金属箔电爆炸及其在冲击动力学中的应用
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摘要
金属导体的电爆炸及其相关现象是一个很有意义并且富有应用前景的研究课题,一方面金属的电爆炸过程为我们对高能量密度状态下金属的物理性质研究提供了很好的研究途径,另一方面,不同状态下金属导体的电爆炸在脉冲功率技术、爆炸动力学以及材料制备等方面具有广阔的应用前景。
本文主要对金属箔电爆炸的相关理论、数值模拟以及具体的物理实验进行了研究。主要获得了以下结果：
1.对金属导体电爆炸的物理过程给出了概括性的叙述,归纳了不同实验条件下电爆炸发生时金属导体导电性丧失的原因以及后续的电击穿过程。对导体电爆炸过程的描述,有助于我们对具体物理实验中金属箔的电爆炸过程有一个清晰的物理认识。
2.通过引进包含固-液-气-等离子体四个状态的SESAME状态方程库和Burgess电阻率模型,采用修正后的电阻率模型参数,在一维反应流体动力学程序SSS基础上编写了计算金属箔电爆炸的一维磁流体动力学程序EEP(Electrical Explosion Program)。 EEP程序在不引入人为假定参数的情况下,在(0.76mm)2～(30mm)2爆炸箔面积,7.8kA～1.0MA爆炸电流,2km/s～18km/s速度范围内对不同电炮实验系统铝箔或铜箔的电爆炸过程具有相当好的预估能力。采用该程序,分析了不同材料金属箔电爆炸产生的等离子体驱动塑料飞片能力差异的原因以及电磁力对飞片速度的影响。分析结果表明,不同材料的金属箔电爆炸驱动飞片能力的差异源于电爆炸等离子体绝热指数的不同；电磁力对飞片终态速度的贡献取决于爆炸电流与峰值电流线密度的大小,若通过金属箔的爆炸电流线密度较大(如>50kA/mm)且小于最大放电电流线密度,电磁力可能会导致塑料飞片的二次加速。
3.采用EEP程序计算了金属箔电爆炸驱动平面等离子体射流过程及相关物理参数的时空演化。计算结果表明,一面受约束一面为自由表面的金属箔电爆炸会造成金属箔表层高密度物质的抛射,抛射速度可高达60km/s。在此基础上,计算了平面等离子体射流撞击铝箔靶的物理过程并开展了相关实验,计算结果与实验结果比较吻合。
4.发展了二级电炮实验技术,使之成为一种成熟的加载手段。采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的办法,对二级飞片发射过程中金属飞片与衰减板的脱离以及如何保证二级金属飞片的完整及其速度稳定这两个关键因素进行了研究与分析。提出了复合衰减板结构以解决这两个问题,获得了良好的实验结果。
5.利用电炮,研究了不同速度下撞击Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金的冲击动力学行为。实验观察到了异于传统多晶金属的弹-塑性响应,获得了该材料8GPa-17GPa压力范围的冲击绝热线。本实验结果和Xi Feng等人报道的该材料在18GPa-110GPa压力范围的冲击绝热线存在明显的差异。实验观察到了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金卸载波速随加载应力增大而显著增大的现象。利用二级电炮,研究了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金在低于其HEL冲击压力下的动力学响应。回收样品的宏观裂纹和断面SEM分析表明,低速撞击下Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金表现出明显的脆性响应,这意味着该非晶合金在高速冲击下容易发生脆性断裂,因此不宜作为结构材料在冲击条件下使用。
6.采用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机研究了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金在预压条件下的热冲击力学性能,以便对这类非晶合金的力学性能给出更加全面的认识。实验发现预压力和温升率较低时,随着温度的升高,材料强度减小,样品最后发生塑性变形；预压力和温升率较高时样品则发生剪切断裂,且发生剪切破坏时样品的温度高于其玻璃化转变温度。基于变温条件下非晶合金的结构弛豫模型,分析了块体非晶合金在快速加热条件下的变形过程,给出了非晶合金材料发生屈服时温升率、预压力与屈服温度之间的相互关系。通过对回收样品的金相观察,分析了预压载荷下快速加热过程中该材料发生剪切破坏的临界条件。
The electrical explosion of metals is attractive due to the unique state of metals under rapid heating with high inner energy offers the opportunity to investigate physical phenomena undiscovered other-where and its wide applications in fields such as pulse technique, exploding dynamics, new material preparation and others.
