岩体加卸荷破坏的力学特性研究及其工程应用
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摘要
层状岩体卸荷条件下的各向异性规律对于指导工程设计、施工具有重要指导意义。对含显著平行、垂直层理的宜昌砂岩加载、卸载破坏的研究表明:回弹值、纵波波速与岩石强度存在一定的相关性,其基本规律是回弹值或者纵波波速越大,岩石强度越大,平行、垂直层理砂岩的力学特性规律与回弹值、纵波波速公式得出的结论基本一致;无论采用加载破坏还是卸载破坏方式,相同围压下,垂直层理岩体的强度一般大于平行层理岩体;无论是平行还是垂直层理岩体,砂岩卸荷破坏峰值强度在低围压下高于加载破坏强度,而高围压下低于加载破坏强度;卸载和加载条件下的岩体抗剪强度参数有较大差异,且和岩体的各向异性密切相关,对于平行层理岩体,卸荷后岩体黏聚力c较加载条件下增加,而内摩擦角降低,对于垂直层理岩体与之相反;加卸载破坏形式主要是剪切破坏,几乎未见轴向和环向裂纹,这可能与荷载控制方式(加轴压卸围压)、卸载速率较慢和卸荷后残余围压较高有关,Mohr-Coulomb准则岩样的预测破坏角和实测值非常接近,平行层理和垂直层理的加卸载破坏的破裂面均贯穿了沉积弱面,从实际的破裂线的形态来看,破裂迹线并未受到沉积弱面的影响。
采用卸荷试验方案,对高温后砂岩的纵波波速—温度和力学特性—温度的变化规律进行研究。试验结果表明:随着烘烤温度的升高,砂岩的纵波波速降低,而且经历的温度越高,波速下降的幅度越大;随着烘烤温度的升高,砂岩的回弹值并非简单的单调递增或递减;加载段弹性模量随围压变化规律具有一定离散性,但从基本趋势上看,随着围压增大,砂岩的弹性模量逐渐增大,同等围压下,高温烘烤后砂岩弹性模量有所降低;砂岩的强度力学特性是在摩擦和胶结特性共同主导下变化,砂岩高温烘烤后摩擦特性大大加强,在较大围压下,由于摩擦作用其强度得到显著提高;高温烘烤后纵波速度、回弹值和强度不具备必然规律;自然风干岩样在低围压下卸载破坏,依然表现出了明显的压剪破坏形式,300℃,600℃,900℃烘烤岩样的轴向劈裂现象却逐渐增强,分析认为高温烘烤后岩样的抗拉强度出现了明显降低,热处理后砂岩内部产生热应力,由此诱发表面热开裂及内部微裂纹是造成抗拉强度降低的本质原因。
卸荷条件下的岩石强度特性研究对于分析开挖作用下岩石工程的安全性具有极为重要的意义。依据三峡花岗岩和宜昌砂岩两类典型岩石的加卸荷试验,得到以下结论:根据三峡花岗岩卸荷试验,无论从拟合相关性,还是包络线的吻合情况看,Hoek-Brown准则比Mohr-Coulumb准确, Hoek-Brown准则描述拉剪破坏和压剪破坏,均显示了良好的适用性;根据层状和高温后宜昌砂岩卸围压破坏试验,Hoek-Brown准则拟合相关性较高,Hoek-Brown曲线比Mohr-Coulumb曲线与离散点的吻合度也更高。基于加卸荷强度准则,研究岩体的变形、破坏特征及其演化机制,建立了加卸荷条件下岩体的本构模型。
结合深溪沟水电站窑洞式安装间开挖工程,采用RMR法对围岩进行分级,基于最新的Hoek-Brown准则岩体参数,建立有限差分计算模型进行洞室的稳定性分析,并将计算结果和监测值进行了对比。结果表明:RMR分类法显示各硐段岩体中既有Ⅳ类围岩,也有Ⅲ类围岩,其中岩层Zbdn1基本属于Ⅳ类围岩,岩体质量差,岩层Zbdn2、Zbdn3都属于Ⅲ类围岩,岩体质量一般;基于Hoek-Brown准则估算岩体参数,充分考虑了岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态等多种因素的影响,十分高效、快捷和经济;采用FLAC3D对安装间开挖施工过程进行仿真,将计算结果和监测结果进行对比,发现计算结果和监测结果能取得良好的一致。
The anisotropy regular of banding rock mass in unloading conditions is significant in guiding the engineering design and construction.The research on loading and unloading failure of sandstones with notable parallel bedding or vertical bedding in Yichang shows that there is dependence in rebound data,longitudinal wave velocity and strength of rock mass.The basic law is that,the larger of the rebounding data or longitudinal wave velocity,the higher strength of the rock ,and the mechanical property regular of the sandstones with parallel bedding or vertical bedding is basical in accordance to the conclusions from formula of rebounding data and longitudinal velocity. Whether in the failure mode of loading or unloading, the strength of rock mass with vertical bedding is normally higher than that with parallel bedding in the same confining pressure, and whether sandstone with parallel bedding or vertical bedding, when in low confining pressure, the unloading failure peak strength of which is higher than that in loading condition,but in high confining pressure, it is opposite. There is a big difference between shear resistance parameters of the rock mass in unloading condition and that in loading condition,which is closely related to the anisotropy property of the rock mass.For parallel bedding rock mass, the cohesion c of the rock mass after unloading is larger,while the internal friction angle is lower than those in loading condition,but for vertical bedding rock mass,the property is opposite. The loading and unloading failure modes of the sandstone are mainly shear failure, practically without axial or circumferential cracks, which is likely related to the load controlling mode(loading axial pressure and unloading confining pressure), low velocity of unloading and the high survival confining pressure after unloading.The forecast failure angle of the rock specimens in Mohr-Coulomb criterion is largely close to the measured value.Loading and unloading failure planes of the sandstones with parallel bedding or vertical bedding are all running through the sedimentary weak plane, but seen from the form of actual fracture line, the fracture trace is not affected by the sedimentary weak plane.
