复杂性视角下基于Agent的建设工程项目集成管理模型研究
|
摘要
伴随着建设工程项目复杂性的发展趋势，由于传统的项目管理理论和模式对建设工程项目复杂性的认识和管理存在不足，因此迫切需要与此相适应的建设工程项目管理新理念、新工具和新技术。复杂适应性系统理论和涌现机理的蓬勃发展为研究复杂性建设工程项目管理提供了新的思路，将基于Agent的复杂性系统建模方法与以项目管理成熟度为主的项目管理理论相结合是研究复杂性建设工程项目集成管理的有效途径。基于项目管理成熟度理论、复杂适应性系统理论和涌现机理，综合运用结构方程模型、基于Agent的复杂性系统建模、可能性理论等研究方法，本文对建设工程项目系统复杂性建模、测度以及全要素、全过程的集成管理进行了较为深入的基础性研究，不仅对项目管理理论体系有所完善，而且为实务界进行复杂性建设工程项目管理提供了具体的思路和方法，具有一定的现实指导意义。
本文的主要工作和创新点如下：
第一，在对项目管理复杂性文献进行梳理的基础上，构建了建设工程项目系统复杂性概念模型（CSCCM），并以此三维立体模型为基础，将包括工程技术、项目利益主体组织结构、工程任务、工程信息、项目目标和项目环境等六个视角在内的建设工程项目系统复杂性进行整合。
第二，以建设工程项目系统复杂性概念模型（CSCCM）为基础，开发出建设工程项目系统复杂性测度模型（CSCMM），在以往文献的基础上综合确定了建设工程项目系统复杂性的测度指标，并运用结构方程模型对建设工程项目系统复杂性测度进行数据分析和模型拟合。
第三，本文将基于Agent的复杂性系统建模方法引入建设工程项目管理研究中，针对建设工程项目特点，进行了Agent原型的基础性开发工作，对Agent原型的结构进行设计，通过条件集和结果集等元素对Agent原型进行定义和描述，并与基于模糊综合评判的建设工程项目管理成熟度模型相结合，开发出基于建设工程项目管理成熟度模型的Agent原型。
第四，针对Agent建模方式中可能出现的资源约束条件下的协调优化问题，提出了基于主-奴Agent的建模思路，并对该思路下的多Agent交互技术框架进行了详尽的阐述，将建设工程项目管理成熟度模型引入并作为主Agent的智能推理方式，开发出基于建设工程项目管理成熟度模型的多Agent交互框架。
第五，利用基于主-奴的多Agent交互技术框架理论对经典项目管理成熟度持续改进问题进行实证研究，建立了资源约束条件下项目管理成熟度持续改进的多Agent交互仿真模型。在建模过程中，基于模糊理论提出了正向贴近度和负向贴近度概念，用以对战略均衡匹配性进行度量；应用可能性理论对所建模型进行了确定性转换，并基于路径再连接算法思想改进的遗传算法（GA+PR）对模型进行求解。
Along with the trend of the construction project complexity, there is inadequacyfor traditional theory and model of project management to understanding of theconstruction project complexity. Therefore, there is urgent need to the new ideas, newtools and new technology of construction project management. The vigorousdevelopment of the complex adaptive system theory and the mechanism of emergenceprovide new ideas for the research on the complex construction project management.The combination between agent-based complex system modeling and the projectmanagement theory including project management maturity model provides effectiveway for study on the complex construction project integrated management. Based onproject management maturity theory, complex adaptive system theory and mechanismof emergence, many research methods including structural equation model,agent-based complex system modeling and possibility theory are used in thisdissertation, which is order for some deep fundamental research on the complexconstruction system modeling, measurement, and whole-element, whole-processintegrated management. This is not only perfect the theory system of projectmanagement, but also provide concrete methods for the practice of complexconstruction project management, which has certain practical significance.
The main work and innovation points of this dissertation as follows:
First, based on the review of project complexity literature and the research of theconcept and structure of project complexity, the Construction System ComplexityConcept Model (CSCCM) is built, considering the characters of construction project.In this dissertation, the behavior of the construction system is described in six anglesof view, including engineering technology, project stakeholders’ organization structure,engineering task, engineering information, project objectives and project environment.
