气力式油菜精量排种器结构解析与排种过程仿真研究
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摘要
油菜是我国重要的油料作物之一,因其籽粒半径小,表皮易于破损,限制了油菜籽的机械化播种发展；长江中下游地区作为我国油菜的主产区,但其机械化播种水平均不高。随着我国人们生活水平的提高,每年的油菜产量已经不能满足人们对植物油的需求,因此,提高油菜的机械化播种水平成为当前急需解决的难题。
油菜直播机的核心部件是排种器,故油菜精量排种器的排种性能直接决定了油菜直播机的工作性能。本文是在气力式油菜精量排种器的研究基础上,开展了影响排种器性能的运行参数试验研究,探寻了各参数之间的变化规律；并利用EDEM和ANSYS软件对排种器的排种过程开展了仿真分析,并借助高速摄像技术和图像目标追踪技术捕获了油菜籽在排种器投种过程中的运动变化规律；开展了气力式油菜精量排种器的气室结构的仿真分析和试验研究,明确了排种器的负压出气孔、正压进气孔和气室容积等结构参数对排种性能的影响,为进一步优化排种器的结构提供参考。主要研究内容包括：
(1)根据气力式油菜精量排种器稳定工作的负压-1000～-4500Pa、正压50～250Pa和排种轴转速10-45r/min范围,分别以排种器的合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数为因变量,开展全因素试验研究,并统计分析了排种器的正负气压比例关系与排种性能的变化规律,提出了正负压比例系数,通过建立其与排种性能的三元二次回归方程,分析了正压、排种轴转速和正负压比例系数及其之间的交互作用对性能指数的影响；根据试验结果,分析了排种器合格指数高于90%工况下正负气压比例系数范围,构建了不同排种轴转速下正负压比例系数的数学模型。本文提出正负压比例系数来阐述气力式排种器正负气压的匹配关系,并构建了排种器正负压比例系数的数学模型,该研究对调节排种器的正负气压具有一定的创新性,其结果可为油菜直播机田问工作时排种器的正负气压的匹配和调节提供参考。
(2)基于ANSYS、EDEM和高速摄像技术等对排种器的三个排种过程丌展了试验和仿真研究,其主要研究结果如下：
①基于EDEM软件开展了油菜籽在排种器充种过程的仿真分析,明确了排种轴转速为15r/min时,排种器内油菜种群随时间的变化规律,通过分析油菜籽在排种器罩壳内的运移规律,明确油菜籽充入排种器罩壳的影响因素；随机追踪罩壳内单颗油菜籽,获得了油菜籽速度随着时间的变化曲线。仿真结果表明：罩壳内油菜籽种群的平均速度随着时间呈指数下降并逐渐稳定。
②根据排种器的工作原理,建立了油菜籽吸种过程的动力学模型,计算并获得了负压气室稳定吸附油菜籽的最低压强,并在ANSYS/CFX中对排种器负压气室流体模型开展仿真研究,确定负压出气孔在-1000～-4500Pa范围内,观察分析了气室流场的压强云图,并得到了负压区型孔表明的压强和流速,并确定了型孔压强和流速与负压出气孔压强之间的关系,结果表明：型孔表面压强和流速随着负压出气孔压强增大而逐渐增大；
③分析了油菜籽的投种过程并得到其投种轨迹的动力学模型,明确了影响油菜籽投种轨迹的各参数影响,在ANSYS/CFX中建立正压气室流体模型,以正压50～250Pa范围内,追踪了正压区型孔的压强和流速,得到了其变化规律；结合高速摄像技术在排种盘转速为15r/min和25r/min和正压50～600Pa范围内工况下开展油菜籽投种过程的试验研究,采用目标追踪技术提取油菜籽坐标,绘制其实际投种轨迹曲线,通过统计分析了油菜籽的投种距离、投种速度和加速度,对比分析了不同转速下油菜籽的投种运动规律,明确了正压大小和导种管结构对油菜籽的投种轨迹的影响,试验结果表明：当排种盘的转速从15r/min增大到25r/min时,油菜籽的投种距离越小,其投种速度越大；
④利用高速摄像技术对排种器的充种过程和吸种过程开展了验证试验,观察分析了油菜籽在罩壳内的充种运动规律和吸种过程规律,分别对充种过程和吸种过程的仿真结果丌展试验分析。本文主要运用了EDEM和ANSYS软件、高速摄像技术解析了排种器的充种过程、吸种过程和投种过程,揭示了油菜籽在充种过程中的运动规律,分析了吸种过程中负气压区型孔处压强和流速的变化规律,明确了油菜籽在投种过程的迁移运动轨迹,为排种器结构的优化设计提供新的依据。
(3)分析了排种器正负压气室的结构参数,在ANSYS/CFX中对不同结构参数下气室流体模型开展仿真研究,主要对负压出气孔内径6-17mm、负压出气孔位置0。～165。、负压气室内径62-106mm、排种盘型孔数量15-55、正压进气孔内径6～17mm、正压气室内径62～106mm等因素进行仿真试验,并对正压区和负压区内排种盘型孔处压强和流速大小。试验结果表明：负压出气孔内径大小对排种器气室型孔表面的压强和流速影响较显著；
(4)利用JPS-12型排种器性能检测试验台开展了排种器的结构改进试验研究,结合仿真试验结果分别对负压出气孔内径在6～12mm范围内、气室内侧直径在62～110mm范围内、负压出气孔在气室圆周上偏角分别为15。、90。和125。位置时,开展单因素和正交试验研究,分别对不同正压、负压和排种轴转速条件下,排种器性能变化开展了分析研究,其试验结果表明：负压出气孔内径大小和出气孔位置对排种器性能影响显著,确定了其最佳的改进参数,为排种器结构的优化提供参考。