Using the pilot program of unloading, this paper have researched the longitudinal wave velocity-temperature and mechanical properties- temperature variation of the sandstone after high temperature.The results show that: with the increasing of baking temperature, the velocity of longitudinal wave of the sandstone become lower, and the velocity decrease more while the temperature becomes higher. With the increasing of baking temperature, rebound value of the sandstone is not a simple monotone increasing or decreasing. The rule about the elastic modulus of loading section with the change of confining pressure has a discrete variation. But from the basic trend, the elastic modulus of sandstone increases with the increasing of confining pressure. Under the same confining pressure, the elastic modulus of sandstone after high temperature baking decreased. Mechanical properties of sandstone strength are changing under interaction between frictions and cement properties, and friction characteristics strengthened greatly after high temperature baking. Due to the friction, its strength increased significantly in the larger confining pressure. Longitudinal wave velocity, rebound value and strength don’t have inexorable law after high temperature baking. Under low confining pressure, natural air-dried rock samples are unloading damage, it still showed a significant compression and shear failure modes. The axial splitting phenomenon of 300℃, 600℃, 900℃baked rock samples strengthens gradually, and analysts believe that tensile strength of rock samples after high-temperature baking decrease significantly. The sandstone interior produce the thermal stress after heat treatment, that inducing thermal cracking of the surface and internal micro-cracks is the essential reason that caused the tensile strength decreased.
Analysis of rock mass strength under unloading condition has great significance for the security of projects. Based on loading and unloading test of two typical rocks which are Three Gorges granite and Yichang sandstone, the following conclusions are obtained: For unloading test of Three Gorges granite, Hoek-Brown criterion is accurate than Mohr-Coulumb, in terms of fitting correlation or coincidence of envelope. Hoek-Brown criterion has shown a good applicability of describing the tension shear failure and compression and shear failure. For test of confining pressure unloading of layer or high temperatured Yichang sandstone, the curve of Hoek-Brown is more consistent with the discrete points than Mohr-Coulumb. According to the prediction of Hoek-Brown criterion, with the confining pressure increasing, the differences between rock mass with parallel and vertical layer gradually weakened. Based on strength criterion of loading and unloading of rock mass, constitutive model of rock mass was established by research of deformation, failure characteristics and mechanisms.
