黑潮对东中国海主要流系的影响
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摘要
本文基于黑潮关联的研究海区南北压强差的存在,特别是黑潮与台湾岛、日本主岛间可能存在的相互作用约束关系,提出了海区存在的压强差为主导驱动力,与绕岛环流积分约束、质量守恒约束及日本海的质量汇效应是东中国海主要暖流系形成与维持的主导动力学本质的猜想,并通过数值敏感性试验验证上述动力学猜想。本文还初步探讨了东中国海及邻近海域的能量传播机制。
敏感试验结果表明:台湾海峡流动主要是由开阔海盆的大洋环流通过北太平洋的西边界流——黑潮来驱动的,局地风应力的强迫很重要但仅起到次要作用。黑潮联带产生了台湾岛南北两端的压强梯度,与黑潮关联的反向摩擦力,在年均条件下达到基本平衡。由于海洋的连通性,在岛的另一侧也需满足此平衡关系,因此在台湾海峡内应存在一支与黑潮同向的流动,这就是台湾海峡北向流动的形成机制。上述结果还可以用Pedlosky提出的绕岛积分约束进行解释:如果考虑稳定或低频的流动,忽略其他外力作用,摩擦力绕台湾岛的闭合曲线积分为零。为了平衡台湾以东黑潮产生的顺时针方向的摩擦转矩,台湾以西必须产生逆时针方向的摩擦转矩,使得台湾海峡终年为北向流。
对马暖流的形成的主导机制是由于黑潮与日本主岛之间绕岛环流积分约束和日本海需满足质量守恒约束与位涡收支积分约束产生的日本海北上东西边界流而形成的源汇驱动机制。局地风应力的强迫起到次要作用。而对马暖流的季节变化,局地强迫和遥强迫都起着重要作用。局地强迫是通过风应力影响横跨对马海峡的压力差,遥强迫是通过黑潮诱生的Kelvin波传播到该海峡。这两种强迫大致上同相,其中,遥强迫占主导地位,局地强迫占次要地位,前者与后者之间的贡献比例是2:1。
黄海暖流存在明显的季节变化:冬季很强,可以沿黄海槽向北一直深入到渤海;夏季变得很弱,主要被局限在黄海槽的南部。黄海暖流是作为朝鲜沿岸流和中国沿岸流的补偿流产生的。在黑潮的驱动下,对马海峡的源汇抽吸作用产生了南向的朝鲜沿岸流。在季风的驱动下,冬季北风产生了南向的中国沿岸流,促进了南向的朝鲜沿岸流;夏季南风抑制了中国沿岸流,削弱了朝鲜沿岸流。因此,冬季黄海暖流向西北的深入,主要是由于强发展的中国沿岸流和朝鲜沿岸流,它们沿黄海槽向北抽水,来补充这两支向南的流动。夏季,仅有朝鲜沿岸流的作用,使得黄海暖流很弱几乎消失。因此,黑潮通过对马海峡对黄海暖流形成起诱生作用,质量守恒约束对其季节变化起主导作用,故季风变化主导黄海暖流的强弱变化。
东中国海的能量,可以通过陆架波的形式从黑潮下游传播到上游区域,进而影响到那里的环流。其中,对马海峡在能量传播中起着重要的作用,它是黑潮对东亚边缘海影响的一个枢纽。日本东岸的海表高度异常信号可以沿顺时针方向传播,经对马海峡进入到日本海,然后沿西岸向北传播。日本西岸的海表高度变化是由东岸的黑潮延伸体的遥强迫产生的,边界Kelvin波推动了这种联系。大洋的强迫,通过黑潮延伸体的变化,是日本西岸海表高度变化的主导强迫机制。对马海峡本身的变化,也能够以地形Rossby的形式,沿东海大陆岸线逆时针传播到台湾海峡,从而影响途中的朝鲜沿岸流、台湾海峡流动等。
本文研究成果的科学意义主要表现为:基本动力学关系上构建了中国东部陆架环流形成与维持的最基础的理论框架;揭示了黑潮所起的控制性作用;探讨了局地风应力的调节作用;引入了陆架海的能量传播机制。以上成果为研究全球气候变化,特别是通过北太平洋环流变化如何影响我国东部陆架海物理环境具有带动性。并为不断建立和完善陆架海物理环境演变理论体系奠定了良好的基础。
Based on the existence of pressure gradient between the southern and northern ends of the Kuroshio associated areas, especially the possible existence of interaction constraints between the Kuroshio and the Taiwan Island or Japanese Islands, this paper proposes a hypothesis that, the pressure gradient in the area is the dominant forcing, and the Island Integral Constraint, Mass Conservation Constraint and the mass sink effect of the Japan/East Sea (JES) are the essential dynamics that govern the formation and maintenance of the main warm current systems. And several numerical sensitive experiments are conduct to validate the above dynamics hypothesis. This paper also preliminarily investigates the mechanism of energy propagation in the East China Sea (ECS) and adjacent regions.
