序批式活性污泥法（SBR）同步硝化反硝化脱氮技术的研究
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摘要
随着水环境污染和水质富营养化问题的尖锐化以及人们公共环境意识的日益增强,迫使污水排放标准中对氮的要求越来越严格。污水处理技术逐渐地从以单一去除有机物为目的的阶段进入既要去除有机物,又要脱氮的深度处理阶段。
课题以序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)为主体,以人工配制的城市污水为处理对象,研究同步硝化反硝化脱氮新技术。对影响同步硝化反硝化的各种因素进行了详细研究,并对同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮机理进行了探讨,确定了试验条件下实现同步硝化反硝化的最佳运行工况。
试验结果表明:在SBR反应器内,通过对活性污泥进行约1个月的培养和驯化,使其具有了良好的同步硝化反硝化性能,在最佳运行工况下,即控制反应器内活性污泥微生物的污泥龄为17~25天,维持污泥浓度在5000mg/L左右,以啤酒+淀粉混合物为碳源,pH控制在7.5~8.0的条件下,控制反应器内DO在0.5~1.5mg/L之间,对于进水氨氮浓度在22.1~28.6mg/L之间,总氮浓度为30.0mg/L左右,COD浓度为200mg/L左右的模拟城市污水,曝气运行5h后,出水COD、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度分别为20.0mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L和0.3mg/L以下,出水COD去除率在90%以上,总氮去除率在81%~94%之间。
本文还对稳定运行中SND脱氮性能、DO、ORP和pH的变化规律做以考察。通过对反应过程的分析,得出本试验发生SND的作用机理是微环境理论和生物学理论。
The standard of nitrogen removal in wastewater discharge was controlled more and more strictly with severe water pollution and eutrophication question occurred and the sense of environmental protection enhanced. The wastewater techniques developed gradually from the period of pure COD removal to the period of simultaneous COD and nitrogen removal.
The experiment about SND was carried out operated with artificial municipal wastewater by sequencing batch reacter (SBR). Some factors that effect SND were studied particularly.The mechanism of SND was studied too. Simultaneously the best operation mode with SND was figured out in the lab.
The results show that the efficiency of SND by sludge can be enhanced cultured for one month in SBR. The best operation mode is to controll DO about 0.5~1.5mg/L, SRT about 17~25d, MLSS about 5000mg/L, the mixture of beer and starchy is used as carbon source of SND and pH about 7.5~8.0. Under the best operation mode, the artificial municipal wastewater with about 22.1~28.6mg/L of NH4+-N, about 30.0mg/L of TN, about 200mg/L of COD was treated by operating aerobic process for 5h, with COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N and NO2--N of 20.0mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L and 0.3mg/L below in the effluent, the removal rate of COD is 90% above , the removal rate of TN is 81%~94% .
The experiment also studied the character of SND by sludge and the variation of DO,ORP and pH. By analyzing the reaction process of SND, the main mechanism of SND in the experiment is the theory of microenvironment and biology.
课题以序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)为主体,以人工配制的城市污水为处理对象,研究同步硝化反硝化脱氮新技术。对影响同步硝化反硝化的各种因素进行了详细研究,并对同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮机理进行了探讨,确定了试验条件下实现同步硝化反硝化的最佳运行工况。
试验结果表明:在SBR反应器内,通过对活性污泥进行约1个月的培养和驯化,使其具有了良好的同步硝化反硝化性能,在最佳运行工况下,即控制反应器内活性污泥微生物的污泥龄为17~25天,维持污泥浓度在5000mg/L左右,以啤酒+淀粉混合物为碳源,pH控制在7.5~8.0的条件下,控制反应器内DO在0.5~1.5mg/L之间,对于进水氨氮浓度在22.1~28.6mg/L之间,总氮浓度为30.0mg/L左右,COD浓度为200mg/L左右的模拟城市污水,曝气运行5h后,出水COD、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度分别为20.0mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L和0.3mg/L以下,出水COD去除率在90%以上,总氮去除率在81%~94%之间。
本文还对稳定运行中SND脱氮性能、DO、ORP和pH的变化规律做以考察。通过对反应过程的分析,得出本试验发生SND的作用机理是微环境理论和生物学理论。
The standard of nitrogen removal in wastewater discharge was controlled more and more strictly with severe water pollution and eutrophication question occurred and the sense of environmental protection enhanced. The wastewater techniques developed gradually from the period of pure COD removal to the period of simultaneous COD and nitrogen removal.
The experiment about SND was carried out operated with artificial municipal wastewater by sequencing batch reacter (SBR). Some factors that effect SND were studied particularly.The mechanism of SND was studied too. Simultaneously the best operation mode with SND was figured out in the lab.