In the present work, theory of electrical explosion of metals, related numerical simulations and experiments have been implemented and the following conclusions can be done:
1. Recapitulative descriptions of the electrical explosion process of metals have been done and the disappearance of metal's conductivity is discussed. This is helpful to give a clear physical impression of the metallic foil exploding process in electrical gun experiments.
2. Based on the one dimensional reaction hydrodynamics program SSS, a magnetohydrodynamics code has been developed incorporating with tabular EOS and Burgess resistivity model considering multi-phases using a unified set of modified resistivity coefficients for aluminum (or cooper) foils to calculate the metallic foils exploding process in EGs and the launching process of two-stage metallic flyers in TSEGs. Calculated results are widely compared with experimental data of ours and those reported in literatures in past decades, good agreements indicate that this model is applicative universally in calculations of EGs with aluminum or copper bridge foils in size ranging0.76×0.76mm2～30×30mm2, burst current7.8kA～1MA and EGs' flyer velocity2km/s～18km/s. Utilizing the MHD code, effects of metallic foils' materials on plastic flyers' final velocities and contributions of Lorentz force to the flyers' acceleration are analyzed. Calculated results indicate that the acceleration ability difference of foil materials may be attributed to the adiabatic indexes of expanding foil plasmas, and if the linear density of burst current is much smaller than that of maximum current and its absolute value is large enough (for example,>50kA/mm), the Lorentz force may cause a second acceleration of plastic flyers.
3. The process of metallic foil exploding driven planar plasma jet is calculated by the MHD code mentioned above and the parameters in the process, such as particle velocity, plasma density and the momentum of the plasma are computed. Calculated results show that a thin layer with high density following by high temperature and high pressure plasma is projected to a speed up to60km/s. The course of plasma jet impacting an aluminum foil target is calculated also and the computed results coincide with the experimental results.
4. The two staged electrical gun(TSEG) technique has been developed to launch thicker metallic flyers. The key factors in the TSEG launch process, such as the separation of metallic flyer and attenuator and the adjustment of metallic flyer to insure its integrity and stable speed, are explored in detail by simulations and experiments. Composite attenuators are proposed to solve these problems and good results are obtained.
5. Impact dynamic behaviors of the Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9bulk metallic glass have been studied under different impacting velocities using0.5mm thick polymers flyer accelerated by the14.4kJ EG. Disparate elastic-plastic behaviors are observed and the Hugoniot curve in8GPa-17GPa stress range has been measured. Compared to the Hugoniot curve reported in literature in stress range18GPa to110GPa, it is found that the Hugoniot curve slopes in different stress range are different. Meanwhile, experimental results show that the unloading wave speed increases with impact stresses. Utilizing the TSEG, dynamic behaviors of Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9and Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu10Ni12.5Be22bulk metallic glasses are studied by stainless steel flyers planar impacts in velocity range100m/s-300m/s. Macroscopic observation and the SEM image of the fracture surfaces indicate that dynamic behaviors of the two Zr based bulk metallic glasses act as brittle, which means that they are not suitable in impacting situations.
6. Systematic experimental study were performed using Gleeble3500thermal-mechanical testing system to study the effects of heating rates on mechanical behaviors of Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9bulk metallic glass under pre-load. Experimental results show that the failure models of this material change from heating soften to catastrophic rupture with increasing pre-load and heating rate. Under the pre-stress which is much lower than the material strength at room temperature and rapid heating, it is found that the sample cracks dramatically at the temperature close to or above the material's glass transition temperature. The relations of yield temperature and heating rate as well as pre-stress are deduced based on amorphous alloys structure relaxation theory under changing temperatures. Metallographic observation of recovery samples show that the catastrophic rupture is caused by the overlap of heat dis-match stress and concentration stress caused by pre-load in defects concentrating regions, a critical failure model is given out also.