Second, based on the Construction System Complexity Concept Model (CSCCM),Construction System Complexity Measurement Model (CSCMM) is built. Themeasurement indicators are determined after the literature review. And structuralequation model is used for the data analysis and model fitting during the measurementof construction project system complexity.
Third, the Agent-based complexity system modeling is introduced into theresearch on construction project management. The basic agent prototypes are developed and the structure of agent prototypes is designed aiming at characteristicsof the construction project. The agent prototype is determined and described throughthe conditions set and the results set. The CPM3-based agent prototype is developedcombined with the construction project management maturity model based on fuzzycomprehensive evaluation.
Fourth, the modeling method of master-slave agent is developed aiming at thepossible coordination optimization problem under resource restraints during theprocess of agent-based modeling. The multi-agent interactive technology frameworkis elaborated in detail in this dissertation. After that, the construction projectmanagement maturity model is introduced into the framework as the intelligentreasoning method. The CPM3-based multi-agent interactive framework is developed.
Fifth, the master-slave based multi-agent interactive technology framework isused in the empirical research on the classical project management maturitycontinuous improvement problem, establishing the project management maturitycontinual improvement multi-agent interactive simulation model under resourcerestraints. Upper-side and down-side nearness is put up based on fuzzy theory, and isused to measure the matching of strategy equilibrium. A crisp transformation isimplemented based on possibility theory. Genetic algorithm is presented to solve themodel, through development of Path Relinking (PR), which get the better solution.
本文的主要工作和创新点如下：
第一，在对项目管理复杂性文献进行梳理的基础上，构建了建设工程项目系统复杂性概念模型（CSCCM），并以此三维立体模型为基础，将包括工程技术、项目利益主体组织结构、工程任务、工程信息、项目目标和项目环境等六个视角在内的建设工程项目系统复杂性进行整合。
第二，以建设工程项目系统复杂性概念模型（CSCCM）为基础，开发出建设工程项目系统复杂性测度模型（CSCMM），在以往文献的基础上综合确定了建设工程项目系统复杂性的测度指标，并运用结构方程模型对建设工程项目系统复杂性测度进行数据分析和模型拟合。
第三，本文将基于Agent的复杂性系统建模方法引入建设工程项目管理研究中，针对建设工程项目特点，进行了Agent原型的基础性开发工作，对Agent原型的结构进行设计，通过条件集和结果集等元素对Agent原型进行定义和描述，并与基于模糊综合评判的建设工程项目管理成熟度模型相结合，开发出基于建设工程项目管理成熟度模型的Agent原型。
第四，针对Agent建模方式中可能出现的资源约束条件下的协调优化问题，提出了基于主-奴Agent的建模思路，并对该思路下的多Agent交互技术框架进行了详尽的阐述，将建设工程项目管理成熟度模型引入并作为主Agent的智能推理方式，开发出基于建设工程项目管理成熟度模型的多Agent交互框架。
第五，利用基于主-奴的多Agent交互技术框架理论对经典项目管理成熟度持续改进问题进行实证研究，建立了资源约束条件下项目管理成熟度持续改进的多Agent交互仿真模型。在建模过程中，基于模糊理论提出了正向贴近度和负向贴近度概念，用以对战略均衡匹配性进行度量；应用可能性理论对所建模型进行了确定性转换，并基于路径再连接算法思想改进的遗传算法（GA+PR）对模型进行求解。
Along with the trend of the construction project complexity, there is inadequacyfor traditional theory and model of project management to understanding of theconstruction project complexity. Therefore, there is urgent need to the new ideas, newtools and new technology of construction project management. The vigorousdevelopment of the complex adaptive system theory and the mechanism of emergenceprovide new ideas for the research on the complex construction project management.The combination between agent-based complex system modeling and the projectmanagement theory including project management maturity model provides effectiveway for study on the complex construction project integrated management. Based onproject management maturity theory, complex adaptive system theory and mechanismof emergence, many research methods including structural equation model,agent-based complex system modeling and possibility theory are used in thisdissertation, which is order for some deep fundamental research on the complexconstruction system modeling, measurement, and whole-element, whole-processintegrated management. This is not only perfect the theory system of projectmanagement, but also provide concrete methods for the practice of complexconstruction project management, which has certain practical significance.