Surrounding rock of the cavern erecting bay of Shenxigou Hydropower Station was classified with the“RMR”method. A finite difference model based on the newest Hoek-Brown criterion was used to analysis the stability of the erecting bay and the calculation results was compared with the monitoring data. It was demonstrated that according to the RMR classify method there was surrounding rock of classⅣandⅢin every section of the erecting bay. Terrane Zbdn1 belonged to surrounding rock of classⅣwhich was of poor quality, and terrane Zbdn2、Zbdn3 belonged to surrounding rock of classⅢwhich was of average quality. Based on the Hoek-Brown criterion, the parameter of rock mass was estimated, in which the influence of the structure of the rock mass、the strength of rock block、state of stress and other factors were taken into account. It was efficient, fast and economic. Digging process of the erecting bay was simulated using finite difference technique FLAC3D, whose calculation results was compared with the monitoring data and showed to be compatible with the monitoring data.
采用卸荷试验方案,对高温后砂岩的纵波波速—温度和力学特性—温度的变化规律进行研究。试验结果表明:随着烘烤温度的升高,砂岩的纵波波速降低,而且经历的温度越高,波速下降的幅度越大;随着烘烤温度的升高,砂岩的回弹值并非简单的单调递增或递减;加载段弹性模量随围压变化规律具有一定离散性,但从基本趋势上看,随着围压增大,砂岩的弹性模量逐渐增大,同等围压下,高温烘烤后砂岩弹性模量有所降低;砂岩的强度力学特性是在摩擦和胶结特性共同主导下变化,砂岩高温烘烤后摩擦特性大大加强,在较大围压下,由于摩擦作用其强度得到显著提高;高温烘烤后纵波速度、回弹值和强度不具备必然规律;自然风干岩样在低围压下卸载破坏,依然表现出了明显的压剪破坏形式,300℃,600℃,900℃烘烤岩样的轴向劈裂现象却逐渐增强,分析认为高温烘烤后岩样的抗拉强度出现了明显降低,热处理后砂岩内部产生热应力,由此诱发表面热开裂及内部微裂纹是造成抗拉强度降低的本质原因。
卸荷条件下的岩石强度特性研究对于分析开挖作用下岩石工程的安全性具有极为重要的意义。依据三峡花岗岩和宜昌砂岩两类典型岩石的加卸荷试验,得到以下结论:根据三峡花岗岩卸荷试验,无论从拟合相关性,还是包络线的吻合情况看,Hoek-Brown准则比Mohr-Coulumb准确, Hoek-Brown准则描述拉剪破坏和压剪破坏,均显示了良好的适用性;根据层状和高温后宜昌砂岩卸围压破坏试验,Hoek-Brown准则拟合相关性较高,Hoek-Brown曲线比Mohr-Coulumb曲线与离散点的吻合度也更高。基于加卸荷强度准则,研究岩体的变形、破坏特征及其演化机制,建立了加卸荷条件下岩体的本构模型。
结合深溪沟水电站窑洞式安装间开挖工程,采用RMR法对围岩进行分级,基于最新的Hoek-Brown准则岩体参数,建立有限差分计算模型进行洞室的稳定性分析,并将计算结果和监测值进行了对比。结果表明:RMR分类法显示各硐段岩体中既有Ⅳ类围岩,也有Ⅲ类围岩,其中岩层Zbdn1基本属于Ⅳ类围岩,岩体质量差,岩层Zbdn2、Zbdn3都属于Ⅲ类围岩,岩体质量一般;基于Hoek-Brown准则估算岩体参数,充分考虑了岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态等多种因素的影响,十分高效、快捷和经济;采用FLAC3D对安装间开挖施工过程进行仿真,将计算结果和监测结果进行对比,发现计算结果和监测结果能取得良好的一致。
The anisotropy regular of banding rock mass in unloading conditions is significant in guiding the engineering design and construction.The research on loading and unloading failure of sandstones with notable parallel bedding or vertical bedding in Yichang shows that there is dependence in rebound data,longitudinal wave velocity and strength of rock mass.The basic law is that,the larger of the rebounding data or longitudinal wave velocity,the higher strength of the rock ,and the mechanical property regular of the sandstones with parallel bedding or vertical bedding is basical in accordance to the conclusions from formula of rebounding data and longitudinal velocity. Whether in the failure mode of loading or unloading, the strength of rock mass with vertical bedding is normally higher than that with parallel bedding in the same confining pressure, and whether sandstone with parallel bedding or vertical bedding, when in low confining pressure, the unloading failure peak strength of which is higher than that in loading condition,but in high confining pressure, it is opposite. There is a big difference between shear resistance parameters of the rock mass in unloading condition and that in loading condition,which is closely related to the anisotropy property of the rock mass.For parallel bedding rock mass, the cohesion c of the rock mass after unloading is larger,while the internal friction angle is lower than those in loading condition,but for vertical bedding rock mass,the property is opposite. The loading and unloading failure modes of the sandstone are mainly shear failure, practically without axial or circumferential cracks, which is likely related to the load controlling mode(loading axial pressure and unloading confining pressure), low velocity of unloading and the high survival confining pressure after unloading.The forecast failure angle of the rock specimens in Mohr-Coulomb criterion is largely close to the measured value.Loading and unloading failure planes of the sandstones with parallel bedding or vertical bedding are all running through the sedimentary weak plane, but seen from the form of actual fracture line, the fracture trace is not affected by the sedimentary weak plane.
