after the acoustic emission experiment as well as the senior scholars' works.
(1) The change of the penetrability is linked to the characteristics of the crannies happening in every heat cracking stages inside of the rocks, and those of seepage channels as well as the seepage network. At the same time, these characteristics have been discussed. The phenomena of jump and suck-up in the experiment were produced by the block of the seepage channels.
(2) By the contrast of acoustic emission and penetrability experiment, it was found that the laws of acoustic emission correspond with that of penetrability and the crack laws of rocks have been concluded. In the scale of the testing temperature, the crack stage can be divided into 3 stages: Low seepage and no heating stage from the normal temperature to 120℃;Heat cracking stage with frequently increasing penetrability between 120℃and 260℃; No heat cracking stage with increased penetrability between 260℃and 300℃. Compared with the laws of acoustic emission, there is hysteresis quality in penetrability laws.
(3)3 models in the heat cracking of the rocks have been put forward: tiny cranny, single macro cranny and cranny network. The transformation laws and characteristics of the 3 models under the impact of heating have been discussed in details. The real heat cracking of the rocks in this experiment was the combination of one or several of the 3 models.
(4) The validity of the series of conclusions put forward above has been validated by systematical CT experiment and Chen Yong's study.
针对以上问题,论文采用高温三轴应力声发射实验,以及声发射实验和渗透性实验、细观CT扫描实验、其他相关研究的对比研究,对岩石在三轴应力下的热破裂规律进行了研究,得到相应研究成果如下:
1)利用“20MN伺服控制高温高压岩体三轴试验机”进行了大尺寸(φ200×400mm)花岗岩试样在高温恒定三轴应力(轴压860kN,围压1150kN)下的声发射特征实验,主要成果有:
(1)通过噪声实验,确定了声发射实验中的噪声,分析了噪声声发射的特征参数大小及变化规律。
(2)声发射的产生是由于岩石内部局部应力(能量)的积累、释放造成的,在压力和温度作用下岩石内部结构发生了明显的变化,花岗岩发生热破裂的门槛值温度为110℃-120℃左右。
(3)在实验的第一个阶段(常温(24℃)到60℃)产生的声发射主要是在三轴压力下,原生裂隙整合调整造成的,不是由岩石热破裂产生的。实验中段260℃附近声发射比较剧烈,能量比较集中,岩石内部的结构发生了较大的破坏,或者形成了较大的贯通裂纹。
(4)恒定三轴压力下随着温度的升高,岩石的声发射现象即破裂规律可分为5个阶段:常温(24℃)到60℃,岩石原生裂隙整合阶段;60℃到120℃,热破裂前声发射静默阶段;120℃到260℃,热破裂声发射阶段;260℃到340℃,大规模热破裂后声发射静默阶段;340℃以后,二次热破裂开始阶段。原岩状态下高温岩体的热破裂是一个持续不断的能量集聚和释放的交替过程。
2)声发射实验结果与同等实验条件下的渗透性实验进行了对比研究,声发射实验结果与声发射实验后试样切片的细观CT实验进行了对比研究,声发射实验结果与其他相关研究结果进行了对比研究,主要成果有:
(1)渗透率的变化和岩石内部各个阶段产生的热破裂裂纹、渗流通道和渗流网络的特点有关系,对这些特点进行了详细探讨。实验中出现的“跳跃”和“回吸跳跃”现象的产生是由于渗透通道的堵塞造成的。
(2)通过声发射实验和渗透性实验的对比,声发射规律和渗透性规律存在一致性,得出了岩石的破裂规律。根据渗透性实验,在所测温度范围内破裂过程可分为三个阶段:常温到120℃,低渗无热破裂阶段;120℃到260℃,渗透性增加频繁热破裂阶段;260℃到300℃,渗透性增大无热破裂阶段。渗透性规律比声发射规律存在滞后性。
(3)提出了岩石热破裂的三个模型:微小裂纹、单一的宏观裂隙和裂隙网络,对三个模型在热作用下的变化规律和特点作了论述。实验中真实的岩石热破裂是这三个模型一个或者几个的组合。
(4)通过细观CT实验和陈颙所做工作验证了以上提出的一系列结论的正确性。
The exploration of hot dry rock geothermal—a kind of new cleaning energy resource—involves numerous foundational and technological subjects, such as geonomy, thermodynamics, rock mass mechanics, deep drilling technology, material science, testing technology in deep earth, etc. There are lots of problems in the process of exploring geothermy needing solving and studying, such as high depth holes drill, distortion of holes after drill, hydraulic fracturing,the transfixion between drill holes and cracks, the design of artificial reservoir and the control of the temperature field in it, etc. The rock cracking under high temperature is called the heat cracking. With the need of practical engineering application, the cracking rules of rocks under high temperature and triaxical stress need to be studied.
