基于物联网的数据融合算法与防碰撞算法的研究
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摘要
物联网通过传感网络、射频识别等设备,将物体与互联网相连进行通信,实现对物体的识别、定位、监控和管理。目前在理论和应用研究方面引起了世界各国的重视,成为推动世界经济增长的重要新兴产业,被广泛应用在智能交通、医疗卫生、工业监控和城市管理等领域,可实现任何时间、任何地点及任何物体的互连,提高整个社会的信息化水平,具有十分广阔的应用前景。
本论文主要针对物联网感知层的关键技术,即传感网络的数据融合以及与射频识别系统的多标签防碰撞技术进行研究,主要工作如下:
1、阐述了物联网的分层体系结构及其关键技术,重点介绍了物联网的感知与识别技术,并分别阐述传感网络的数据融合模型与路由算法以及RFID系统的工作原理与防碰撞问题。
2、改进基于分布式数据融合的分簇路由协议Leach,有效延长了传感网络的生命周期;介绍了一种基于高斯隶属函数的数据融合算法,并将融合技术与路由技术相结合对数据进行处理,提高传感器网络数据采集的效率与准确度,降低冗余度与数据传输量。
3、提出了一种具有未知标签数估算功能的高效二进制搜索防碰撞算法AEBS,对阅读器作用范围内的未知标签进行识别。理论分析和实验仿真结果显示,AEBS算法提高了系统识别的效率和稳定性,在标签数量大于0而小于300的情况下,AEBS算法的系统识别效率始终稳定在79.0%~87.0%之间,即平均识别一个标签所需要的查询次数稳定在1.15~1.26之间,同时降低了整个系统的识别时间。
The internet of things uses the sensor network, RFID and other devices to connect all the things with internet so as to exchange information and realize identification, position, monitoring and management. The internet of things has attracted wide attention around the world in theory and application research, which become an important emerging industry to promote the economic growth of the world. The applications of the internet of things include intelligent transportation, health services, industry monitoring, urban management and other area. The internet of things can realize the interconnection of any time, any place and any things, which enhances level of the whole society information, and has broad application prospects.
The main topics of this dissertation are the research for the theory and design of data fusion algorithms in sensor networks and multiple tag anti-collision algorithms in RFID systems, which are the key technology of perception level in the internet of things. The principal tasks and improvements are as follows:
1. Describe layered architecture and key technology of the internet of things, and mainly analyze the perception and recognition technology. Then describe data fusion model, routing protocols in sensor networks, and working principle, anti-collision algorithm in RFID systems.
2. Improved the clustering Leach protocol based on distributed data fusion, which can reduce energy consumption and prolong the network life cycle. Then describe a data fusion algorithm based on gauss membership function. Combining of the data fusion technology and routing protocol to process data collected by sensors, which can enhance the system efficiency and accuracy, reduce number of data transmission and network congestion.
3. A new efficient binary search algorithm with the tag estimation function is brought up for RFID systems, which can be use to identify the unknown number tags around the reader. Theory analysis and simulation results show that AEBS enhance the system identification efficiency and stability. On the case that tag number is more than 0 and less than 300, the system efficiency of AEBS maintains between 79.0%~87.0%, the average number of iterations to identify one tag maintain between 1.15~1.26, and the system identification time is reduced.
本论文主要针对物联网感知层的关键技术,即传感网络的数据融合以及与射频识别系统的多标签防碰撞技术进行研究,主要工作如下:
1、阐述了物联网的分层体系结构及其关键技术,重点介绍了物联网的感知与识别技术,并分别阐述传感网络的数据融合模型与路由算法以及RFID系统的工作原理与防碰撞问题。
2、改进基于分布式数据融合的分簇路由协议Leach,有效延长了传感网络的生命周期;介绍了一种基于高斯隶属函数的数据融合算法,并将融合技术与路由技术相结合对数据进行处理,提高传感器网络数据采集的效率与准确度,降低冗余度与数据传输量。
3、提出了一种具有未知标签数估算功能的高效二进制搜索防碰撞算法AEBS,对阅读器作用范围内的未知标签进行识别。理论分析和实验仿真结果显示,AEBS算法提高了系统识别的效率和稳定性,在标签数量大于0而小于300的情况下,AEBS算法的系统识别效率始终稳定在79.0%~87.0%之间,即平均识别一个标签所需要的查询次数稳定在1.15~1.26之间,同时降低了整个系统的识别时间。
The internet of things uses the sensor network, RFID and other devices to connect all the things with internet so as to exchange information and realize identification, position, monitoring and management. The internet of things has attracted wide attention around the world in theory and application research, which become an important emerging industry to promote the economic growth of the world. The applications of the internet of things include intelligent transportation, health services, industry monitoring, urban management and other area. The internet of things can realize the interconnection of any time, any place and any things, which enhances level of the whole society information, and has broad application prospects.