The results of sensitive experiments show that, the Taiwan Strait Current is forced primarily by the oceanic circulation in the open-ocean basin through the KC, the western boundary current of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific Ocean. The local wind-stress forcing plays an important but secondary role. The KC will set a pressure gradient from the southern to the northern tip of the Taiwan Island. The reverse friction associated with the Kuroshio, will get balance on the annual mean basis. Because of the connectivity of the ocean, at the other side of the island, the balance should be satisfied, and then there should be a flow in the Taiwan Strait with the same direction as the KC, which is the mechanism for the formation of the northward Taiwan Strait Current. These results also can be explained by the Island Rule derived by Pedlosky et al. Supposed a homogeneous ocean, the integration along a closure curve such as an island of the momentum equation results in a simple form of balance that the integration of friction along the island should be zero, when ignored the inertial term and wind stress. To balance the clockwise drag caused by the KC and the topography at the east of the Taiwan Island, there must be an anti-clockwise drag at the west of the TI, which caused the current flows northward in the Taiwan Strait.
The dominant mechanism for the formation of the Tsushima Warm Current is due to the source-sink driven mechanism that formed by Island Integral Constraint between the Kuroshio and Japanese Islands, Mass Conservation Constraint that supply in the JES, and the east and west boundary currents in the JES that arise from Potential Vorticity Integral Constraint. The local wind-stress forcing plays only a secondary role. Both local and remote forcings play important roles in the seasonal variation. The local forcing is by the wind stress affecting the pressure difference across the Tsushima Strait, and the remote forcing is by the Kuroshio Current induced Kelvin waves propagating to the strait. The two forcings are roughly in phase, hereinto, the remote forcing is dominant, the local forcing is important but secondary, and the ratio of the former to the latter is about 2 to 1.
There is an obvious seasonal variation for the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC): in winter, the YSWC penetrates northward along the Yellow Sea Trough towards the Bohai Sea; in summer, the YSWC becomes much less intrusive and is limited mostly in the southern trough, contrasting with a deep winter penetration well into the trough. In the annual mean the YSWC is a compensating current for the Korea Coastal Current (KCC) and China Coastal Current (CCC). Driven by the KC, the southward KCC is induced by the TSWC as a source- and sink-driven flow along bathymetry. Under the monsoonal forcing, the northerly wind in winter causes the southward CCC, and promotes the southward KCC; the southerly wind in summer restrains the CCC, and weakens the KCC. As a result, the deep northwestward intrusion of the YSWC in winter is mainly due to a robustly developed CCC and KCC, which draws water along the Yellow Sea trough to feed the two southward flows. In summer, the YSWC almost vanish due to the only effect of the KCC. As a result, the Kuroshio will induce the YSWC through the Tsushima Strait, and the Mass Conservation play a leading role in the seasonal variation, so the monsoonal wind will dominant the strength variation of the YSWC.
The energy in the ECS can propagate upstream from the lower reaches of the KC as a form of continental shelf waves, and then affect the circulation on the way. The Tsushima Strait plays an important role in the energy propagation, and acts as a junction of the Kuroshio effects on the East Asian Marginal Sea. The sea level variability along the east coast of Japan can propagate clockwise through the Tsushima Strait into the JES and then northward along the west coast. The sea level variability along the west coast of Japan is remotely forced by the Kuroshio Extension off the east coast. Boundary Kelvin waves facilitate the connection. The open-ocean forcing, through the Kuroshio Extension variability, is the leading forcing mechanism for sea level change along the west coast of Japan. The variation of the Tsushima Strait itself, can propagate to the Taiwan Strait anti-clockwise along the coastline of ECS, as a form of topographic Rossby waves, and affect the KCC and Taiwan Strait Current, etc on the way.