The results show that the efficiency of SND by sludge can be enhanced cultured for one month in SBR. The best operation mode is to controll DO about 0.5~1.5mg/L, SRT about 17~25d, MLSS about 5000mg/L, the mixture of beer and starchy is used as carbon source of SND and pH about 7.5~8.0. Under the best operation mode, the artificial municipal wastewater with about 22.1~28.6mg/L of NH4+-N, about 30.0mg/L of TN, about 200mg/L of COD was treated by operating aerobic process for 5h, with COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N and NO2--N of 20.0mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L and 0.3mg/L below in the effluent, the removal rate of COD is 90% above , the removal rate of TN is 81%~94% .
The experiment also studied the character of SND by sludge and the variation of DO,ORP and pH. By analyzing the reaction process of SND, the main mechanism of SND in the experiment is the theory of microenvironment and biology.
引文
1 张田勘. 不可忽视的氮化物污染[J].养生热点, 2006, 125(4):4~5.
2 吕宏德主编. 水处理工程技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005
3 郑兴灿, 李亚新. 污水除磷脱氮技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1998.
4 奚旦立, 孙裕生, 刘秀英编. 环境监测[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1995.
5 张希衡. 废水厌氧生物处理工程[M].中国环境科学出版社, 1996.
6 刘连成. 中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J].灾害学, 1997, 12(3):61~65.
7 沈耀良, 王宝贞编著. 废水生物处理新技术——理论与应用(第 1 版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1999.
8 钱易. 环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2000.
9 周彤. 污水的零费用脱氮[J].给水排水, 2000, 26(2):37~39.
10 李军, 杨秀山, 彭永臻编著. 微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.
11 冯叶成, 王建龙, 钱易. 生物脱氮新工艺研究进展[J].微生物学通报, 2001, 28(4):88~91.
12 周少奇, 周吉林. 生物脱氮新技术研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备, 2000, 1(6):11~19.
13 杨朝辉, 曾光明等. 废水生物脱氮除磷机理与技术研究的进展[J].四川环境, 2002, 21(2):25~29.
14 王建龙. 生物脱氮新工艺及其技术原理[J].中国给水排水, 2000, 16(2):25~28.
15 Kshirsagar M, Gupta A B and Gupta S K. Aerobic denitrification studies on activated sludge mixed with Thiosphaera pantotropha [J].Environ. Tech ., 1995, 16(1):35~43.
16 Romain L, Rikke M, Annelies T, et al. Identifying causes for N2O accumulation in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor performing simultaneous nitrification[J].Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Journal of Biotechnology. 2006, 122(1):62~72.
17 Holman J B,Wareham D G. COD, ammonia and dissolved oxygen time profiles in the simultaneous nitrification/denitrification process [J] Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2005, 22(2):125~133.
18 Hisashi S, Hideki O, Bian R, et al. Macroscale and microscale analyses of nitrification and denitrification in biofilms attached on membrane aerated biofilm reactors [J].Water Research. 2004, 38(6):1633~1641.
19 Kazuaki H, Akihiko T, Satoshi T, et al. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by controlling vertical and horizontal microenvironment in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor[J].Journal of Biotechnology.2003, 100(9):23~32.
20 Castigneti D, Hollocher T C. Heterotrophic nitrification among denitrification[J]. Appl.Environ.Microbiol., 1984,47(4):620~623.
21 林燕, 何义亮, 孔海南等. MBR 中同步硝化反硝化及异养硝化现象的试验研究[J].膜科学与技术, 2006, 26(2):22~26.
22 张志, 任洪强, 张蓉蓉等.pH 值对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化过程的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2005, 25(6):650~654.
23 张光亚, 陈培钦. 好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及特性研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005, 25(6):23~26
24 马放, 王弘宇, 周丹丹. 活性污泥体系中好氧反硝化菌的选择与富集[J].湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 20(2):80~83.
25 王海燕, 刘海涛, 田华菡等. 全自养生物脱氮新工艺研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备, 2006, 7(4):1~6.
26 任延丽, 靖元孝. 反硝化细菌在污水处理作用中的研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005, 25(2):88~92.
27 Zhao H W ,Mavinic D S,Oldham W K,et al. Controlling factors for simultaneo-us nitrification and denitrifyication in a two-stage intermittent aerateon pro-cess treating domestic sewage[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(4):961~970.
28 Yoo H S.Ahn K H,Lee H J,et al,Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrifyication (SND)via nitrite in a intermi-ttently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(1):145~154.
