石墨炉原子吸收光谱用于陶瓷材料的方法研究
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摘要
新型陶瓷材料在信息、航空航天、生命科学等现代科学技术各个领域中,发挥了极其重要的作用,然而其化学组成及杂质极大地影响材料的性能(机械性、热稳定性电磁性、光学性等),因此测定新型陶瓷材料中的痕量杂质元素的含量成为了当今亟待解决的问题。
常规分析要求试样制备成溶液进样,但是由于其物理和化学特性,新型陶瓷材料难以制备成溶液。悬浮液分析结合了固体和液体进样方式的显著优势,并且称取样品的总质量高,是一种相对成熟的技术,并已作为常规分析方法广泛应用于有机和无机复杂基体中微、痕量金属元素的分析测定。
石墨炉原子吸收光谱被认为是直接分析固体样品最吸引人的技术,主要因为其能将固体物质直接引入到原子化器中,样品在原子化器停留时间较长,任何形状或挥发性的粒子都被原子化,此外,它具有低检出限、高选择性、高灵敏度的优点,综上所述,石墨炉原子吸收成为一种易于接受的测定方法和测定固体材料中痕量元素的一种常规方法。
悬浮液勿需将样品制备成溶液,因此相比溶液进样,颗粒在原子化过程中将产生非特定吸收；石墨炉程序升温也很难避免待分析物和基体同时原子化,因此,有效的背景校正是必要的。本文采用自吸扣背景和塞曼效应背景校正两种方式进行测定。
高纯氧化铝、碳化硅是难溶的陶瓷材料。本文采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定其中的痕量元素的含量。实验选择两种不同的进样方式,即高温高压消解样品和悬浮液,其中氧化铝和碳化硅悬浮液分别选用聚丙烯酸铵(NH4PAA)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)作为分散剂、旋涡混合来确保悬浮液的分散性、稳定性极其均匀性,并采用持久基体改进剂Zr进行测定,结果发现它能够有效的降低残留物的沉积,大大提高石墨管的使用寿命。
此外,本文还对灰化温度、原子化温度及空心阴极灯的灯电流等石墨炉原子吸收工作条件进行了优化,最终确定了最佳测定条件。样品测试采用标准水溶液进行校正,方法准确性采用标准样品氧化铝AKP-30、碳化硅BAM-S003在两种进样方式下的分析测定结果,并与文献报道的其它测定方法结果进行对比。测定的校正曲线的线性相关性大于0.999,方法的检出限低,相对标准偏差小于6.6%。
研究表明本方法简单,结果确切,适用于陶瓷材料中痕量元素的快速测定。
Advanced ceramics have been utilized in various important fields such as information science, eronautics and astronautics, life sciences. However, the mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are significantly affected by the chemical composition and impurities existed in the material even at very low concentration level. Thus,it is essential to determine trace impurities to characterizes the quality of ceramics.
Routine analysis demands the sample in form of solution. However, it is chemically difficult to bring sample into dissolution because of physical and chenmiatry properties. Slurry sampling was already considered as a mature technique, due to combining the significant advantages of the solid and liquid sampling methods and allowing several replicates from just only one slurry and higher amounts of sample can be weighted. It was widely utilized for metal determination in trace and even ultra trace analysis in organic and inorganic complicated matrix, even for routine analysis.
Graphite Furmace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) has been shown to be the most attractive technique for the direct analysis of solid samples, mainly by the absence of a nebulizer system which simplifies the introduction of the solid material into the atomizers. Additionally, the large residence time of the sample into the GFAAS atomizer allows the particles to be atomized whatever their size or volatility. Moreover, it shows quite low limits of detection、high selectivity and sensitivity, which is highly desirable in trace analysis. Due to all these attributes solid analysis by GFAAS is now an accepted methodology and a very convenient way for the determination of trace elements in a broad range of solid materials.
The slurry analysis involves by far more problems related to non-specific absorption than the analysis of solutions (or acid extracts) does. Accordingly, the graphite furnace temperature programme is really difficult to avoid the analyte and matrix simultaneous atomization, so an efficient background corrector is imperative. In this wok, Smith-Hieftje background correction (S-H) and Zeeman effect corrector were used.
High-purity alumina and silicon carbides was considered to be the most refractory ceramic materials. Direct determination the inpurities in ceramics of was performed by slurry-GFAAS with subsequent to decomposition by sulfuric acid in PTFE pressure vessels and slury sampling. The silicon carbides slurry sample was prepared with adding dispersant Polyacrylic amine (NH4PAA) polyethyleneimine (PEI),respectively,and agitation in an vortex mixer to ensure for the dispersion,stabilization and homogenization of suspension, Zirconium coating as a permanent modifier showed that the improvement in analytical firings of the tube.
Instrument conditions of GFAAS such as pyrolysis, atomization and hollow cathode lamp current has been optimized, the optimal experimental conditions were selected. Calibration was performed using aqueous standards method for sample analysis. The accuracy of the proposed method was shown up for the case of Al2O3 (AKP-30)、SiC (BAM-S003), and compared with those obtained by GFAAS, the results were in agreement well with values found in the literature by different methods. The linear regression coefficients of the calibration curves were better than 0.999. The detection limits were low, with a relative standard deviation were being not more than 6.6%.