Aiming at the above problems, this paper adopted the acoustic emission experiment under triaxical stress, acoustic emission experiment and penetrability experiment, CT scanning experiment and the contrasting studies of the senior scholars' works, the research on the heat cracking rules of the rocks under triaxical stress have been studied and the corresponding research findings are as follow:
1) Acoustic emission experiment on jumbo sized (φ200×400mm) granitesample has been made under high temperature and invariable triaxical stress(axial pressure 860KN and confining pressurel150KN) by the use of 20MNservo controlled triaxial rock testing system of high temperature and highpressure. The main findings include:
(1) Through the noise experiment, the noise in acoustic emission experiment has been confirmed, and the size of character parameter and its transformation laws have been analyzed.
(2) The appearance of the acoustic emission is brought by the partial energy accumulation and release inside of the rocks, the interior structure of which has gained obvious changes with the influence of pressure and temperature. Meanwhile, the temperature's threshold value when heat cracking happens to the granite is around 110℃to 120℃.
(3) In the first stage of the experiment with the normal temperature from 24℃to 60℃, the acoustic emission was caused mainly by the conformity and adjustment of the original crannies under the triaxical stress rather than by the heat cracking of the rocks. In the middle stage of the experiment with the temperature around 260℃acoustic emission brought about heatedly, when with the relative centralization of the energy the interior structure of the rocks suffered from bigger destruction or there were bigger transfixion crannies coming into being.
(4) Under the invariable triaxical stress, as the temperature goes up, the acoustic emission phenomenon, so called cracking rules, can be divided into 5 stages: the conformity stage of the original rock crannies at the normal temperature from 24℃to 60℃; Still stage of the acoustic emission before the heat cracking between 60℃and 120; The acoustic emission of heat cracking stage 120℃and 260℃; Still stage of the acoustic emission after the large-scale heat cracking between 260℃and 340℃; Hypo-heat cracking beginning stage after 340℃. In the original rock state, the heat cracking is an alternant and continual process in which the energy centralizes and releases.
2) The main findings as follow have been revealed by the contrasting research on the acoustic emission experiment and the penetrability experiment under the same conditions, the contrasting research on the results acquired from the acoustic emission experiment and the CT experiment of the sample splice up after the acoustic emission experiment as well as the senior scholars' works.
(1) The change of the penetrability is linked to the characteristics of the crannies happening in every heat cracking stages inside of the rocks, and those of seepage channels as well as the seepage network. At the same time, these characteristics have been discussed. The phenomena of jump and suck-up in the experiment were produced by the block of the seepage channels.
(2) By the contrast of acoustic emission and penetrability experiment, it was found that the laws of acoustic emission correspond with that of penetrability and the crack laws of rocks have been concluded. In the scale of the testing temperature, the crack stage can be divided into 3 stages: Low seepage and no heating stage from the normal temperature to 120℃;Heat cracking stage with frequently increasing penetrability between 120℃and 260℃; No heat cracking stage with increased penetrability between 260℃and 300℃. Compared with the laws of acoustic emission, there is hysteresis quality in penetrability laws.
(3)3 models in the heat cracking of the rocks have been put forward: tiny cranny, single macro cranny and cranny network. The transformation laws and characteristics of the 3 models under the impact of heating have been discussed in details. The real heat cracking of the rocks in this experiment was the combination of one or several of the 3 models.
(4) The validity of the series of conclusions put forward above has been validated by systematical CT experiment and Chen Yong's study.
引文
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