29 Van.N E W J. Nitrification by heterotrophic denitrifiers and its rel ationship to autotrophic nitrification [D]. Ph.D Thesis.Delft University of Technology, Delft,1991.
30 Lesley A R. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic chemostat cultures of thiosphaera pantotropha[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology, 1998,54(11):2812~2818.
31 冯生华. 生物除磷脱氮工艺的探讨[J].给水排水, 1994, 20(2):18~21.
32 吕锡武, 李丛娜, 稻森悠平等. 溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态, 2001, 14(1):33~35.
33 邹联沛, 刘旭东, 王宝贞等. MBR 中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子[J].环境科学, 2001, 22(4):51~55.
34 赵玲, 张之源. 复合 SBR 系统中同步硝化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水, 2002, 33(2):4~6.
35 杨麒, 李小明. 好氧颗粒污泥实现同步硝化反硝化[J].城市环境与城市生态, 2003, 16(1):40~42.
36 Ng.W J. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment of wastewater [M]. Bangkok: Environmental Sanitation Information Center, 1989.
37 Irvine R L. An organic loading study of full-scale sequencing batch reactor [J].WPCF, 1985, 57(8):210~219.
38 刘永淞. SBR 法工艺特性研究[J].中国给水排水, 1990, 6(6):5~11.
39 彭永臻. SBR 法的五大优点[J].中国给水排水, 1993, 9(2):29~31.
40 Ketchum L.First cost analysis of sequencing batch biological reactors [J].WPCF, 1985, 57(8):173~185.
41 Irvine R L.Controlled unsteady state processes and technologies-an overview [J].Wat.Sci.Tech, 1997, 35(1):1~10.
42 国家环境保护局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
43 Keller P K. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)[J]. Water Sci.Tech., 1999, 36(6):61~68.
44 高延耀, 周增炎, 朱晓君. 生物脱氮工艺中的同步硝化反硝化现象[J].给水排水, 1998, 24(12):6~9.
45 李军, 杨秀山, 彭永臻. 微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002
46 Heike B Bradl, Vertical Barriers. With increased sorption capacities [R]. International Containment Technology Conference, St Petersburg, Florida, 1997, 2(9-12):645~651.
47 张自杰, 林荣忱, 金儒霖. 排水工程下册 [M] 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996.
48 陈旭良, 郑平, 金仁村等. pH 和碱度对生物硝化影响的探讨[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版) , 2005, 31(6):755~759.
49 Robertson L A, Kuenen J G. Aerobic denitrification: a controversy revived [J]. Arch Microbiol, 1984, 139:351~354.
50 马放,王弘宇,周丹丹.好氧反硝化生物脱氮机理分析及研究进展[J].工业用水与废水, 2005,36(2):11~14.
51 张光亚, 方柏山, 闵航等. 好氧同时硝化-反硝化菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析[J].应用与环境生物学报, 2005, 11(2):226~228.
52 李平, 张山, 刘德立. 细菌好氧反硝化研究进展[J].微生物学杂志, 2004, 25(1):60~64.
2 吕宏德主编. 水处理工程技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005
3 郑兴灿, 李亚新. 污水除磷脱氮技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1998.
4 奚旦立, 孙裕生, 刘秀英编. 环境监测[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1995.
5 张希衡. 废水厌氧生物处理工程[M].中国环境科学出版社, 1996.
6 刘连成. 中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J].灾害学, 1997, 12(3):61~65.
7 沈耀良, 王宝贞编著. 废水生物处理新技术——理论与应用(第 1 版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1999.
8 钱易. 环境保护与可持续发展[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2000.
9 周彤. 污水的零费用脱氮[J].给水排水, 2000, 26(2):37~39.
10 李军, 杨秀山, 彭永臻编著. 微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.
11 冯叶成, 王建龙, 钱易. 生物脱氮新工艺研究进展[J].微生物学通报, 2001, 28(4):88~91.
12 周少奇, 周吉林. 生物脱氮新技术研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备, 2000, 1(6):11~19.
13 杨朝辉, 曾光明等. 废水生物脱氮除磷机理与技术研究的进展[J].四川环境, 2002, 21(2):25~29.
14 王建龙. 生物脱氮新工艺及其技术原理[J].中国给水排水, 2000, 16(2):25~28.
15 Kshirsagar M, Gupta A B and Gupta S K. Aerobic denitrification studies on activated sludge mixed with Thiosphaera pantotropha [J].Environ. Tech ., 1995, 16(1):35~43.
16 Romain L, Rikke M, Annelies T, et al. Identifying causes for N2O accumulation in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor performing simultaneous nitrification[J].Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Journal of Biotechnology. 2006, 122(1):62~72.