The main work and innovation points of this dissertation as follows:
First, based on the review of project complexity literature and the research of theconcept and structure of project complexity, the Construction System ComplexityConcept Model (CSCCM) is built, considering the characters of construction project.In this dissertation, the behavior of the construction system is described in six anglesof view, including engineering technology, project stakeholders’ organization structure,engineering task, engineering information, project objectives and project environment.
Second, based on the Construction System Complexity Concept Model (CSCCM),Construction System Complexity Measurement Model (CSCMM) is built. Themeasurement indicators are determined after the literature review. And structuralequation model is used for the data analysis and model fitting during the measurementof construction project system complexity.
Third, the Agent-based complexity system modeling is introduced into theresearch on construction project management. The basic agent prototypes are developed and the structure of agent prototypes is designed aiming at characteristicsof the construction project. The agent prototype is determined and described throughthe conditions set and the results set. The CPM3-based agent prototype is developedcombined with the construction project management maturity model based on fuzzycomprehensive evaluation.
Fourth, the modeling method of master-slave agent is developed aiming at thepossible coordination optimization problem under resource restraints during theprocess of agent-based modeling. The multi-agent interactive technology frameworkis elaborated in detail in this dissertation. After that, the construction projectmanagement maturity model is introduced into the framework as the intelligentreasoning method. The CPM3-based multi-agent interactive framework is developed.
Fifth, the master-slave based multi-agent interactive technology framework isused in the empirical research on the classical project management maturitycontinuous improvement problem, establishing the project management maturitycontinual improvement multi-agent interactive simulation model under resourcerestraints. Upper-side and down-side nearness is put up based on fuzzy theory, and isused to measure the matching of strategy equilibrium. A crisp transformation isimplemented based on possibility theory. Genetic algorithm is presented to solve themodel, through development of Path Relinking (PR), which get the better solution.
引文
[1] Bennett J. International Construction Project Management: General Theory andPractice[M]. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.1991
[2]陈健.推动对外承包工程发展,服务经济社会发展全局.国际经济合作.2007(3)：4-7．
[3]陈勇强.基于现代信息技术的超大型工程建设项目集成管理研究[D].天津大学,2004.
[4]成思危.复杂性科学探索[M].北京:民主与建设出版社,1999.
[5]戴汝为.复杂巨系统科学——一门21世纪的科学[J].自然杂志,1997,19(1):187-192
[6]陈禹,方美琪.对新的科学思维模式的不懈探索[J].科学,2003(5),22-25.
[7]成思危.与时俱进的中国人文社会科学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[8]成思危.复杂科学与组织管理[J].科学,2003(3),6-9.
[9]约翰·H·霍兰.隐秩序——适应性造就复杂性[M].周牧,韩晖译.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2000
[10]吴秋明,李必强.集成管理学——现代企业管理一门新兴的学科[J].企业管理,2004,(5):87-88
[11]戴汝为等.智能系统的综合集成[M].杭州:浙江科技出版社,1995.
[12]龚建桥等.科技企业集成管理研究论纲[J].科技管理,1996,(3)
[13]刘晓强.集成论初探[J].中国软科学,1997,(10):103
[14]李宝山,刘志伟.集成管理——高科技时代的管理创新[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998：34-35
[15]海峰.管理集成论[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2003:20-25
[16]吴秋明.集成管理论[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004:41-43
[17] Morrison, K. School leadership and complexity theory [M]. New York:RoutledgeFalmer.2002
[18] Merry, U. Coping with uncertainty: Insights from the new sciences of chaos,selforganization, and complexity [M]. Westport, CT: Praeger.1995.