The main topics of this dissertation are the research for the theory and design of data fusion algorithms in sensor networks and multiple tag anti-collision algorithms in RFID systems, which are the key technology of perception level in the internet of things. The principal tasks and improvements are as follows:
1. Describe layered architecture and key technology of the internet of things, and mainly analyze the perception and recognition technology. Then describe data fusion model, routing protocols in sensor networks, and working principle, anti-collision algorithm in RFID systems.
2. Improved the clustering Leach protocol based on distributed data fusion, which can reduce energy consumption and prolong the network life cycle. Then describe a data fusion algorithm based on gauss membership function. Combining of the data fusion technology and routing protocol to process data collected by sensors, which can enhance the system efficiency and accuracy, reduce number of data transmission and network congestion.
3. A new efficient binary search algorithm with the tag estimation function is brought up for RFID systems, which can be use to identify the unknown number tags around the reader. Theory analysis and simulation results show that AEBS enhance the system identification efficiency and stability. On the case that tag number is more than 0 and less than 300, the system efficiency of AEBS maintains between 79.0%~87.0%, the average number of iterations to identify one tag maintain between 1.15~1.26, and the system identification time is reduced.
引文
[1]周洪波.物联网:技术、应用、标准和商业模式[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2010:19-24
[2] International Telecommunication Union, Internet reports 2005: the internet of things[R]. Geneva: ITU, 2005
[3] Commission of the European communities. Internet of things-an action plan for Europe [EB/OL]. http://ec.eruope.eu/information_society/policy/rfid/documents/commiot2009.pdf. 2009年6月18日
[4]韩国信息通信.韩国计划至2010年构建“物联网”基础设施[EB/OL]. http://www.c114.net/news/17/a450913.html, 2009年12月4日
[5]凌志浩.物联网技术综述[J].自动化博览, 2010(s1):11-14
[6]唐亮.我国物联网产业发展现状与产业链分析[D].中国北京:北京邮电大学, 2010
[7]孙其博,刘杰,黎羴,等.物联网:概念、架构与关键技术研究综述[J].北京邮电大学学报, 2010, 33(03):1-9
[8] Akyildiz I.F, Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam, Y, and Cayirci, E., A survey on sensor networks [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002, Volume 40: 102– 114
[9] Alemdar, A, Ibnkahla, M. Wireless sensor networks: Applications and challenges [A]. 9th International Symposium on Signal processing and Its Applications, ISSPA 2007[C], Sharjah, 2007:1-6
[10] Akkaya, K, Younis, M. A survey on routing protocols in wireless sensor networks [J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2005, Volume 3, Issue 3: 325-349
[11] Krishnamachari, L, Estrin, D, Wicker, S. The Impact of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops[C], Ithaca, 2002: 575– 578
[12] Y.shang, W.Rumi, Y. Zhang, et al. Localization from connectivity in sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Paralle and Distributed Systems, 2004, 15(11): 961-974
[13] J. Elson, D. Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. The 15th Internationa1 Parallel and Distributed Processing symposium[C], San Francisco, 2001, Volume 4: 172-186
[14]丁俊.射频识别(RFID)标签防碰撞算法[D].中国安徽:中国科学技术大学, 2010
[15]罗蔚,马鑫.无线传感器网络数据融合技术研究与应用[J].电信快报.2008,(03): 38-40
[16] Mhatre, V, Rosenberg, C. Design guidelines for wireless sensor networks. Communication, clustering and aggregation [J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2004, 2(1): 45-63
[17] Intanagonwiwat, C, Govindan, R, Estrin, D, et al. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking [J]. IEEE/ACM Trans.on Networking, 2003, 11(l): 2-16
[18] Wendi B. Heinzelman, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Hari Balakrishnan. An Application Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Mierosensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2002, l(4) :660-670
