西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资及保障机制研究
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摘要
家庭对儿童的人力资本投资关系儿童未来的人力资本质量,影响社会人力资本发展水平。我国西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资意识欠缺、能力不足,国家与社会层面,也缺乏适应西部农村实际的保障机制,以激励家庭儿童人力资本“投入量”,确保家庭投资的“有效结果”。因此,选择西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资问题为研究对象,揭示西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资现状及影响其投资行为的因素,提出完善西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资保障机制构架,探讨政府与社会在促进西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资水平过程中的角色与功能定位,不仅对西部农村儿童人力资本成长问题进行了有益的理论探讨、丰富了家庭人口投资理论,而且有助于聚集更多目光关注西部农村儿童的人力资本成长问题,有助于厘清影响西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资的主客观因素、树立对西部农村儿童特别是女性儿童的人力资本投资理念,确保西部农村儿童的人力资本成长质量,促进西部农村人力资本的协调发展。
本文借鉴国内外关于家庭人口投资相关研究成果,运用家庭经济学、公共经济学、行为科学等相关理论,界定了家庭儿童人力资本投资内容及其内在逻辑关系。以对儿童健康和教育投资为主线,探讨了西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资现状,分析了制约家庭投资行为的各类因素及其影响力度。本文以家庭、政府和社会三个层面为研究核心,构建了西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资保障机制,即,在儿童的人力资本成长过程中,应充分激发西部农村家庭的主体功能;在政府层面,依靠积极的公共财政政策等手段,形成对家庭投资行为的有效激励机制;在社会层面,积极发挥社会系统的独特功能,构成对家庭投资行为的重要补充机制。本研究侧重定性分析和定量分析、宏观论述与微观研究、文献研究及跨学科研究等方法,重点在于找准影响西部农村家庭对儿童人力资本投资的因素,从理论上对家庭主体机制、政府激励机制与社会补充机制的协作方式予以优化。
本研究从行为科学的分析视角,探讨了西部农村家庭对儿童人力资本投资的经济行为,将家庭对儿童人力资本投资的成本和收益与家庭投资的行为动力有机结合,梳理和归类了影响家庭投资的直接因素、间接因素与综合因素,为家庭人力资本投资理论研究带来了一个新的视点。
本文用认知度调查法解读西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资态度与观念。结论显示,当前多数西部农村家庭认可对儿童的教育投资,特别是义务教育阶段的投资行为。但是,农村儿童的成长环境、就业压力等客观因素,影响农户对儿童教育投资的收益预期。此外,西部农村家庭对儿童健康投资的起点和要求较低。
本文采用回归模型,从父母受教育程度、家庭经济能力、本地学校教育环境与质量、政府对教育的投资状况、家庭规模等方面评估了影响西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资的相关因素及影响程度大小。结论验证,西部农村家庭收入水平、母亲受教育程度与家庭对儿童的教育投资正相关;教育质量对家庭教育投资行为具有明显正向作用;政府对教育的投资并没有对西部农村家庭的教育投资行为产生有效拉动作用;母亲受教育水平对男孩教育态度的影响比女孩的影响更大;父母双方教育程度、家庭收入、农村公共管理对家庭的健康投资影响显著;母亲对儿童饮食的影响系数大于父亲,父亲对儿童医疗保健投资的影响程度较母亲显著。
本研究从理论上提出了增强西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资动力的有效机制。即家庭主体功能、政府公共财政的激励机制与社会组织的补充机制,是确保西部农村家庭投资能力、增强其投资动力的前提和基础。
The consciousness and ability of families for children's human capital investment not only affect children's future quality of human capital, but also condition the development of human capital of rural society. The investment motivation of western rural families for children's human capital are relatively insufficient, moreover, our government and social organizations are lack of an efficient investment guarantee mechanism which is suitable to the western rural areas and can encourage the families to increase the human capital "inputs" to their children and ensure the "results" of the family’s investment behavior effectively. This research takes the behavior of investment in children’s human capital of the rural families in western areas as the object of the study, the key is to explore an efficient protection mechanism and study the proper role and function of orientation of the government and the community which can help to improve the investment ability of the western rural families basing on revealing the conditions of the children's human capital investment of rural families in western and the factors that affect their investment behavior. The study could not only enrich the theoretical system of family human capital investment in the micro-level, but also gather more attention to the problem of human capital reserve of the children in western rural china and clarify the objective and subjective factors affecting the family’s investment behavior and establish a concept of investment in women's and children's human capital growth and protect the quality of children human capital in the western rural areas in the future.