The scientific significances of this study are: construct the theory frame of the formation and maintenance of circulations in the ECS under the basic dynamics; reveal the dominant role of the KC; investigate the modulating role of the local wind stress; introduce the mechanism of energy propagation in the continental shelf sea. The above results will play a promoting effect in the study of global climate changes, especially how to affect the physical environment of the ECS through the variation of general circulation in the North Pacific Ocean, and lay a good foundation for the construction and perfection of the continental shelf physical environmental evolution theory system.
敏感试验结果表明:台湾海峡流动主要是由开阔海盆的大洋环流通过北太平洋的西边界流——黑潮来驱动的,局地风应力的强迫很重要但仅起到次要作用。黑潮联带产生了台湾岛南北两端的压强梯度,与黑潮关联的反向摩擦力,在年均条件下达到基本平衡。由于海洋的连通性,在岛的另一侧也需满足此平衡关系,因此在台湾海峡内应存在一支与黑潮同向的流动,这就是台湾海峡北向流动的形成机制。上述结果还可以用Pedlosky提出的绕岛积分约束进行解释:如果考虑稳定或低频的流动,忽略其他外力作用,摩擦力绕台湾岛的闭合曲线积分为零。为了平衡台湾以东黑潮产生的顺时针方向的摩擦转矩,台湾以西必须产生逆时针方向的摩擦转矩,使得台湾海峡终年为北向流。
对马暖流的形成的主导机制是由于黑潮与日本主岛之间绕岛环流积分约束和日本海需满足质量守恒约束与位涡收支积分约束产生的日本海北上东西边界流而形成的源汇驱动机制。局地风应力的强迫起到次要作用。而对马暖流的季节变化,局地强迫和遥强迫都起着重要作用。局地强迫是通过风应力影响横跨对马海峡的压力差,遥强迫是通过黑潮诱生的Kelvin波传播到该海峡。这两种强迫大致上同相,其中,遥强迫占主导地位,局地强迫占次要地位,前者与后者之间的贡献比例是2:1。
黄海暖流存在明显的季节变化:冬季很强,可以沿黄海槽向北一直深入到渤海;夏季变得很弱,主要被局限在黄海槽的南部。黄海暖流是作为朝鲜沿岸流和中国沿岸流的补偿流产生的。在黑潮的驱动下,对马海峡的源汇抽吸作用产生了南向的朝鲜沿岸流。在季风的驱动下,冬季北风产生了南向的中国沿岸流,促进了南向的朝鲜沿岸流;夏季南风抑制了中国沿岸流,削弱了朝鲜沿岸流。因此,冬季黄海暖流向西北的深入,主要是由于强发展的中国沿岸流和朝鲜沿岸流,它们沿黄海槽向北抽水,来补充这两支向南的流动。夏季,仅有朝鲜沿岸流的作用,使得黄海暖流很弱几乎消失。因此,黑潮通过对马海峡对黄海暖流形成起诱生作用,质量守恒约束对其季节变化起主导作用,故季风变化主导黄海暖流的强弱变化。
东中国海的能量,可以通过陆架波的形式从黑潮下游传播到上游区域,进而影响到那里的环流。其中,对马海峡在能量传播中起着重要的作用,它是黑潮对东亚边缘海影响的一个枢纽。日本东岸的海表高度异常信号可以沿顺时针方向传播,经对马海峡进入到日本海,然后沿西岸向北传播。日本西岸的海表高度变化是由东岸的黑潮延伸体的遥强迫产生的,边界Kelvin波推动了这种联系。大洋的强迫,通过黑潮延伸体的变化,是日本西岸海表高度变化的主导强迫机制。对马海峡本身的变化,也能够以地形Rossby的形式,沿东海大陆岸线逆时针传播到台湾海峡,从而影响途中的朝鲜沿岸流、台湾海峡流动等。
本文研究成果的科学意义主要表现为:基本动力学关系上构建了中国东部陆架环流形成与维持的最基础的理论框架;揭示了黑潮所起的控制性作用;探讨了局地风应力的调节作用;引入了陆架海的能量传播机制。以上成果为研究全球气候变化,特别是通过北太平洋环流变化如何影响我国东部陆架海物理环境具有带动性。并为不断建立和完善陆架海物理环境演变理论体系奠定了良好的基础。
Based on the existence of pressure gradient between the southern and northern ends of the Kuroshio associated areas, especially the possible existence of interaction constraints between the Kuroshio and the Taiwan Island or Japanese Islands, this paper proposes a hypothesis that, the pressure gradient in the area is the dominant forcing, and the Island Integral Constraint, Mass Conservation Constraint and the mass sink effect of the Japan/East Sea (JES) are the essential dynamics that govern the formation and maintenance of the main warm current systems. And several numerical sensitive experiments are conduct to validate the above dynamics hypothesis. This paper also preliminarily investigates the mechanism of energy propagation in the East China Sea (ECS) and adjacent regions.