Rapeseed is a kind of important oil crops with the small diameter and easy damage, its disadvantage confines the development of planting in the field, Yangtze River area is the most famous place to cultivate the rapeseed, the level of planting rapeseed is still very low. But with the development of daily life, the domestic demand of plant oil could not meet the requirements, so to develop the mechanical level of planting rapeseed become a urgent task.
As we all know that the key part of seeder is the metering device, so the performance of direct seeder for rapeseed is determined by the metering device. This study was based on the pneumatic precision metering device; the experiments were conducted to study the relationship between the operational parameters, EDEM and ANSYS were used to simulate the metering processes, the dropping process of rapeseed in the metering device was applied by the high-speed camera to capture the trajectories of rapeseed during different positive pressures, the simulation and experiments would conduct to investigate the relationship between the parameters of chambers, the outlet of negative pressure chamber, the inlet of positive pressure chamber and the volume of chamber were considered to optimize the structure of chamber.
(1) According to negative pressure, positive pressure and rotating speed of metering device, the three-factor factorial split-split experiment was introduced to investigate the relationship between negative pressure and positive pressure, and the rate coefficient of positive and negative pressures was firstly employed to describe the relationship between them, quality of feed index, miss index and multiple index of metering device were conducted to build the mathematical model, the most important factors and the influence between them in the experiments were analyzed, to make sure the stable performance of metering device with quality of feed index above90%, the operational parameters were concluded for the models.it was the first time to introduce the negative and positive pressure coefficient to express the relationship between positive pressure and negative pressure.