[19] Williams T. M. Modelling complex projects [M]. New York: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.2002
[20] Lissack, M. R.,&Gunz, H. P. Managing complexity in organizations: A view inmany directions [M]. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.1999
[21] Jaafari A. Project management in the age of complexity and change[J]. ProjectManagement Journal,2003,34(4),47-57.
[22] Frame D. The new project management [M]. Wiley&Sons,2002.
[23] Turner JR and Cochrane RA, Goals-and-methods matrix: coping with projectswith ill defined goals and/or methods of achieving them [J]. International Journalof Project Management,1993,11,93-102.
[24] David Baccarini. The Concept of Project Complexity－A Review [J].International Journal of Project Management,1996,14(4):201-204.
[25] Xia W.&Lee G.. Complexity of information systems development projects:Conceptualization and measurement development [J]. Journal of ManagementInformation Systems,2005,22(1),45-85.
[26] Beyer, J. M.,&Trice, H. M. A reexamination of relations between size andvarious components of organizational complexity [J]. Administrative ScienceQuarterly,1979,24(1),48-64.
[27] Dawidson, O., Karlsson, M.,&Trygg, L. Complexity perception: Modeldevelopment and analysis of two technical platform projects in the mobile phonesindustry [J]. International Journal of Information Technology&Decision Making,2004,3(3),493-512.
[28] Dawson, R. J.,&Dawson, C. W.. Practical proposals for managing uncertaintyand risk in project planning [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1998,16(5),299-310.
[29] Tatikonda, M. V.,&Rosenthal, S. R. Technology novelty, project complexity andproduct development project execution success: A deeper look at task uncertaintyin product innovation [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2000,47(1),74-87.
[30] Williams, A., Davidson, J., Waterworth, S.,&Partington, R. Total qualitymanagement versus business process re-engineering: a question of degree [C].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers--Part B–EngineeringManufacture,2002,217(1),1.
[31] Roberts, T. L., Cheney, P. H., Sweeney, P. D.,&Hightower, R. T. The effects ofinformation technology project complexity on group interaction [J]. Journal ofManagement Information Systems,2004,21(3),223-247.
[32] Williams T. M. The need for new paradigms for complex projects [J].International Journal of Project Management,1999,17(5),269-273.
[33] Xia, W.,&Lee, G. Grasping the complexity of IS development projects [J].Communications of the ACM,2004,47(5),68-74.
[34] Lee, G.. The flexibility and complexity of information systems developmentprojects: Conceptual frameworks, measures, and empirical tests [D]. University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis.2003.
[35] Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D.,&et al. Management informationsystems for the information age (4th ed.)[M]. New York: Irwin, McGraw-Hill.2004.
[36] Hammer, M.,&Champy, J. Reengineering the corporation [M]. New York:HarperBusiness.1993.
[37] Kerzner, H. Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling,and controlling. Hoboken [M]. New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons, Inc..2006.
[38] Meredith, J. R.,&Mantel, S. J., Jr. Project management: A managerial approach(5th. ed.)[M]. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons, Inc..2003.
[39] Silverman, D. The theory of organizations [M]. London: Heinemann EducationalBooks Ltd.1970.
[40] Turner, J. R.,&Simister, S. J. Gower handbook of project management (3rd ed.)
[M]. Hampshire, England: Gower Publishing Limited.2000.
[41] Danilovic, M.,&Sandkull, B. The use of dependence structure matrix anddomain mapping matrix in managing uncertainty in multiple project situations[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2005,23(3):193-203.
[42] Hanseth, O., Ciborra, C. U.,&Braa, K. The control devolution: ERP and the sideeffects of globalization [J]. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems,2001,32(4),34-46.
[43] Laufer, A., Denker, G. R.,&Shenhar, A. J. Simultaneous management: The key toexcellence in capital projects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1996,14(4),189-199.
[44] Pyra, J.,&Trask, J. Risk management post analysis: Gauging the success of asimple strategy in a complex project [J]. Project Management Journal,2002,33(2),41-48.
[45] Pinto, J. K. Project management handbook (1st. ed.)[M]. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.1998.