[19] Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless micro sensor networks [A]. Proc of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Mani: IEEE Computer Society[C], 2000,Volume 2: 3005-3014
[20] Manjeshwar A, Grawal DP. TEEN: A protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks [J]. Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposiun. San Francisco: IEEE Computer Soeiety, 2001: 2009-2015
[21] Liang Biao, Hu Ai Qun, Qin Zhong Yuan. Trends and Brief Comments on Anti-collision Techniques in Fadio Frequency Identification System [A]. 2006 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications[C], Chengdu, 2006: 241-245
[22]江岸.无线射频识别系统中防碰撞问题的研究[D].中国湖南:湖南大学,2009
[23] Namboodiri,V, Gao, L. Energy-aware tag anti-collision protocols for RFID systems [A], Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications[C], White Plains, NY 2007: 23-33
[24] Kin Seong Leong, Mun Lens Ng, Cole Peter H. The reader collision problem in RFID systems Source[A]. IEEE 2005 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications[C], Beijing, 2005, Volume 1: 658-661
[25] Vogt H. Multiple object identification with passive RFID tags [A]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems[C], Man and Cybernetics, 2002, Volume 3: pp651-656
[26]胡建斌,李强,阂昊.时隙ALOHA法在RFID系统防碰撞问题中的应用[J].应用科学学报,2005.5(23):459-492
[27] Xiaodong Deng, Mengtian Rong, Tao Liu, et al. Tag count frame slotted aloha: a novelanti-collision protocol in rfid systems [A]. Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE[A], shanghai,2008:1550-2252
[28] Ji H.C, Dongwook L., Hyuckjae L. Query Tree-Based Reservation for Efficient RFID Tag Anti-Collision [J]. IEEE Communications Letters, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2007:85-87
[29]李世煜.射频识别(RFID)系统防碰撞算法研究与设计[D].中国成都:西南交通大学, 2008
[30]余松森,詹宜巨,彭卫东.跳跃式动态树形反碰撞算法及其分析[J].计算机工程, 2005, 31(9):19-20
[31]蔡静.基于能量优化策略的WSN分簇路由协议研究[D].中国湖北:武汉理工大学, 2008
[32]周中良,于雷,敬军.基于模糊理论的多传感器数据融合系统[J].电光与控制.2007(2) :23-29
[33] Manjunatha, P, Verma, A.K, Srividya, A. Multi-Sensor Data Fusion in Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic Method [A]. Region 10 and the third international Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2008,IEEE[C], Kharagpur, 2008: 1-6
[34] Wuzhong Xu, Hui Zhu, Binjie Hu. A Fast Binary Search Anti-collision Algorithm for Multiple Tag Identification [A]. 08.4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing[C], Dalian, 2008, Volume 1: 2824-2827
[35]胡斌杰,许武忠.用于RFID系统的标签识别防碰撞方法[P].中国: 200810029515.9, 2008年12月17日
[36] Kong W.C., Cunqing H., Tak-shing P. Y.. Prefix-Randomized Query-Tree Protocol for RFID Systems [A]. IEEE International Conference on Communications[C], Istanbul, 2006: 1653-1657
[37] Jeong Geun Kim. A Divide-and-Conquer Technique for Throughput Enhancement of RFID Anti-collision Protocol [J]. IEEE Communications Letters, Volume 12, Issue 6, 2008:474-476
[2] International Telecommunication Union, Internet reports 2005: the internet of things[R]. Geneva: ITU, 2005
[3] Commission of the European communities. Internet of things-an action plan for Europe [EB/OL]. http://ec.eruope.eu/information_society/policy/rfid/documents/commiot2009.pdf. 2009年6月18日
[4]韩国信息通信.韩国计划至2010年构建“物联网”基础设施[EB/OL]. http://www.c114.net/news/17/a450913.html, 2009年12月4日
[5]凌志浩.物联网技术综述[J].自动化博览, 2010(s1):11-14
[6]唐亮.我国物联网产业发展现状与产业链分析[D].中国北京:北京邮电大学, 2010
[7]孙其博,刘杰,黎羴,等.物联网:概念、架构与关键技术研究综述[J].北京邮电大学学报, 2010, 33(03):1-9
[8] Akyildiz I.F, Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam, Y, and Cayirci, E., A survey on sensor networks [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002, Volume 40: 102– 114
[9] Alemdar, A, Ibnkahla, M. Wireless sensor networks: Applications and challenges [A]. 9th International Symposium on Signal processing and Its Applications, ISSPA 2007[C], Sharjah, 2007:1-6
[10] Akkaya, K, Younis, M. A survey on routing protocols in wireless sensor networks [J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2005, Volume 3, Issue 3: 325-349
[11] Krishnamachari, L, Estrin, D, Wicker, S. The Impact of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops[C], Ithaca, 2002: 575– 578