(2) The processes of pneumatic metering device was divided into three stages including filling process, suction process and dropping process, the simulation software EDEM, ANSYS and high-speed camera were conducted to study the processes, the results were as follows:
①The filling process was simulated on EDEM, when the rotary speed was15rpm, the law of rapeseed flowed from the seed box into the shell was studied to investigate the average velocity of rapeseed during the whole process, the influence factors were analyzed through the simulation, the single rapeseed was chose to capture during the filling process, then the velocity was conducted during the process, the results showed that the velocity of mass dropped as the exponent relationship;
②Dynamic model of rapeseed during the sucking process was conducted to analyze the minimum negative pressure, the negative pressure fluid model was built in ANSYS/CFX with the range of negative pressre-1000～-4500Pa, the pressure contour of negative pressure area was captured, and the pressure and velocity of nozzle were calculated through the software, the results showed they would increase with the increase of negative pressure in the outlet;
③Analyze the dropping process of rapeseed in the positive pressure area to build the dynamic models, the factors were conducted in the models, the positive pressure fluid model was built in the ANSYS/CFX with the positive pressure of inlet50～250Pa, the pressure and velocity of nozzles in the positive pressure area were calculated, and the high speed system was introduced to observe the dropping process in the experiments with the rotating speed15rpm and25rpm, positive pressure50～600Pa, respectively. The coordinate of rapeseed was found in the video and conducted through special software, the parameters of horizontal distance, velocity and acceleration for rapeseed were calculated to compare with different rotating speeds, and the influence of horizontal distance was investigated with the structure of seed spout, the results showed that when the rotating speed increased from15to25rpm, the horizontal distance and velocity increased.
④The high-speed camera system was conducted to observe the filling and suction process, the results were investigated through the picture and video. It was the first time to separate the metering process of pneumatic metering device, the filling process was simulated by the EDEM, and the sucking process was achieved in the ANSYS, the high speed camera technology and target technology was applied to capture the trajectories of rapeseed. The processes of metering device were studied through simulation software; it could express the working principle of pneumatic metering device;
(3) The structural parameters of chambers in the metering device were simulated through ANSYS; the pressure contour in the chambers was formed and compared with different parameters of diameters of inlet and outlet, volume of chambers, number of nozzles, the relationship between the parameters and pressures and velocity of nozzle was analyzed, the results showed that inner diameter of outlet in the negatie pressure area had significant influence in pressures and velocity of nozzles;