[46] Wali, A. A., Deshmukh, S. G.,&Gupta, A. D. Critical success factors of TQM: aselect study of Indian organizations [M], Production Planning&Control (Vol.14,pp.3): Taylor&Francis Ltd.2003.
[47] Lundquist, E. Why projects fail [J]. eWeek,2005,22(5),24.
[48] Rouse, W. B.,&Baba, M. L. Enterprise transformation [J]. Communications ofthe ACM,2006,49(7),67-73.
[49] Bossink, B. A. G.. Effectiveness of innovation leadership styles: a manager'sinfluence on ecological innovation in construction projects [J]. ConstructionInnovation,2004,4(4):211.
[50] Kerber, K. W.,&Buono, A. F. Leadership challenges in global virtual teams:Lessons from the field [J]. SAM Advanced Management Journal,2004,69(4):4.
[51] Owen, P. S.,&Demb, A. Change dynamics and leadership in technologyimplementation [J]. Journal of Higher Education,2004,75(6):636.
[52] Thamhain, H. J. Team leadership effectiveness in technology-based projectenvironments [J]. Project Management Journal,2004,35(4):35-47.
[53] Ivory, C.,&Alderman, N. Can project management learn anything from studiesof failure in complex systems?[J]. Project Management Journal,2005,36(3):5-18.
[54] Arsham, H. Leadership decision making [OL].8th. Retrieved April30,2004,from http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII.htm
[55] Bono, J. E.,&Judge, T. A. Personality and transformational and transactionalleadership: A meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(5):901.
[56] Kets de Vries, M. F. R.. Leadership group coaching in action: The zen of creatinghigh performance teams [J]. Academy of Management Executive,2005,19(1):61.
[57] Pearce, C. L. The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadershipto transform knowledge work [J]. Academy of Management Executive,2004,18(1):47-57.
[58] Walumbwa, F. O., Peng, W., Lawler, J. J.,&Kan, s. The role of collectiveefficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes[J]. Journal of Occupational&Organizational Psychology2004, Vol.77:515
[59] Jones, R.,&Deckro, R. The social psychology of project management conflict [J].European Journal of Operational Research,1993,64:216-228.
[60] Austin, S., Newton, A., Steele, J.,&Waskett, P. Modelling and managing projectcomplexity [J]. International Journal of Project Management,2002,20:191-198.
[61] Bani Ali, A. S. An assessment of the impact of the fit among computerselfefficacy, task characteristics and systems characteristics on performance andinformation systems utilization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation[M], The GeorgeWashington University, Washington, DC.2005
[62] Pillai, A. S., Joshi, A.,&Rao, K. S. Performance measurement of R&D projectsin a multi-project, concurrent engineering environment [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2002,20(2):165.
[63] Decarlo, D., Lewis, J. P.,&Wysocki, R. K. The world class project manager:professional development guide[M]. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.2001.
[64] Stuckenbruck, L. C. The Implementation of project management: Theprofessional's handbook [M]. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.1981.
[65] Winter M, Smith C, Morris P, Cicmil S. Directions for future research in projectmanagement: The main findings of a UK government funded research network [J].Interational Journal of Project Management.2006,24(8):638–49.
[66] Shenhar AJ, Dvir D. Project management research－the challenge andopportunity [J]. Project Management Journal.2007,38(2):93–9.
[67] Pillai, A. S., Joshi, A.,&Rao, K. S. Performance measurement of R&D projectsin a multi-project, concurrent engineering environment [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2002,20(2),165.
[68] Collins, A.,&Baccarini, D. Project success-A survey [J]. Journal ofConstruction Research,2004,5(2),211-231.