本文主要对金属箔电爆炸的相关理论、数值模拟以及具体的物理实验进行了研究。主要获得了以下结果：
1.对金属导体电爆炸的物理过程给出了概括性的叙述,归纳了不同实验条件下电爆炸发生时金属导体导电性丧失的原因以及后续的电击穿过程。对导体电爆炸过程的描述,有助于我们对具体物理实验中金属箔的电爆炸过程有一个清晰的物理认识。
2.通过引进包含固-液-气-等离子体四个状态的SESAME状态方程库和Burgess电阻率模型,采用修正后的电阻率模型参数,在一维反应流体动力学程序SSS基础上编写了计算金属箔电爆炸的一维磁流体动力学程序EEP(Electrical Explosion Program)。 EEP程序在不引入人为假定参数的情况下,在(0.76mm)2～(30mm)2爆炸箔面积,7.8kA～1.0MA爆炸电流,2km/s～18km/s速度范围内对不同电炮实验系统铝箔或铜箔的电爆炸过程具有相当好的预估能力。采用该程序,分析了不同材料金属箔电爆炸产生的等离子体驱动塑料飞片能力差异的原因以及电磁力对飞片速度的影响。分析结果表明,不同材料的金属箔电爆炸驱动飞片能力的差异源于电爆炸等离子体绝热指数的不同；电磁力对飞片终态速度的贡献取决于爆炸电流与峰值电流线密度的大小,若通过金属箔的爆炸电流线密度较大(如>50kA/mm)且小于最大放电电流线密度,电磁力可能会导致塑料飞片的二次加速。
3.采用EEP程序计算了金属箔电爆炸驱动平面等离子体射流过程及相关物理参数的时空演化。计算结果表明,一面受约束一面为自由表面的金属箔电爆炸会造成金属箔表层高密度物质的抛射,抛射速度可高达60km/s。在此基础上,计算了平面等离子体射流撞击铝箔靶的物理过程并开展了相关实验,计算结果与实验结果比较吻合。
4.发展了二级电炮实验技术,使之成为一种成熟的加载手段。采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的办法,对二级飞片发射过程中金属飞片与衰减板的脱离以及如何保证二级金属飞片的完整及其速度稳定这两个关键因素进行了研究与分析。提出了复合衰减板结构以解决这两个问题,获得了良好的实验结果。
5.利用电炮,研究了不同速度下撞击Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金的冲击动力学行为。实验观察到了异于传统多晶金属的弹-塑性响应,获得了该材料8GPa-17GPa压力范围的冲击绝热线。本实验结果和Xi Feng等人报道的该材料在18GPa-110GPa压力范围的冲击绝热线存在明显的差异。实验观察到了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金卸载波速随加载应力增大而显著增大的现象。利用二级电炮,研究了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金在低于其HEL冲击压力下的动力学响应。回收样品的宏观裂纹和断面SEM分析表明,低速撞击下Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金表现出明显的脆性响应,这意味着该非晶合金在高速冲击下容易发生脆性断裂,因此不宜作为结构材料在冲击条件下使用。
6.采用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机研究了Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9非晶合金在预压条件下的热冲击力学性能,以便对这类非晶合金的力学性能给出更加全面的认识。实验发现预压力和温升率较低时,随着温度的升高,材料强度减小,样品最后发生塑性变形；预压力和温升率较高时样品则发生剪切断裂,且发生剪切破坏时样品的温度高于其玻璃化转变温度。基于变温条件下非晶合金的结构弛豫模型,分析了块体非晶合金在快速加热条件下的变形过程,给出了非晶合金材料发生屈服时温升率、预压力与屈服温度之间的相互关系。通过对回收样品的金相观察,分析了预压载荷下快速加热过程中该材料发生剪切破坏的临界条件。
The electrical explosion of metals is attractive due to the unique state of metals under rapid heating with high inner energy offers the opportunity to investigate physical phenomena undiscovered other-where and its wide applications in fields such as pulse technique, exploding dynamics, new material preparation and others.