By referencing the theory of foreign-related research about family human capital investment and the home economics, public economics, behavioral science and etc., the paper has summarized the contents and its internal logic relations of the family human capital investment for children. At the same time, the paper has explored the status and sorted and classified the main factors that maybe affect the family human capital investment for children in western rural areas. Basing on the above, the paper has built a protection mechanism of human capital investment for children of the western rural families, which include three core aspects: The main mechanism of families, the incentive mechanism from governments and the complementary mechanisms from communities. The study focused on qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, macro-expositions and micro studies, literature and cross-disciplinary research and some other methods. The key point lies in identifying accurately the factors that affect the family investment behavior, and finding out an appropriate way to optimize the protection mechanism of human capital investment for children of the western rural families in the theory.
This research brings a new research perspective to the theory of family human capital investment, for it analyzed the economic phenomena of household investment in human capital for children in the western rural areas by using behavioral science theory. The findings from the investigation on the students and parents in Gaoling County of Xi'an showed that there were a negative correlation between the level of regional economy and the family-dependent children coefficient, but positive correlation between the level of regional economy and the family human resources development content on children, the time expenditure level, the family educational methods. In addition, based on the field survey of five counties in Shaanxi, the paper has studied the factors that impact the family’s human capital investment behavior on children and its direction and degree of these factors. The study concluded that the family income level, mother's educational level and family’s investment in education to children was positively correlated, and the quality of education has a significant positive effect to family’s education investment behavior for their children, and the government's investment on the system of education of the western rural areas has not produced an effective pulling effect to the households education investment behavior of the western rural areas, and the mother's educational level has stronger impact to her own attitudes for the education investment to boys than to girls, and parental education level, family income, status of public administration in rural areas was related to the family health investment for children significantly, and the mother's influence coefficient on children’s diet was greater than father’s, but the father has more significant impact to the children's health care investment than the mother's. Therefore, to enhance the investment power of rural households in western areas, it is required to give full play of the family’s main mechanisms, of the government's incentive mechanism and of the complementary mechanisms of social organizations. The combination and collaboration of these three branches of the mechanism is the prerequisite and basis to ensure the domestic investment capacity and promote the investment power of the family in western rural areas.
本文借鉴国内外关于家庭人口投资相关研究成果,运用家庭经济学、公共经济学、行为科学等相关理论,界定了家庭儿童人力资本投资内容及其内在逻辑关系。以对儿童健康和教育投资为主线,探讨了西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资现状,分析了制约家庭投资行为的各类因素及其影响力度。本文以家庭、政府和社会三个层面为研究核心,构建了西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资保障机制,即,在儿童的人力资本成长过程中,应充分激发西部农村家庭的主体功能;在政府层面,依靠积极的公共财政政策等手段,形成对家庭投资行为的有效激励机制;在社会层面,积极发挥社会系统的独特功能,构成对家庭投资行为的重要补充机制。本研究侧重定性分析和定量分析、宏观论述与微观研究、文献研究及跨学科研究等方法,重点在于找准影响西部农村家庭对儿童人力资本投资的因素,从理论上对家庭主体机制、政府激励机制与社会补充机制的协作方式予以优化。
本研究从行为科学的分析视角,探讨了西部农村家庭对儿童人力资本投资的经济行为,将家庭对儿童人力资本投资的成本和收益与家庭投资的行为动力有机结合,梳理和归类了影响家庭投资的直接因素、间接因素与综合因素,为家庭人力资本投资理论研究带来了一个新的视点。
本文用认知度调查法解读西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资态度与观念。结论显示,当前多数西部农村家庭认可对儿童的教育投资,特别是义务教育阶段的投资行为。但是,农村儿童的成长环境、就业压力等客观因素,影响农户对儿童教育投资的收益预期。此外,西部农村家庭对儿童健康投资的起点和要求较低。
本文采用回归模型,从父母受教育程度、家庭经济能力、本地学校教育环境与质量、政府对教育的投资状况、家庭规模等方面评估了影响西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资的相关因素及影响程度大小。结论验证,西部农村家庭收入水平、母亲受教育程度与家庭对儿童的教育投资正相关;教育质量对家庭教育投资行为具有明显正向作用;政府对教育的投资并没有对西部农村家庭的教育投资行为产生有效拉动作用;母亲受教育水平对男孩教育态度的影响比女孩的影响更大;父母双方教育程度、家庭收入、农村公共管理对家庭的健康投资影响显著;母亲对儿童饮食的影响系数大于父亲,父亲对儿童医疗保健投资的影响程度较母亲显著。
本研究从理论上提出了增强西部农村家庭儿童人力资本投资动力的有效机制。即家庭主体功能、政府公共财政的激励机制与社会组织的补充机制,是确保西部农村家庭投资能力、增强其投资动力的前提和基础。
The consciousness and ability of families for children's human capital investment not only affect children's future quality of human capital, but also condition the development of human capital of rural society. The investment motivation of western rural families for children's human capital are relatively insufficient, moreover, our government and social organizations are lack of an efficient investment guarantee mechanism which is suitable to the western rural areas and can encourage the families to increase the human capital "inputs" to their children and ensure the "results" of the family’s investment behavior effectively. This research takes the behavior of investment in children’s human capital of the rural families in western areas as the object of the study, the key is to explore an efficient protection mechanism and study the proper role and function of orientation of the government and the community which can help to improve the investment ability of the western rural families basing on revealing the conditions of the children's human capital investment of rural families in western and the factors that affect their investment behavior. The study could not only enrich the theoretical system of family human capital investment in the micro-level, but also gather more attention to the problem of human capital reserve of the children in western rural china and clarify the objective and subjective factors affecting the family’s investment behavior and establish a concept of investment in women's and children's human capital growth and protect the quality of children human capital in the western rural areas in the future.