The results of sensitive experiments show that, the Taiwan Strait Current is forced primarily by the oceanic circulation in the open-ocean basin through the KC, the western boundary current of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific Ocean. The local wind-stress forcing plays an important but secondary role. The KC will set a pressure gradient from the southern to the northern tip of the Taiwan Island. The reverse friction associated with the Kuroshio, will get balance on the annual mean basis. Because of the connectivity of the ocean, at the other side of the island, the balance should be satisfied, and then there should be a flow in the Taiwan Strait with the same direction as the KC, which is the mechanism for the formation of the northward Taiwan Strait Current. These results also can be explained by the Island Rule derived by Pedlosky et al. Supposed a homogeneous ocean, the integration along a closure curve such as an island of the momentum equation results in a simple form of balance that the integration of friction along the island should be zero, when ignored the inertial term and wind stress. To balance the clockwise drag caused by the KC and the topography at the east of the Taiwan Island, there must be an anti-clockwise drag at the west of the TI, which caused the current flows northward in the Taiwan Strait.
The dominant mechanism for the formation of the Tsushima Warm Current is due to the source-sink driven mechanism that formed by Island Integral Constraint between the Kuroshio and Japanese Islands, Mass Conservation Constraint that supply in the JES, and the east and west boundary currents in the JES that arise from Potential Vorticity Integral Constraint. The local wind-stress forcing plays only a secondary role. Both local and remote forcings play important roles in the seasonal variation. The local forcing is by the wind stress affecting the pressure difference across the Tsushima Strait, and the remote forcing is by the Kuroshio Current induced Kelvin waves propagating to the strait. The two forcings are roughly in phase, hereinto, the remote forcing is dominant, the local forcing is important but secondary, and the ratio of the former to the latter is about 2 to 1.
There is an obvious seasonal variation for the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC): in winter, the YSWC penetrates northward along the Yellow Sea Trough towards the Bohai Sea; in summer, the YSWC becomes much less intrusive and is limited mostly in the southern trough, contrasting with a deep winter penetration well into the trough. In the annual mean the YSWC is a compensating current for the Korea Coastal Current (KCC) and China Coastal Current (CCC). Driven by the KC, the southward KCC is induced by the TSWC as a source- and sink-driven flow along bathymetry. Under the monsoonal forcing, the northerly wind in winter causes the southward CCC, and promotes the southward KCC; the southerly wind in summer restrains the CCC, and weakens the KCC. As a result, the deep northwestward intrusion of the YSWC in winter is mainly due to a robustly developed CCC and KCC, which draws water along the Yellow Sea trough to feed the two southward flows. In summer, the YSWC almost vanish due to the only effect of the KCC. As a result, the Kuroshio will induce the YSWC through the Tsushima Strait, and the Mass Conservation play a leading role in the seasonal variation, so the monsoonal wind will dominant the strength variation of the YSWC.
The energy in the ECS can propagate upstream from the lower reaches of the KC as a form of continental shelf waves, and then affect the circulation on the way. The Tsushima Strait plays an important role in the energy propagation, and acts as a junction of the Kuroshio effects on the East Asian Marginal Sea. The sea level variability along the east coast of Japan can propagate clockwise through the Tsushima Strait into the JES and then northward along the west coast. The sea level variability along the west coast of Japan is remotely forced by the Kuroshio Extension off the east coast. Boundary Kelvin waves facilitate the connection. The open-ocean forcing, through the Kuroshio Extension variability, is the leading forcing mechanism for sea level change along the west coast of Japan. The variation of the Tsushima Strait itself, can propagate to the Taiwan Strait anti-clockwise along the coastline of ECS, as a form of topographic Rossby waves, and affect the KCC and Taiwan Strait Current, etc on the way.
The scientific significances of this study are: construct the theory frame of the formation and maintenance of circulations in the ECS under the basic dynamics; reveal the dominant role of the KC; investigate the modulating role of the local wind stress; introduce the mechanism of energy propagation in the continental shelf sea. The above results will play a promoting effect in the study of global climate changes, especially how to affect the physical environment of the ECS through the variation of general circulation in the North Pacific Ocean, and lay a good foundation for the construction and perfection of the continental shelf physical environmental evolution theory system.
引文
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