南宁非饱和膨胀土流变特性试验研究
摘要
基于国内外关于土流变的研究现状,在综合分析的基础上,结合国家自然科学基金资助项目和湖南省自然科学基金资助项目,本文开展了对南宁膨胀土流变特性的研究。通过室内试验、理论分析和数值分析相结合的方法进行了研究,主要取得了如下几方面的结论和创新性研究成果：
1)以南宁非饱和膨胀土为研究对象,采用分别加载、分级加载、和预压-卸载-再加载的试验研究方法,得到了如下压缩蠕变特性的研究成果：
①在分别加载试验中,土体蠕变曲线在没有考虑膨胀变形的影响时呈衰减蠕变；在分级加载试验中,土体蠕变曲线只有在低含水率和高应力作用下才呈非衰减蠕变。
②在分别加载试验中,土体瞬时应变与荷载之间呈二次曲线关系；在同一荷载作用下,土体在分别加载条件下的瞬时变形量比分级加载的大,但分级加载的累积变形量却要比分别加载的大。
③在预压-卸载-再加载的试验中,土体蠕变曲线在低含水率和高应力作用下呈非衰减蠕变,且预压压力越大非衰减加速蠕变现象越明显。
④土样的终应变随着预压压力的增大而减小,随着含水率的增大而增大。
2)研究了南宁非饱和膨胀土在不同垂直压力作用下的剪切蠕变特性和长期强度特性,得到如下研究结果：
①当剪切荷载小于42.5kPa时,土样蠕变曲线呈衰减蠕变；当剪切荷载大于42.5kPa时,土样蠕变曲线呈非衰减加速蠕变。
②竖向荷载为50kPa和100kPa时,土样在剪切荷载加到161.5kPa后分别在第60min和第360min时出现突然被剪坏的现象。
③竖向荷载为200kPa和300kPa时,土样在剪切荷载加到170kPa之后出现了明显的加速蠕变阶段。
④在含水率为16%的条件下土样的长期强度约为短期强度的72.9%。
3)研究了不同含水率条件下的南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛特性,得出如下结论：
①南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛曲线属于非完全衰减型,应力随时间的增加逐渐减小并趋于一个稳定值,松弛曲线可以分为明显的3个阶段：加速松弛阶段、匀速松弛阶段和稳定松弛阶段。
②当含水率为16%时,应力-应变曲线呈线性关系；当含水率为20.5%和22.4%时,应力-应变曲线呈非线性关系。
③得出的K-H体本构方程的拟合曲线与实测曲线有较好的拟合度,能够较好的反映南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛特性。
4)通过对南宁膨胀土和株洲红粘土在相同试验条件下进行的一系列对比试验,得出如下结论：
①膨胀土的蠕变曲线在低含水率和高应力作用的条件下呈非衰减蠕变,红粘土的蠕变曲线都为衰减蠕变,所以南宁膨胀土的加速蠕变现象比株洲红粘土明显。
②在相同含水率条件下,膨胀土的终应变均比红粘土的终应变大；在低含水率和低竖向荷载作用的条件下,膨胀土的回弹量要比红粘土的大。
Basing on present studies on rheological characteristics of soil at home and abroad, and together with comprehensive analysis, this dissertation carries out relevant studies on rheology behaviors of expansive soils, which is supported by the National Natural Science Project Fund and Hunan Province Natural Science Fund. By means of tests in-doors, theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, the research work has been accomplished with the following achievements:
1) The soil sample is Nanning unsaturated expansive soils, which underwent different load tests in terms of separate-loading, step-loading and preloading-unloading-secondary loading. The results show the following compression creep characteristics:
①Decay creep curves are found in separate-loading tests for the soil sample without consideration of swelling deformation, while in step-loading tests, the non-decay creep could only be presented for the soil with low water contents and high compression pressures.
②The relation between instantaneous strains and loads follows conic law in the separate-loading tests. With the same loads, the instantaneous strains of the soil in separate-loading tests are greater than those in step-loading tests, while the accumulative deformation is reverse, with bigger values in step-loading tests comparing to the separate-loading tests.