In the present work, theory of electrical explosion of metals, related numerical simulations and experiments have been implemented and the following conclusions can be done:
1. Recapitulative descriptions of the electrical explosion process of metals have been done and the disappearance of metal's conductivity is discussed. This is helpful to give a clear physical impression of the metallic foil exploding process in electrical gun experiments.
2. Based on the one dimensional reaction hydrodynamics program SSS, a magnetohydrodynamics code has been developed incorporating with tabular EOS and Burgess resistivity model considering multi-phases using a unified set of modified resistivity coefficients for aluminum (or cooper) foils to calculate the metallic foils exploding process in EGs and the launching process of two-stage metallic flyers in TSEGs. Calculated results are widely compared with experimental data of ours and those reported in literatures in past decades, good agreements indicate that this model is applicative universally in calculations of EGs with aluminum or copper bridge foils in size ranging0.76×0.76mm2～30×30mm2, burst current7.8kA～1MA and EGs' flyer velocity2km/s～18km/s. Utilizing the MHD code, effects of metallic foils' materials on plastic flyers' final velocities and contributions of Lorentz force to the flyers' acceleration are analyzed. Calculated results indicate that the acceleration ability difference of foil materials may be attributed to the adiabatic indexes of expanding foil plasmas, and if the linear density of burst current is much smaller than that of maximum current and its absolute value is large enough (for example,>50kA/mm), the Lorentz force may cause a second acceleration of plastic flyers.
3. The process of metallic foil exploding driven planar plasma jet is calculated by the MHD code mentioned above and the parameters in the process, such as particle velocity, plasma density and the momentum of the plasma are computed. Calculated results show that a thin layer with high density following by high temperature and high pressure plasma is projected to a speed up to60km/s. The course of plasma jet impacting an aluminum foil target is calculated also and the computed results coincide with the experimental results.
4. The two staged electrical gun(TSEG) technique has been developed to launch thicker metallic flyers. The key factors in the TSEG launch process, such as the separation of metallic flyer and attenuator and the adjustment of metallic flyer to insure its integrity and stable speed, are explored in detail by simulations and experiments. Composite attenuators are proposed to solve these problems and good results are obtained.
5. Impact dynamic behaviors of the Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9bulk metallic glass have been studied under different impacting velocities using0.5mm thick polymers flyer accelerated by the14.4kJ EG. Disparate elastic-plastic behaviors are observed and the Hugoniot curve in8GPa-17GPa stress range has been measured. Compared to the Hugoniot curve reported in literature in stress range18GPa to110GPa, it is found that the Hugoniot curve slopes in different stress range are different. Meanwhile, experimental results show that the unloading wave speed increases with impact stresses. Utilizing the TSEG, dynamic behaviors of Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9and Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu10Ni12.5Be22bulk metallic glasses are studied by stainless steel flyers planar impacts in velocity range100m/s-300m/s. Macroscopic observation and the SEM image of the fracture surfaces indicate that dynamic behaviors of the two Zr based bulk metallic glasses act as brittle, which means that they are not suitable in impacting situations.
6. Systematic experimental study were performed using Gleeble3500thermal-mechanical testing system to study the effects of heating rates on mechanical behaviors of Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9bulk metallic glass under pre-load. Experimental results show that the failure models of this material change from heating soften to catastrophic rupture with increasing pre-load and heating rate. Under the pre-stress which is much lower than the material strength at room temperature and rapid heating, it is found that the sample cracks dramatically at the temperature close to or above the material's glass transition temperature. The relations of yield temperature and heating rate as well as pre-stress are deduced based on amorphous alloys structure relaxation theory under changing temperatures. Metallographic observation of recovery samples show that the catastrophic rupture is caused by the overlap of heat dis-match stress and concentration stress caused by pre-load in defects concentrating regions, a critical failure model is given out also.
引文
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