[12] Y.shang, W.Rumi, Y. Zhang, et al. Localization from connectivity in sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Paralle and Distributed Systems, 2004, 15(11): 961-974
[13] J. Elson, D. Estrin. Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. The 15th Internationa1 Parallel and Distributed Processing symposium[C], San Francisco, 2001, Volume 4: 172-186
[14]丁俊.射频识别(RFID)标签防碰撞算法[D].中国安徽:中国科学技术大学, 2010
[15]罗蔚,马鑫.无线传感器网络数据融合技术研究与应用[J].电信快报.2008,(03): 38-40
[16] Mhatre, V, Rosenberg, C. Design guidelines for wireless sensor networks. Communication, clustering and aggregation [J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2004, 2(1): 45-63
[17] Intanagonwiwat, C, Govindan, R, Estrin, D, et al. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking [J]. IEEE/ACM Trans.on Networking, 2003, 11(l): 2-16
[18] Wendi B. Heinzelman, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Hari Balakrishnan. An Application Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Mierosensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2002, l(4) :660-670
[19] Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless micro sensor networks [A]. Proc of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Mani: IEEE Computer Society[C], 2000,Volume 2: 3005-3014
[20] Manjeshwar A, Grawal DP. TEEN: A protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks [J]. Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposiun. San Francisco: IEEE Computer Soeiety, 2001: 2009-2015
[21] Liang Biao, Hu Ai Qun, Qin Zhong Yuan. Trends and Brief Comments on Anti-collision Techniques in Fadio Frequency Identification System [A]. 2006 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications[C], Chengdu, 2006: 241-245
[22]江岸.无线射频识别系统中防碰撞问题的研究[D].中国湖南:湖南大学,2009
[23] Namboodiri,V, Gao, L. Energy-aware tag anti-collision protocols for RFID systems [A], Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications[C], White Plains, NY 2007: 23-33
[24] Kin Seong Leong, Mun Lens Ng, Cole Peter H. The reader collision problem in RFID systems Source[A]. IEEE 2005 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications[C], Beijing, 2005, Volume 1: 658-661
[25] Vogt H. Multiple object identification with passive RFID tags [A]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems[C], Man and Cybernetics, 2002, Volume 3: pp651-656
[26]胡建斌,李强,阂昊.时隙ALOHA法在RFID系统防碰撞问题中的应用[J].应用科学学报,2005.5(23):459-492
[27] Xiaodong Deng, Mengtian Rong, Tao Liu, et al. Tag count frame slotted aloha: a novelanti-collision protocol in rfid systems [A]. Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE[A], shanghai,2008:1550-2252
[28] Ji H.C, Dongwook L., Hyuckjae L. Query Tree-Based Reservation for Efficient RFID Tag Anti-Collision [J]. IEEE Communications Letters, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2007:85-87
[29]李世煜.射频识别(RFID)系统防碰撞算法研究与设计[D].中国成都:西南交通大学, 2008
[30]余松森,詹宜巨,彭卫东.跳跃式动态树形反碰撞算法及其分析[J].计算机工程, 2005, 31(9):19-20
[31]蔡静.基于能量优化策略的WSN分簇路由协议研究[D].中国湖北:武汉理工大学, 2008
[32]周中良,于雷,敬军.基于模糊理论的多传感器数据融合系统[J].电光与控制.2007(2) :23-29
[33] Manjunatha, P, Verma, A.K, Srividya, A. Multi-Sensor Data Fusion in Cluster based Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic Method [A]. Region 10 and the third international Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2008,IEEE[C], Kharagpur, 2008: 1-6
[34] Wuzhong Xu, Hui Zhu, Binjie Hu. A Fast Binary Search Anti-collision Algorithm for Multiple Tag Identification [A]. 08.4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing[C], Dalian, 2008, Volume 1: 2824-2827
[35]胡斌杰,许武忠.用于RFID系统的标签识别防碰撞方法[P].中国: 200810029515.9, 2008年12月17日
[36] Kong W.C., Cunqing H., Tak-shing P. Y.. Prefix-Randomized Query-Tree Protocol for RFID Systems [A]. IEEE International Conference on Communications[C], Istanbul, 2006: 1653-1657
[37] Jeong Geun Kim. A Divide-and-Conquer Technique for Throughput Enhancement of RFID Anti-collision Protocol [J]. IEEE Communications Letters, Volume 12, Issue 6, 2008:474-476