17 Holman J B,Wareham D G. COD, ammonia and dissolved oxygen time profiles in the simultaneous nitrification/denitrification process [J] Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2005, 22(2):125~133.
18 Hisashi S, Hideki O, Bian R, et al. Macroscale and microscale analyses of nitrification and denitrification in biofilms attached on membrane aerated biofilm reactors [J].Water Research. 2004, 38(6):1633~1641.
19 Kazuaki H, Akihiko T, Satoshi T, et al. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by controlling vertical and horizontal microenvironment in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor[J].Journal of Biotechnology.2003, 100(9):23~32.
20 Castigneti D, Hollocher T C. Heterotrophic nitrification among denitrification[J]. Appl.Environ.Microbiol., 1984,47(4):620~623.
21 林燕, 何义亮, 孔海南等. MBR 中同步硝化反硝化及异养硝化现象的试验研究[J].膜科学与技术, 2006, 26(2):22~26.
22 张志, 任洪强, 张蓉蓉等.pH 值对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化过程的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2005, 25(6):650~654.
23 张光亚, 陈培钦. 好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及特性研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005, 25(6):23~26
24 马放, 王弘宇, 周丹丹. 活性污泥体系中好氧反硝化菌的选择与富集[J].湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 20(2):80~83.
25 王海燕, 刘海涛, 田华菡等. 全自养生物脱氮新工艺研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备, 2006, 7(4):1~6.
26 任延丽, 靖元孝. 反硝化细菌在污水处理作用中的研究[J].微生物学杂志, 2005, 25(2):88~92.
27 Zhao H W ,Mavinic D S,Oldham W K,et al. Controlling factors for simultaneo-us nitrification and denitrifyication in a two-stage intermittent aerateon pro-cess treating domestic sewage[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(4):961~970.
28 Yoo H S.Ahn K H,Lee H J,et al,Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrifyication (SND)via nitrite in a intermi-ttently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(1):145~154.
29 Van.N E W J. Nitrification by heterotrophic denitrifiers and its rel ationship to autotrophic nitrification [D]. Ph.D Thesis.Delft University of Technology, Delft,1991.
30 Lesley A R. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic chemostat cultures of thiosphaera pantotropha[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology, 1998,54(11):2812~2818.
31 冯生华. 生物除磷脱氮工艺的探讨[J].给水排水, 1994, 20(2):18~21.
32 吕锡武, 李丛娜, 稻森悠平等. 溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态, 2001, 14(1):33~35.
33 邹联沛, 刘旭东, 王宝贞等. MBR 中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子[J].环境科学, 2001, 22(4):51~55.
34 赵玲, 张之源. 复合 SBR 系统中同步硝化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果[J].工业用水与废水, 2002, 33(2):4~6.
35 杨麒, 李小明. 好氧颗粒污泥实现同步硝化反硝化[J].城市环境与城市生态, 2003, 16(1):40~42.
36 Ng.W J. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment of wastewater [M]. Bangkok: Environmental Sanitation Information Center, 1989.
37 Irvine R L. An organic loading study of full-scale sequencing batch reactor [J].WPCF, 1985, 57(8):210~219.
38 刘永淞. SBR 法工艺特性研究[J].中国给水排水, 1990, 6(6):5~11.
39 彭永臻. SBR 法的五大优点[J].中国给水排水, 1993, 9(2):29~31.
40 Ketchum L.First cost analysis of sequencing batch biological reactors [J].WPCF, 1985, 57(8):173~185.
41 Irvine R L.Controlled unsteady state processes and technologies-an overview [J].Wat.Sci.Tech, 1997, 35(1):1~10.
42 国家环境保护局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.
43 Keller P K. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)[J]. Water Sci.Tech., 1999, 36(6):61~68.
44 高延耀, 周增炎, 朱晓君. 生物脱氮工艺中的同步硝化反硝化现象[J].给水排水, 1998, 24(12):6~9.
45 李军, 杨秀山, 彭永臻. 微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002
46 Heike B Bradl, Vertical Barriers. With increased sorption capacities [R]. International Containment Technology Conference, St Petersburg, Florida, 1997, 2(9-12):645~651.
47 张自杰, 林荣忱, 金儒霖. 排水工程下册 [M] 北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996.
48 陈旭良, 郑平, 金仁村等. pH 和碱度对生物硝化影响的探讨[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版) , 2005, 31(6):755~759.
49 Robertson L A, Kuenen J G. Aerobic denitrification: a controversy revived [J]. Arch Microbiol, 1984, 139:351~354.
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