[69] Dretske F I. Knowledge and the Flow of Information, the David Hume Series,Philosophy and Cognitive Science Reissues [M]. San Francisco: CSLIPublications,1999
[70] Deshmukh A V. Talavage J J, Barash M M. Complexity in ManufacturingSystems, Part1: Analysis of Static Complexity [J]. IIE Transactions,1998,30(10):645-655
[71] Deshmukh A V, Talavage J J, Barash M M. Characteristics of Part MixComplexity Measure for Manufacturing Systems [C]. IEEE InternationalConference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, New York,1992
[72] Frizelle G, Woodcock E. Measuring Complexity as an Aid to DevelopingOperational Strategy [J]. International Journal of Operations&ProductionManagement,1995,15(5):26-39
[73] Frizelle G. The Management of Complexity in Manufacturing [M]. London:Business Intelligence,1998
[74] Karp A, Ronen B. Improving Shop Floor Control: an Entropy Model Approach[J]. International Journal of Production Research,1992,30(4):923-938
[75] Ronen B, Karp A. An Information Entropy Approach to the Small-lot Concept[J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1994,41(1):88-92
[76] Yao D D. Material and Information Flows in Flexible Manufacturing Systems [J].Material Flow,1985,2(3):143-149
[77] Yao D D, Pei F F. Flexible Parts Routing in Manufacturing Systems [J]. IIETransactions,1990,22(1):48-55
[78]孙林岩，吕坚.制造系统复杂性度量方法研究[J].中国机械工程,2004.15(10):869-872.
[79] Janet E,饶运清.基于信息熵的制造系统复杂性测度及其在调度中的应用[J].机械工程学报,2006.42(7):8-13.
[80] Alamoudi, R.H., Interaction based measure of manufacturing systems complextiyand supply chain systems vulnerability using information entropy [M]. MiamiUniversity: Coral Gables.2008
[81]肖辉,吴冲锋,吴文峰,吴伟.复杂性度量法在股票市场中的应用[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2002.11(3):190-193.
[82]杨春霞,周佩玲,刘隽郭.基于虚拟股市的演化复杂性度量与分析[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006.36(5):556-561.
[83]达庆利,王福来.复杂性度量方法的改进及其在证券市场的应用[J].系统工程学报,2007.22(5):455-460.
[84]贺国光，刘峰涛.基于近似熵和统计复杂度的交通流复杂性测度[J].中国公路学报,2007.20(4):108-112.
[85] F. T. Liu, Y.T., CRITERION AND MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOWSYSTEM COMPLEXITY: CHAOS, FRACTAL AND COMPLEXITY.2007.
[86]贺国光，刘峰涛.基于L-Z方法的宏观交通运输系统复杂性测度[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008.40(12):2058-2061.
[87] Wu T. On concepts of complexities and its meaning in research [J]. Journal ofRenmin University of China,2004,5,1-9.
[88] Camci, A., An assessment of alignment between project complexity and projectmanagement style [D].2006, University of Central Florida.258.
[89] Khaled M Nassar And Mohamed Y Hegab, P.E.M.A., Developing a ComplexityMeasure for Project Schedules [J]. Journal of Construction EngineeringManagement,2006,6:554-561.
[90] Burkatzky, F.H.H., Development of Measurement Scales for Project Complexityand System Integration Performance[D]. Walden University.2007.
[91]颜竣，李星寰.软件能力成熟度模型[J].信息工程学报，2001，2(4)：20-21
[92] Pippa Newman. Summary of Presentation. The Institution of Electrical Engineers,1999
[93]王丹，孙颖，李忠富.项目管理成熟度模型在我国建设企业的应用[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报：自然科学版，2005，21(6)：811-814
[94] R.Max Wideman. Comparing PRINCE2with PMBOK [M]. Canada: AEWServices, Vancouver, BC,2002
[95]李鹏，戴俊俊，顾瑾.从流程层面到组织层面的扩展：项目管理成熟度研究综述[J].物流科技，2005，28(121)：117-122
[96]张新星.基于PRINCE2的项目管理成熟度模型及应用[D].天津大学.2007.
[97]张宪.建设工程项目管理成熟度模型研究[D].河北工业大学.2007.
