基于自嵌入数字水印的图像认证技术研究
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摘要
随着计算机网络和通信技术的飞速发展,数字媒体技术已得到广泛应用,随之而来的数字媒体的信息安全、知识产权保护和认证问题也变得日益突出。图像认证水印技术正是基于这种问题发展起来的,它是信息安全领域的一项新兴技术,用于鉴别数字媒体的真实性和完整性,并通过篡改定位和篡改恢复来提供篡改证据。图像认证水印技术已逐渐成为多媒体版权保护和完整性认证的有效手段。
本文以数字图像为研究对象,首先概要地介绍了数字水印技术的基本理论,其中对数字图像水印技术进行了较为详细的介绍。然后以实现数字图像版权保护和认证为目的,在总结分析现有算法优缺点的基础上,提出了三种基于灰度图像自嵌入的篡改检测和自恢复的水印算法及一种彩色图像自嵌入的水印算法:
1.提出了一种基于图像内容的自恢复水印算法,该算法主要利用零树结构对自身图像分块进行压缩编码,在进行分块置乱后将其嵌入到原灰度图像位平面编码的最低位。实验结果证明该方法可以精确检测并准确定位篡改位置,使自恢复的图像具有较为满意的视觉效果。
2.提出了一种有效的图像篡改检测及自恢复的双水印算法,该算法将原始图像的信息经过压缩后分别利用空域和变换域的方法对原始图像进行自嵌入。首先,我们对原始图像进行SPIHT压缩编码,将水印信息利用小波变换嵌入到原始图像中,然后在进行分块置乱后将水印信息嵌入到水印图像的最低有效位,这样就达到了水印信息的双嵌入。如果攻击者将水印图像的最后一位删除,破环空域嵌入的水印信息,该算法可以通过提取变换域嵌入的水印信息对其进行篡改检测及自恢复。实验结果表明,该算法有较好的图像质量,提高了水印信息嵌入的安全性。
3.提出了一种能有效区分水印或图像内容篡改的自嵌入水印算法。该算法的基本思想是对原始图像进行SPIHT编码,将多幅压缩后的编码图像以一定方式嵌入到原灰度图像位平面编码的低两位。认证时通过水印图像与载体图像的差值图像来区分水印信息或图像内容是否被篡改。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能准确定位及有效区分水印信息或图像内容的篡改方式,而且能够抵抗对载体图像进行较大面积的篡改攻击,并保证恢复后的图像有较好的质量。
4.提出了一种基于小波变换的彩色图像自嵌入的脆弱水印算法,该算法主要利用双线性插值对原始图像进行压缩变换,然后利用小波变换进行水印信息的自嵌入。实验结果表明,该算法能够准确的提取出水印信息,并具有较为满意的视觉效果。
最后,对全文工作进行总结,并对今后的研究方向做出展望。
With the rapid development of computer network and communication technology, digital media has been widely used. Information security, Intellectual property protection and certification issues on digital media become increasingly prominent. As a branch of information security, digital image authentication watermarking aims to verity the integrality and authenticity of a host image and provide the tamper proofing by tamper localization and tamper recovery. Nowadays digital image authentication watermarking technology has gradually become an effective method for multimedia copyright protection and integrity authentication.
The digital image is focused in this thesis. At first, the basic theory and technology of digital watermarking, especially the digital image watermarking technology is introduced. Then to realize the copyright protection and authentication of digital image, several improved algorithms are proposed, which are detail as follow:
1. We propose a novel image watermark scheme for both tamper detection and tampered image recovery. The basic principle of this scheme is to compress per block of the original image using SPIHT, then scramble and embed the bit stream into LSBs of corresponding offset block. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can detect and locate tamper accurately, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
2. We propose a novel dual watermark scheme for image tamper detection and recovery. In the proposed watermarking algorithm, we embed the watermark information into the original image using the algorithm of the LSB (Least Significant Bit) and the DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). The basic principle of this scheme is to compress each block of the using SPIHT. First of all, we embed the bit stream into the watermark image using the DWT. Secondly, scrambling and embedding the bit stream into LSBs of corresponding offset block. By using our algorithm, if the attackers destroy the watermark information, which is embedded the least bit of the watermarked image in case, we could extract the watermark information using DWT to tamper recovery. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed dual watermark technique is efficient, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
3. We propose a fragile watermark scheme with the ability of self-restoration and discrimination of tampers on image content or watermark. The basic principle of this scheme is to compress the original image using SPIHT, then scramble and embed the bit stream into two bits place of gray image. During image authentication, the proposed method is able to detect the tampered location and discriminate tampers on image or watermark from the difference image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can detect, locate and discriminate tamper accurately, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
4. We propose a novel color image watermark scheme based on image self-embedding techniques. The basic principle of this scheme is to use bilinear interpolation for the original image. Then we use the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to embed the watermark image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can self-embed the original image, and extract the watermark information with satisfied image visual quality.
Finally, we just make a conclusion of the whole paper and propose future research directions.