(4) The experiments were studied on the JPS-12performance testing system in the lab, the different parameters were analyzed with diameters of inlet and outlet in chamber from6-12mm, volume of chambers from62-110mm, the position of outlet in the chamber in15,90and125degree, the single factor experiments were studied, in order to investigate the change of performance of metering device, the operational parameters were considered to determined the optimal parameters, it could be applied to optimize the structure of chamber in the metering device.
油菜直播机的核心部件是排种器,故油菜精量排种器的排种性能直接决定了油菜直播机的工作性能。本文是在气力式油菜精量排种器的研究基础上,开展了影响排种器性能的运行参数试验研究,探寻了各参数之间的变化规律；并利用EDEM和ANSYS软件对排种器的排种过程开展了仿真分析,并借助高速摄像技术和图像目标追踪技术捕获了油菜籽在排种器投种过程中的运动变化规律；开展了气力式油菜精量排种器的气室结构的仿真分析和试验研究,明确了排种器的负压出气孔、正压进气孔和气室容积等结构参数对排种性能的影响,为进一步优化排种器的结构提供参考。主要研究内容包括：
(1)根据气力式油菜精量排种器稳定工作的负压-1000～-4500Pa、正压50～250Pa和排种轴转速10-45r/min范围,分别以排种器的合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数为因变量,开展全因素试验研究,并统计分析了排种器的正负气压比例关系与排种性能的变化规律,提出了正负压比例系数,通过建立其与排种性能的三元二次回归方程,分析了正压、排种轴转速和正负压比例系数及其之间的交互作用对性能指数的影响；根据试验结果,分析了排种器合格指数高于90%工况下正负气压比例系数范围,构建了不同排种轴转速下正负压比例系数的数学模型。本文提出正负压比例系数来阐述气力式排种器正负气压的匹配关系,并构建了排种器正负压比例系数的数学模型,该研究对调节排种器的正负气压具有一定的创新性,其结果可为油菜直播机田问工作时排种器的正负气压的匹配和调节提供参考。
(2)基于ANSYS、EDEM和高速摄像技术等对排种器的三个排种过程丌展了试验和仿真研究,其主要研究结果如下：
①基于EDEM软件开展了油菜籽在排种器充种过程的仿真分析,明确了排种轴转速为15r/min时,排种器内油菜种群随时间的变化规律,通过分析油菜籽在排种器罩壳内的运移规律,明确油菜籽充入排种器罩壳的影响因素；随机追踪罩壳内单颗油菜籽,获得了油菜籽速度随着时间的变化曲线。仿真结果表明：罩壳内油菜籽种群的平均速度随着时间呈指数下降并逐渐稳定。
②根据排种器的工作原理,建立了油菜籽吸种过程的动力学模型,计算并获得了负压气室稳定吸附油菜籽的最低压强,并在ANSYS/CFX中对排种器负压气室流体模型开展仿真研究,确定负压出气孔在-1000～-4500Pa范围内,观察分析了气室流场的压强云图,并得到了负压区型孔表明的压强和流速,并确定了型孔压强和流速与负压出气孔压强之间的关系,结果表明：型孔表面压强和流速随着负压出气孔压强增大而逐渐增大；
③分析了油菜籽的投种过程并得到其投种轨迹的动力学模型,明确了影响油菜籽投种轨迹的各参数影响,在ANSYS/CFX中建立正压气室流体模型,以正压50～250Pa范围内,追踪了正压区型孔的压强和流速,得到了其变化规律；结合高速摄像技术在排种盘转速为15r/min和25r/min和正压50～600Pa范围内工况下开展油菜籽投种过程的试验研究,采用目标追踪技术提取油菜籽坐标,绘制其实际投种轨迹曲线,通过统计分析了油菜籽的投种距离、投种速度和加速度,对比分析了不同转速下油菜籽的投种运动规律,明确了正压大小和导种管结构对油菜籽的投种轨迹的影响,试验结果表明：当排种盘的转速从15r/min增大到25r/min时,油菜籽的投种距离越小,其投种速度越大；
④利用高速摄像技术对排种器的充种过程和吸种过程开展了验证试验,观察分析了油菜籽在罩壳内的充种运动规律和吸种过程规律,分别对充种过程和吸种过程的仿真结果丌展试验分析。本文主要运用了EDEM和ANSYS软件、高速摄像技术解析了排种器的充种过程、吸种过程和投种过程,揭示了油菜籽在充种过程中的运动规律,分析了吸种过程中负气压区型孔处压强和流速的变化规律,明确了油菜籽在投种过程的迁移运动轨迹,为排种器结构的优化设计提供新的依据。
(3)分析了排种器正负压气室的结构参数,在ANSYS/CFX中对不同结构参数下气室流体模型开展仿真研究,主要对负压出气孔内径6-17mm、负压出气孔位置0。～165。、负压气室内径62-106mm、排种盘型孔数量15-55、正压进气孔内径6～17mm、正压气室内径62～106mm等因素进行仿真试验,并对正压区和负压区内排种盘型孔处压强和流速大小。试验结果表明：负压出气孔内径大小对排种器气室型孔表面的压强和流速影响较显著；
(4)利用JPS-12型排种器性能检测试验台开展了排种器的结构改进试验研究,结合仿真试验结果分别对负压出气孔内径在6～12mm范围内、气室内侧直径在62～110mm范围内、负压出气孔在气室圆周上偏角分别为15。、90。和125。位置时,开展单因素和正交试验研究,分别对不同正压、负压和排种轴转速条件下,排种器性能变化开展了分析研究,其试验结果表明：负压出气孔内径大小和出气孔位置对排种器性能影响显著,确定了其最佳的改进参数,为排种器结构的优化提供参考。
Rapeseed is a kind of important oil crops with the small diameter and easy damage, its disadvantage confines the development of planting in the field, Yangtze River area is the most famous place to cultivate the rapeseed, the level of planting rapeseed is still very low. But with the development of daily life, the domestic demand of plant oil could not meet the requirements, so to develop the mechanical level of planting rapeseed become a urgent task.