By referencing the theory of foreign-related research about family human capital investment and the home economics, public economics, behavioral science and etc., the paper has summarized the contents and its internal logic relations of the family human capital investment for children. At the same time, the paper has explored the status and sorted and classified the main factors that maybe affect the family human capital investment for children in western rural areas. Basing on the above, the paper has built a protection mechanism of human capital investment for children of the western rural families, which include three core aspects: The main mechanism of families, the incentive mechanism from governments and the complementary mechanisms from communities. The study focused on qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, macro-expositions and micro studies, literature and cross-disciplinary research and some other methods. The key point lies in identifying accurately the factors that affect the family investment behavior, and finding out an appropriate way to optimize the protection mechanism of human capital investment for children of the western rural families in the theory.
This research brings a new research perspective to the theory of family human capital investment, for it analyzed the economic phenomena of household investment in human capital for children in the western rural areas by using behavioral science theory. The findings from the investigation on the students and parents in Gaoling County of Xi'an showed that there were a negative correlation between the level of regional economy and the family-dependent children coefficient, but positive correlation between the level of regional economy and the family human resources development content on children, the time expenditure level, the family educational methods. In addition, based on the field survey of five counties in Shaanxi, the paper has studied the factors that impact the family’s human capital investment behavior on children and its direction and degree of these factors. The study concluded that the family income level, mother's educational level and family’s investment in education to children was positively correlated, and the quality of education has a significant positive effect to family’s education investment behavior for their children, and the government's investment on the system of education of the western rural areas has not produced an effective pulling effect to the households education investment behavior of the western rural areas, and the mother's educational level has stronger impact to her own attitudes for the education investment to boys than to girls, and parental education level, family income, status of public administration in rural areas was related to the family health investment for children significantly, and the mother's influence coefficient on children’s diet was greater than father’s, but the father has more significant impact to the children's health care investment than the mother's. Therefore, to enhance the investment power of rural households in western areas, it is required to give full play of the family’s main mechanisms, of the government's incentive mechanism and of the complementary mechanisms of social organizations. The combination and collaboration of these three branches of the mechanism is the prerequisite and basis to ensure the domestic investment capacity and promote the investment power of the family in western rural areas.
引文
①效率:http://baike.baidu.com/view/47610.htm。
①国家西部地区"两基"攻坚计划(2004-2007年)完成情况:http://www.gov.cn/wszb/zhibo177/content_818059.htm。
①参见由中国科学技术促进发展研究中心社会发展研究部,挪威Fafo应用国际研究所编的《西部人民的生活----“中国西部省份社会与经济发展监测研究”数据报告》,北京:中国统计出版社,2006, P309,374.
①参见“儿童医院就诊年龄延长到18岁”:http://www.greenstick.net/index.php/action-viewnews-itemid-98。
②参观《中华人民共和国成年人保护法(全文)》:http://china.rednet.cn/c/2007/05/30/1215971.htm。
①参见《西部人民的生活》P219-221。
②参见《西部人民的生活》P268。
①参见《西部人民的生活》P8。
②西部教育的现状与发展模式创新:http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/ xbkf5/ 816337.htm, 2005-03-21。
③西部地区农村义务教育的现状及发展思考:http://emic.moe.edu.cn/edoas2/website18/level3.jsp?id=1170054 047819084,2006-11-25。
④参见《西部人民的生活》P148-154。
①西部地区农村教育发展的现状和问题:http://www.100paper.com/100paper/shehui/nongcunyanjiu/20080209/ 47290_3.html,2008-2-9。
②参见《西部人民的生活》P374。
①参见“中国西部农村教育现状调研报告”:http://education.163.com/06/0824/17/2PAC1B1P00291MUF.html。
①参见《西部人民的生活》P76-80。
①参见《西部人民的生活》P142。
①参见百度百科.社会公益组织:http://baike.baidu.com/view/434652.htm?func=retitle。
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