渤海湾温带风暴潮数值计算模式的研究与应用
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摘要
风暴潮是世界海洋灾害中最严重的灾害之一,中国是世界上风暴潮灾害发生最频繁的且所受影响最严重的国家之一,风暴潮给国防、工农业生产和国民经济带来了重大损失。故对风暴潮数值模拟方法的研究,提高风暴潮预报的准确性,具有迫切的现实意义。
本文分析了风暴潮的特点及其对沿海地区的影响,总结了风暴潮研究的现状与进展。在静水压强假设条件下,由三维流动的基本方程出发,对二维、三维风暴潮数学模型的控制方程进行了推导,并应用有限差分法的交替方向隐格式(Alternating Direction Implicit Method,即ADI)对控制方程进行离散求解。综合考虑了天文潮与风应力对风暴潮的影响,研究了温带风暴潮二维、三维数值计算模式。在三维风暴潮计算中,采用拟三维计算模式,提出了非平面水深等分模式和平面等水深分布模式,比较两种不同模式的计算成果,对两种数值模拟计算模式的特点做了系统的分析。
根据实际海区情况,本文将计算区域分为大模型、小模型两个计算区域,即黄渤海大模型区域和渤海湾小模型区域。建立了黄渤海大范围海域和渤海湾小范围海域的二维、三维天文潮温带风暴潮数学模型,在天文潮数学模型中,采用潮汐调和分析方法为模型提供海洋边界条件,模拟了2009年5月8日-10日的潮汐过程,采用2009年潮汐表资料验证了计算成果。对黄渤海海区2009年5月8日-10日发生的风暴潮过程进行了模拟。模拟了只在小模型中考虑风应力与天文潮共同作用和大小模型中同时考虑风应力与天文潮共同作用的两种计算模式,利用塘沽验潮站的实际观测资料对风暴潮潮位计算结果和增水计算结果进行了验证,验证结果显示二维计算模式中,只在小模型考虑风场情况的潮位验证过程与增水位与实测资料吻合较好;拟三维计算模式中,平面等水深分布模式的计算成果要比非平面水深等分模式的计算成果更接近实际观测资料。
目前本文建立的二维温带风暴潮数学模型已应用于天津市气象科学研究所的业务预报,三维温带风暴潮数学模型的研究工作将对风暴潮业务预报工作提供进一步的技术支持。
Storm surge is one of the most serious disasters in all of the oceanic disasters, and China is one of the countries that influenced by storm surge disaster and frequently occurred in the world. It causes serious damage and lost to national defence, industry, agriculture and economy. Therefore, studying the storm surge numerical methods and improving the precision of storm surge forecast have urgent and practical significance.
A brief analysis of the characteristics of storm surge and its influence on coastal areas was presented in this paper, and summarized the progress of storm surge studies. Based on the basic equation of three-dimensional flow, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional storm surge mathematical model equations were derived. The ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit Method) difference scheme of finite difference method was applied in the discretizing and solving the governing equations. Considering the influence of the astronomical tide and wind stress to the storm surge, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical model of extratropical storm surge were established. Quasi-three-dimensional was applied in the numerical model of three-dimensional, and then non-planar depth division model and planar equal depth distribution model were introduced. The two different models’s result was compared, and the characteristics of the two models were analysed.
Based on the conditions of actual ocean region, the computational region was divided into large model and small model in this paper. The large model covered the area of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the small model covered the Bohai Bay. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical model were applied to the large model and small model, and then a storm surge which occurred in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea on 8 th - 10 th May, 2009 were simulated. Two cases were considered in the numerical simulation, which were adding wind stress only in small model and adding wind stress in both model. Using the observation data of Tanggu tidal station, the calculation results of strom surge tidal level and storm surge setup were verified. About the verification results, the storm surge setup of the two-dimensional numerical model was good agreement with the measured data in the case of adding wind stress only in small model, the calculation results of depth layered method were better than depth isometry layered method in the three-dimensional numerical model.
本文分析了风暴潮的特点及其对沿海地区的影响,总结了风暴潮研究的现状与进展。在静水压强假设条件下,由三维流动的基本方程出发,对二维、三维风暴潮数学模型的控制方程进行了推导,并应用有限差分法的交替方向隐格式(Alternating Direction Implicit Method,即ADI)对控制方程进行离散求解。综合考虑了天文潮与风应力对风暴潮的影响,研究了温带风暴潮二维、三维数值计算模式。在三维风暴潮计算中,采用拟三维计算模式,提出了非平面水深等分模式和平面等水深分布模式,比较两种不同模式的计算成果,对两种数值模拟计算模式的特点做了系统的分析。
根据实际海区情况,本文将计算区域分为大模型、小模型两个计算区域,即黄渤海大模型区域和渤海湾小模型区域。建立了黄渤海大范围海域和渤海湾小范围海域的二维、三维天文潮温带风暴潮数学模型,在天文潮数学模型中,采用潮汐调和分析方法为模型提供海洋边界条件,模拟了2009年5月8日-10日的潮汐过程,采用2009年潮汐表资料验证了计算成果。对黄渤海海区2009年5月8日-10日发生的风暴潮过程进行了模拟。模拟了只在小模型中考虑风应力与天文潮共同作用和大小模型中同时考虑风应力与天文潮共同作用的两种计算模式,利用塘沽验潮站的实际观测资料对风暴潮潮位计算结果和增水计算结果进行了验证,验证结果显示二维计算模式中,只在小模型考虑风场情况的潮位验证过程与增水位与实测资料吻合较好;拟三维计算模式中,平面等水深分布模式的计算成果要比非平面水深等分模式的计算成果更接近实际观测资料。
目前本文建立的二维温带风暴潮数学模型已应用于天津市气象科学研究所的业务预报,三维温带风暴潮数学模型的研究工作将对风暴潮业务预报工作提供进一步的技术支持。
Storm surge is one of the most serious disasters in all of the oceanic disasters, and China is one of the countries that influenced by storm surge disaster and frequently occurred in the world. It causes serious damage and lost to national defence, industry, agriculture and economy. Therefore, studying the storm surge numerical methods and improving the precision of storm surge forecast have urgent and practical significance.
A brief analysis of the characteristics of storm surge and its influence on coastal areas was presented in this paper, and summarized the progress of storm surge studies. Based on the basic equation of three-dimensional flow, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional storm surge mathematical model equations were derived. The ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit Method) difference scheme of finite difference method was applied in the discretizing and solving the governing equations. Considering the influence of the astronomical tide and wind stress to the storm surge, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical model of extratropical storm surge were established. Quasi-three-dimensional was applied in the numerical model of three-dimensional, and then non-planar depth division model and planar equal depth distribution model were introduced. The two different models’s result was compared, and the characteristics of the two models were analysed.
Based on the conditions of actual ocean region, the computational region was divided into large model and small model in this paper. The large model covered the area of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the small model covered the Bohai Bay. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical model were applied to the large model and small model, and then a storm surge which occurred in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea on 8 th - 10 th May, 2009 were simulated. Two cases were considered in the numerical simulation, which were adding wind stress only in small model and adding wind stress in both model. Using the observation data of Tanggu tidal station, the calculation results of strom surge tidal level and storm surge setup were verified. About the verification results, the storm surge setup of the two-dimensional numerical model was good agreement with the measured data in the case of adding wind stress only in small model, the calculation results of depth layered method were better than depth isometry layered method in the three-dimensional numerical model.
引文
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