As we all know that the key part of seeder is the metering device, so the performance of direct seeder for rapeseed is determined by the metering device. This study was based on the pneumatic precision metering device; the experiments were conducted to study the relationship between the operational parameters, EDEM and ANSYS were used to simulate the metering processes, the dropping process of rapeseed in the metering device was applied by the high-speed camera to capture the trajectories of rapeseed during different positive pressures, the simulation and experiments would conduct to investigate the relationship between the parameters of chambers, the outlet of negative pressure chamber, the inlet of positive pressure chamber and the volume of chamber were considered to optimize the structure of chamber.
(1) According to negative pressure, positive pressure and rotating speed of metering device, the three-factor factorial split-split experiment was introduced to investigate the relationship between negative pressure and positive pressure, and the rate coefficient of positive and negative pressures was firstly employed to describe the relationship between them, quality of feed index, miss index and multiple index of metering device were conducted to build the mathematical model, the most important factors and the influence between them in the experiments were analyzed, to make sure the stable performance of metering device with quality of feed index above90%, the operational parameters were concluded for the models.it was the first time to introduce the negative and positive pressure coefficient to express the relationship between positive pressure and negative pressure.
(2) The processes of pneumatic metering device was divided into three stages including filling process, suction process and dropping process, the simulation software EDEM, ANSYS and high-speed camera were conducted to study the processes, the results were as follows:
①The filling process was simulated on EDEM, when the rotary speed was15rpm, the law of rapeseed flowed from the seed box into the shell was studied to investigate the average velocity of rapeseed during the whole process, the influence factors were analyzed through the simulation, the single rapeseed was chose to capture during the filling process, then the velocity was conducted during the process, the results showed that the velocity of mass dropped as the exponent relationship;
②Dynamic model of rapeseed during the sucking process was conducted to analyze the minimum negative pressure, the negative pressure fluid model was built in ANSYS/CFX with the range of negative pressre-1000～-4500Pa, the pressure contour of negative pressure area was captured, and the pressure and velocity of nozzle were calculated through the software, the results showed they would increase with the increase of negative pressure in the outlet;
③Analyze the dropping process of rapeseed in the positive pressure area to build the dynamic models, the factors were conducted in the models, the positive pressure fluid model was built in the ANSYS/CFX with the positive pressure of inlet50～250Pa, the pressure and velocity of nozzles in the positive pressure area were calculated, and the high speed system was introduced to observe the dropping process in the experiments with the rotating speed15rpm and25rpm, positive pressure50～600Pa, respectively. The coordinate of rapeseed was found in the video and conducted through special software, the parameters of horizontal distance, velocity and acceleration for rapeseed were calculated to compare with different rotating speeds, and the influence of horizontal distance was investigated with the structure of seed spout, the results showed that when the rotating speed increased from15to25rpm, the horizontal distance and velocity increased.
④The high-speed camera system was conducted to observe the filling and suction process, the results were investigated through the picture and video. It was the first time to separate the metering process of pneumatic metering device, the filling process was simulated by the EDEM, and the sucking process was achieved in the ANSYS, the high speed camera technology and target technology was applied to capture the trajectories of rapeseed. The processes of metering device were studied through simulation software; it could express the working principle of pneumatic metering device;
(3) The structural parameters of chambers in the metering device were simulated through ANSYS; the pressure contour in the chambers was formed and compared with different parameters of diameters of inlet and outlet, volume of chambers, number of nozzles, the relationship between the parameters and pressures and velocity of nozzle was analyzed, the results showed that inner diameter of outlet in the negatie pressure area had significant influence in pressures and velocity of nozzles;
(4) The experiments were studied on the JPS-12performance testing system in the lab, the different parameters were analyzed with diameters of inlet and outlet in chamber from6-12mm, volume of chambers from62-110mm, the position of outlet in the chamber in15,90and125degree, the single factor experiments were studied, in order to investigate the change of performance of metering device, the operational parameters were considered to determined the optimal parameters, it could be applied to optimize the structure of chamber in the metering device.
引文
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