It is a simple, convenient and accurate method and it is suitable for the rapid analysis of trace element in ceramics.
常规分析要求试样制备成溶液进样,但是由于其物理和化学特性,新型陶瓷材料难以制备成溶液。悬浮液分析结合了固体和液体进样方式的显著优势,并且称取样品的总质量高,是一种相对成熟的技术,并已作为常规分析方法广泛应用于有机和无机复杂基体中微、痕量金属元素的分析测定。
石墨炉原子吸收光谱被认为是直接分析固体样品最吸引人的技术,主要因为其能将固体物质直接引入到原子化器中,样品在原子化器停留时间较长,任何形状或挥发性的粒子都被原子化,此外,它具有低检出限、高选择性、高灵敏度的优点,综上所述,石墨炉原子吸收成为一种易于接受的测定方法和测定固体材料中痕量元素的一种常规方法。
悬浮液勿需将样品制备成溶液,因此相比溶液进样,颗粒在原子化过程中将产生非特定吸收；石墨炉程序升温也很难避免待分析物和基体同时原子化,因此,有效的背景校正是必要的。本文采用自吸扣背景和塞曼效应背景校正两种方式进行测定。
高纯氧化铝、碳化硅是难溶的陶瓷材料。本文采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定其中的痕量元素的含量。实验选择两种不同的进样方式,即高温高压消解样品和悬浮液,其中氧化铝和碳化硅悬浮液分别选用聚丙烯酸铵(NH4PAA)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)作为分散剂、旋涡混合来确保悬浮液的分散性、稳定性极其均匀性,并采用持久基体改进剂Zr进行测定,结果发现它能够有效的降低残留物的沉积,大大提高石墨管的使用寿命。
此外,本文还对灰化温度、原子化温度及空心阴极灯的灯电流等石墨炉原子吸收工作条件进行了优化,最终确定了最佳测定条件。样品测试采用标准水溶液进行校正,方法准确性采用标准样品氧化铝AKP-30、碳化硅BAM-S003在两种进样方式下的分析测定结果,并与文献报道的其它测定方法结果进行对比。测定的校正曲线的线性相关性大于0.999,方法的检出限低,相对标准偏差小于6.6%。
研究表明本方法简单,结果确切,适用于陶瓷材料中痕量元素的快速测定。
Advanced ceramics have been utilized in various important fields such as information science, eronautics and astronautics, life sciences. However, the mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are significantly affected by the chemical composition and impurities existed in the material even at very low concentration level. Thus,it is essential to determine trace impurities to characterizes the quality of ceramics.
Routine analysis demands the sample in form of solution. However, it is chemically difficult to bring sample into dissolution because of physical and chenmiatry properties. Slurry sampling was already considered as a mature technique, due to combining the significant advantages of the solid and liquid sampling methods and allowing several replicates from just only one slurry and higher amounts of sample can be weighted. It was widely utilized for metal determination in trace and even ultra trace analysis in organic and inorganic complicated matrix, even for routine analysis.
Graphite Furmace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) has been shown to be the most attractive technique for the direct analysis of solid samples, mainly by the absence of a nebulizer system which simplifies the introduction of the solid material into the atomizers. Additionally, the large residence time of the sample into the GFAAS atomizer allows the particles to be atomized whatever their size or volatility. Moreover, it shows quite low limits of detection、high selectivity and sensitivity, which is highly desirable in trace analysis. Due to all these attributes solid analysis by GFAAS is now an accepted methodology and a very convenient way for the determination of trace elements in a broad range of solid materials.
The slurry analysis involves by far more problems related to non-specific absorption than the analysis of solutions (or acid extracts) does. Accordingly, the graphite furnace temperature programme is really difficult to avoid the analyte and matrix simultaneous atomization, so an efficient background corrector is imperative. In this wok, Smith-Hieftje background correction (S-H) and Zeeman effect corrector were used.
High-purity alumina and silicon carbides was considered to be the most refractory ceramic materials. Direct determination the inpurities in ceramics of was performed by slurry-GFAAS with subsequent to decomposition by sulfuric acid in PTFE pressure vessels and slury sampling. The silicon carbides slurry sample was prepared with adding dispersant Polyacrylic amine (NH4PAA) polyethyleneimine (PEI),respectively,and agitation in an vortex mixer to ensure for the dispersion,stabilization and homogenization of suspension, Zirconium coating as a permanent modifier showed that the improvement in analytical firings of the tube.
Instrument conditions of GFAAS such as pyrolysis, atomization and hollow cathode lamp current has been optimized, the optimal experimental conditions were selected. Calibration was performed using aqueous standards method for sample analysis. The accuracy of the proposed method was shown up for the case of Al2O3 (AKP-30)、SiC (BAM-S003), and compared with those obtained by GFAAS, the results were in agreement well with values found in the literature by different methods. The linear regression coefficients of the calibration curves were better than 0.999. The detection limits were low, with a relative standard deviation were being not more than 6.6%.
It is a simple, convenient and accurate method and it is suitable for the rapid analysis of trace element in ceramics.
引文
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