本文以数字图像为研究对象,首先概要地介绍了数字水印技术的基本理论,其中对数字图像水印技术进行了较为详细的介绍。然后以实现数字图像版权保护和认证为目的,在总结分析现有算法优缺点的基础上,提出了三种基于灰度图像自嵌入的篡改检测和自恢复的水印算法及一种彩色图像自嵌入的水印算法:
1.提出了一种基于图像内容的自恢复水印算法,该算法主要利用零树结构对自身图像分块进行压缩编码,在进行分块置乱后将其嵌入到原灰度图像位平面编码的最低位。实验结果证明该方法可以精确检测并准确定位篡改位置,使自恢复的图像具有较为满意的视觉效果。
2.提出了一种有效的图像篡改检测及自恢复的双水印算法,该算法将原始图像的信息经过压缩后分别利用空域和变换域的方法对原始图像进行自嵌入。首先,我们对原始图像进行SPIHT压缩编码,将水印信息利用小波变换嵌入到原始图像中,然后在进行分块置乱后将水印信息嵌入到水印图像的最低有效位,这样就达到了水印信息的双嵌入。如果攻击者将水印图像的最后一位删除,破环空域嵌入的水印信息,该算法可以通过提取变换域嵌入的水印信息对其进行篡改检测及自恢复。实验结果表明,该算法有较好的图像质量,提高了水印信息嵌入的安全性。
3.提出了一种能有效区分水印或图像内容篡改的自嵌入水印算法。该算法的基本思想是对原始图像进行SPIHT编码,将多幅压缩后的编码图像以一定方式嵌入到原灰度图像位平面编码的低两位。认证时通过水印图像与载体图像的差值图像来区分水印信息或图像内容是否被篡改。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能准确定位及有效区分水印信息或图像内容的篡改方式,而且能够抵抗对载体图像进行较大面积的篡改攻击,并保证恢复后的图像有较好的质量。
4.提出了一种基于小波变换的彩色图像自嵌入的脆弱水印算法,该算法主要利用双线性插值对原始图像进行压缩变换,然后利用小波变换进行水印信息的自嵌入。实验结果表明,该算法能够准确的提取出水印信息,并具有较为满意的视觉效果。
最后,对全文工作进行总结,并对今后的研究方向做出展望。
With the rapid development of computer network and communication technology, digital media has been widely used. Information security, Intellectual property protection and certification issues on digital media become increasingly prominent. As a branch of information security, digital image authentication watermarking aims to verity the integrality and authenticity of a host image and provide the tamper proofing by tamper localization and tamper recovery. Nowadays digital image authentication watermarking technology has gradually become an effective method for multimedia copyright protection and integrity authentication.
The digital image is focused in this thesis. At first, the basic theory and technology of digital watermarking, especially the digital image watermarking technology is introduced. Then to realize the copyright protection and authentication of digital image, several improved algorithms are proposed, which are detail as follow:
1. We propose a novel image watermark scheme for both tamper detection and tampered image recovery. The basic principle of this scheme is to compress per block of the original image using SPIHT, then scramble and embed the bit stream into LSBs of corresponding offset block. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can detect and locate tamper accurately, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
2. We propose a novel dual watermark scheme for image tamper detection and recovery. In the proposed watermarking algorithm, we embed the watermark information into the original image using the algorithm of the LSB (Least Significant Bit) and the DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). The basic principle of this scheme is to compress each block of the using SPIHT. First of all, we embed the bit stream into the watermark image using the DWT. Secondly, scrambling and embedding the bit stream into LSBs of corresponding offset block. By using our algorithm, if the attackers destroy the watermark information, which is embedded the least bit of the watermarked image in case, we could extract the watermark information using DWT to tamper recovery. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed dual watermark technique is efficient, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
3. We propose a fragile watermark scheme with the ability of self-restoration and discrimination of tampers on image content or watermark. The basic principle of this scheme is to compress the original image using SPIHT, then scramble and embed the bit stream into two bits place of gray image. During image authentication, the proposed method is able to detect the tampered location and discriminate tampers on image or watermark from the difference image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can detect, locate and discriminate tamper accurately, and recover tampered block data with satisfied image visual quality.
4. We propose a novel color image watermark scheme based on image self-embedding techniques. The basic principle of this scheme is to use bilinear interpolation for the original image. Then we use the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to embed the watermark image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can self-embed the original image, and extract the watermark information with satisfied image visual quality.
Finally, we just make a conclusion of the whole paper and propose future research directions.
引文
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2 P. B. Schneck. Persistent Access Control to Prevent Piracy of Digital Information, Process of the IEEE, 1999:37~39
3和红杰.数字图像安全认证水印算法及其统计检测性能分析.西南交通大学博士论文, 2009:23~34
4陈海永. DCT域图像水印算法的研究.哈尔滨理工大学硕士论文, 2005:47~50
5 Cox I J, Miller M L, Bloom J A.数字水印.王颖,黄志蓓等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003:78~82
6 R.J. Anderson, Ed. Information Hiding: 1st Int. Workshop, vo1.1174.Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1996:12~16
7 Cox I J, Miller M.L. The first 50 years of electronic watermarking. EURASIPJ of Applied Signal Processing, 2002:37~40
8 F.A. Petitcolas, R.J. Anderson, M.G Kuhn. Information Hiding A Survey. Proceedings of IEEE, 1999, 87(7):1062~1078
9王志雄,王慧琴,李人厚.变换域数字水印技术的研究.计算机科学, 2001:106~109
10李思静.基于离散余弦变换的图像水印算法研究.重庆大学硕士论文, 2005:57~61
11 Swanson M D, Kobayashi M, Tewfik A H. Multimedia Data Embedding andWatermarking Technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1998, 86(6):1064~1087
12 Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller and Jeffrey A. Bloom. Digital watermarking. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2003:83~92
13陈明奇等.数字水印的研究进展和应用.通信学报, 2001:71~79
14王炳锡,陈琦等.数字水印技术.西安电子科技大学出版社, 2003:54~62
15桑军.几类数字图像水印技术及其应用研究.重庆大学博士论文, 2005:75~79
16 G Uoyatzis, I Pitas. Chaotic watermarks for embedding in the spatial digital image domain. Proceedings of the IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 98). Chicago, Illinois, USA. Oct 1998:6~8
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