③Non-decay creep characteristics are presented in preloading-unloading-secondary loading tests for the soil with low water contents and high compression pressures. Moreover, the bigger the pre-loads, the more obvious the accelerating non-decay creep would be.
④The ultimate strains of the soil reduce with the increase of the preloading pressure, and increases with the increase of the water contents.
2) The shear creep characteristics and long-term strength of Nanning unsatured expansive soil under the action of different vertical pressures have been studied, which obtains:
①For the shear loads less than 42.5kPa, the decay creep curves of soil were presented, while for the loads more than 42.5 kPa, the non-decay creep curves of the soil were showed.
②Under the vertical loads of 50kPa and 100kPa respectively, the soil samples failed at 60min and 360min respectively during the shearing when the shear load was up to 161.5kPa.
③Under the vertical loads of 200kPa and 300kPa respectively, obviously accelerating creep phases of the soil are found with the shear load achieving to 170 kPa.
④The long-term strengths of the soil are about 72.9% of the short-term strengths when water content is 16%.
3) The stresses relaxation of the Nanning unsaturated expansive soil has been studied regarding to different water contents, showing that:
①The stress relaxation curves fall into a non-completed decay type. The stresses gradually decrease and tend to a stable value as time elapses. The relaxation curves can be divided into three stages clearly:an accelerating relaxation stage, a uniform speeding relaxation stage and a stable relaxation stage.
②The curves of stress-strain are shown in a linear relationship when water content is 16%, while the curves of stress-strain are shown in a non-linear relationship when the water contents are up to 20.5% and 22.4% respectively.
③The K-H constitutive function well agreed with the observed data, which is able to reflect stress relaxation characteristics of Nanning unsaturated expansive soil.
4) A series of contrast tests between the Nanning unsaturated expansive soil and Zhuzhou red clay have been done under the same conditions. The results display that:
①Under the conditions of low water contents and high compression pressures, the creep curves of expansive soil showed non-decay developments while the red clay showed decay developments. So the accelerating creeping phenomenon of Nanning expansive soil is more obvious than that of the Zhuzhou red clay.
②The ultimate strains of expansive soil were bigger than those of the red clay under the same water contents. Under the condition of low water contents and low pressures, the resilience values of expansive soil are bigger than those of the red clay.
1)以南宁非饱和膨胀土为研究对象,采用分别加载、分级加载、和预压-卸载-再加载的试验研究方法,得到了如下压缩蠕变特性的研究成果：
①在分别加载试验中,土体蠕变曲线在没有考虑膨胀变形的影响时呈衰减蠕变；在分级加载试验中,土体蠕变曲线只有在低含水率和高应力作用下才呈非衰减蠕变。
②在分别加载试验中,土体瞬时应变与荷载之间呈二次曲线关系；在同一荷载作用下,土体在分别加载条件下的瞬时变形量比分级加载的大,但分级加载的累积变形量却要比分别加载的大。
③在预压-卸载-再加载的试验中,土体蠕变曲线在低含水率和高应力作用下呈非衰减蠕变,且预压压力越大非衰减加速蠕变现象越明显。
④土样的终应变随着预压压力的增大而减小,随着含水率的增大而增大。
2)研究了南宁非饱和膨胀土在不同垂直压力作用下的剪切蠕变特性和长期强度特性,得到如下研究结果：
①当剪切荷载小于42.5kPa时,土样蠕变曲线呈衰减蠕变；当剪切荷载大于42.5kPa时,土样蠕变曲线呈非衰减加速蠕变。
②竖向荷载为50kPa和100kPa时,土样在剪切荷载加到161.5kPa后分别在第60min和第360min时出现突然被剪坏的现象。
③竖向荷载为200kPa和300kPa时,土样在剪切荷载加到170kPa之后出现了明显的加速蠕变阶段。
④在含水率为16%的条件下土样的长期强度约为短期强度的72.9%。
3)研究了不同含水率条件下的南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛特性,得出如下结论：
①南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛曲线属于非完全衰减型,应力随时间的增加逐渐减小并趋于一个稳定值,松弛曲线可以分为明显的3个阶段：加速松弛阶段、匀速松弛阶段和稳定松弛阶段。
②当含水率为16%时,应力-应变曲线呈线性关系；当含水率为20.5%和22.4%时,应力-应变曲线呈非线性关系。
③得出的K-H体本构方程的拟合曲线与实测曲线有较好的拟合度,能够较好的反映南宁非饱和膨胀土的应力松弛特性。
4)通过对南宁膨胀土和株洲红粘土在相同试验条件下进行的一系列对比试验,得出如下结论：
①膨胀土的蠕变曲线在低含水率和高应力作用的条件下呈非衰减蠕变,红粘土的蠕变曲线都为衰减蠕变,所以南宁膨胀土的加速蠕变现象比株洲红粘土明显。
②在相同含水率条件下,膨胀土的终应变均比红粘土的终应变大；在低含水率和低竖向荷载作用的条件下,膨胀土的回弹量要比红粘土的大。