Using the pilot program of unloading, this paper have researched the longitudinal wave velocity-temperature and mechanical properties- temperature variation of the sandstone after high temperature.The results show that: with the increasing of baking temperature, the velocity of longitudinal wave of the sandstone become lower, and the velocity decrease more while the temperature becomes higher. With the increasing of baking temperature, rebound value of the sandstone is not a simple monotone increasing or decreasing. The rule about the elastic modulus of loading section with the change of confining pressure has a discrete variation. But from the basic trend, the elastic modulus of sandstone increases with the increasing of confining pressure. Under the same confining pressure, the elastic modulus of sandstone after high temperature baking decreased. Mechanical properties of sandstone strength are changing under interaction between frictions and cement properties, and friction characteristics strengthened greatly after high temperature baking. Due to the friction, its strength increased significantly in the larger confining pressure. Longitudinal wave velocity, rebound value and strength don’t have inexorable law after high temperature baking. Under low confining pressure, natural air-dried rock samples are unloading damage, it still showed a significant compression and shear failure modes. The axial splitting phenomenon of 300℃, 600℃, 900℃baked rock samples strengthens gradually, and analysts believe that tensile strength of rock samples after high-temperature baking decrease significantly. The sandstone interior produce the thermal stress after heat treatment, that inducing thermal cracking of the surface and internal micro-cracks is the essential reason that caused the tensile strength decreased.
Analysis of rock mass strength under unloading condition has great significance for the security of projects. Based on loading and unloading test of two typical rocks which are Three Gorges granite and Yichang sandstone, the following conclusions are obtained: For unloading test of Three Gorges granite, Hoek-Brown criterion is accurate than Mohr-Coulumb, in terms of fitting correlation or coincidence of envelope. Hoek-Brown criterion has shown a good applicability of describing the tension shear failure and compression and shear failure. For test of confining pressure unloading of layer or high temperatured Yichang sandstone, the curve of Hoek-Brown is more consistent with the discrete points than Mohr-Coulumb. According to the prediction of Hoek-Brown criterion, with the confining pressure increasing, the differences between rock mass with parallel and vertical layer gradually weakened. Based on strength criterion of loading and unloading of rock mass, constitutive model of rock mass was established by research of deformation, failure characteristics and mechanisms.
Surrounding rock of the cavern erecting bay of Shenxigou Hydropower Station was classified with the“RMR”method. A finite difference model based on the newest Hoek-Brown criterion was used to analysis the stability of the erecting bay and the calculation results was compared with the monitoring data. It was demonstrated that according to the RMR classify method there was surrounding rock of classⅣandⅢin every section of the erecting bay. Terrane Zbdn1 belonged to surrounding rock of classⅣwhich was of poor quality, and terrane Zbdn2、Zbdn3 belonged to surrounding rock of classⅢwhich was of average quality. Based on the Hoek-Brown criterion, the parameter of rock mass was estimated, in which the influence of the structure of the rock mass、the strength of rock block、state of stress and other factors were taken into account. It was efficient, fast and economic. Digging process of the erecting bay was simulated using finite difference technique FLAC3D, whose calculation results was compared with the monitoring data and showed to be compatible with the monitoring data.
引文
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