Basing on present studies on rheological characteristics of soil at home and abroad, and together with comprehensive analysis, this dissertation carries out relevant studies on rheology behaviors of expansive soils, which is supported by the National Natural Science Project Fund and Hunan Province Natural Science Fund. By means of tests in-doors, theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, the research work has been accomplished with the following achievements:
1) The soil sample is Nanning unsaturated expansive soils, which underwent different load tests in terms of separate-loading, step-loading and preloading-unloading-secondary loading. The results show the following compression creep characteristics:
①Decay creep curves are found in separate-loading tests for the soil sample without consideration of swelling deformation, while in step-loading tests, the non-decay creep could only be presented for the soil with low water contents and high compression pressures.
②The relation between instantaneous strains and loads follows conic law in the separate-loading tests. With the same loads, the instantaneous strains of the soil in separate-loading tests are greater than those in step-loading tests, while the accumulative deformation is reverse, with bigger values in step-loading tests comparing to the separate-loading tests.
③Non-decay creep characteristics are presented in preloading-unloading-secondary loading tests for the soil with low water contents and high compression pressures. Moreover, the bigger the pre-loads, the more obvious the accelerating non-decay creep would be.
④The ultimate strains of the soil reduce with the increase of the preloading pressure, and increases with the increase of the water contents.
2) The shear creep characteristics and long-term strength of Nanning unsatured expansive soil under the action of different vertical pressures have been studied, which obtains:
①For the shear loads less than 42.5kPa, the decay creep curves of soil were presented, while for the loads more than 42.5 kPa, the non-decay creep curves of the soil were showed.
②Under the vertical loads of 50kPa and 100kPa respectively, the soil samples failed at 60min and 360min respectively during the shearing when the shear load was up to 161.5kPa.
③Under the vertical loads of 200kPa and 300kPa respectively, obviously accelerating creep phases of the soil are found with the shear load achieving to 170 kPa.
④The long-term strengths of the soil are about 72.9% of the short-term strengths when water content is 16%.
3) The stresses relaxation of the Nanning unsaturated expansive soil has been studied regarding to different water contents, showing that:
①The stress relaxation curves fall into a non-completed decay type. The stresses gradually decrease and tend to a stable value as time elapses. The relaxation curves can be divided into three stages clearly:an accelerating relaxation stage, a uniform speeding relaxation stage and a stable relaxation stage.
②The curves of stress-strain are shown in a linear relationship when water content is 16%, while the curves of stress-strain are shown in a non-linear relationship when the water contents are up to 20.5% and 22.4% respectively.
③The K-H constitutive function well agreed with the observed data, which is able to reflect stress relaxation characteristics of Nanning unsaturated expansive soil.
4) A series of contrast tests between the Nanning unsaturated expansive soil and Zhuzhou red clay have been done under the same conditions. The results display that:
①Under the conditions of low water contents and high compression pressures, the creep curves of expansive soil showed non-decay developments while the red clay showed decay developments. So the accelerating creeping phenomenon of Nanning expansive soil is more obvious than that of the Zhuzhou red clay.
②The ultimate strains of expansive soil were bigger than those of the red clay under the same water contents. Under the condition of low water contents and low pressures, the resilience values of expansive soil are bigger than those of the red clay.
引文
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