[98] IPMA.The research on project-oriented society (POS) to develop and apply amodel of the POS [J]. Project management group,2001
[99] Steve Fahrenkrog, Fred Abrams. Project Management Institute’s OrganizationalProject Management Maturity Model (OPM3TM)[M]. PMI North AmericanCongress,2003
[100] OGC. Project Management Maturity Model(PMMM)[OL]. http://www.ogc.gov.uk/sdtoolkit/reference/tools/PMMM_release_v5.pdf,2002
[101] KLR Consulting inc. Project management maturity model [M]. ManagingBusiness&Technology Solutions,2002
[102] Center for Business Practices. Project Management Maturity [M]. ProjectManagement Solution Inc.,2001
[103]哈罗德·科兹纳.项目管理的战略规划：项目管理成熟度的应用[M].张增华，吕义怀译.北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[104] Young Hoon Kwak, C. William Ibbs. Project management process maturity(PM)2model[J]. Journal of management in Engineering，2002，(7)：150-155
[105] Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering Institute. The CapabilityMaturity Model Guidelines of improving the Software Process [M]. Reading MA：Addition-Wesley,1994
[106] Kam.Jugdev, Janice Tomas. Project management maturity models：The silverbullets of competitive advantage[J].Project Management Journal,2002,33(4)：4-14
[107]罗德尼·特纳，斯蒂芬·西米斯特.项目管理手册[M].李世其等译.北京：机械工业出版社，2004
[108]何新贵，王纬.软件能力成熟度模型[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2000
[109]白思俊.现代项目管理（上、中、下）[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[110]陆巍.项目管理成熟度模型助企业走向卓越[J].管理工程学报，2002,Vol.16,supplement：119-122
[111]五百井俊宏，李忠富.项目管理成熟度(PMMM)研究与应用[J].建筑管理现代化，2004，(2)：5-8
[112]陆伟成.项目管理过程成熟度模型——建筑业知识管理[J].建筑管理现代化，2005，(1)：5-8
[113]李晓亚，王吉峰，吕萍.项目管理聚焦：项目管理成熟度——A公司调查和分析[J].工业技术经济，2006,(4)：113-115
[114]朱大萌，马诗咏.项目风险管理的持续改进方法[J].建筑管理现代化，2004,(4)：11-14
[115]戴敏.浅谈基于OPM3路线图的战略项目办公室模式[J].特区经济，2005，(7)：369-370
[116]於永和.基于项目管理成熟度的工程项目评标研究[J].商业现代化，2006，(7)：163-164
[117]邹坦，冉令刚.施工企业应用项目管理成熟度模型的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济，2004，4(12)：327-329
[118]袁家军，欧立雄，王卫东.神舟飞船项目管理成熟度模型研究[J].中国空间科学技术，2005，25(5)：1-9
[119]欧立雄，袁家军，王卫东.神舟项目管理成熟度模型[J].管理工程学报，2005，19(10)：129-134
[120]朱毅麟.航天器研制项目管理的成熟度[J].航天工业管理，2005，(10)：21-24
[121]黄柯鑫，欧立雄，方炜.航空研制企业持续发展方法研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理，2006，26(8)：121-124
[122]谭云涛，郭波.在科研项目管理中运用成熟度模型的研究[J].山东理工大学学报：自然科学版，2003，17(4)：75-79
[123]熊竹.我国科研院所项目管理成熟度模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理，2005，26(6)：19-21
[124]金德民，郑丕谔.工程咨询企业向项目管理企业转型的探讨[J].中国地质大学学报：社会科学版，2005，5(2)：47-51
[125]林瑞跃，陈志平，凌宗平.组合DEA方法与成熟度模型对项目效益的评价[J].运筹与管理，2004，13(2)：135-138
[126]黄辉，梁工谦，肖茂.企业项目管理成熟度模型的构建与应用研究[J].管理工程学报，2005，19(10)：67-72
[127] Weiss,G. Multiagent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificialintelligence [M]. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.1999.
[128] Turban, E., and Aronson, J.E. Decision support systems and intelligent systems
[M]. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.2001.
[129] Franklin, S., and Graesser, A. Is it an agent, or just a program? A taxonomy forautonomous agents [C]. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop onAgent Theories, Architectures and Languages, Springer-Verlag.1996.
[130] Kim, S.K., and Russel J.S. Framework for an intelligent earthwork system partⅠ system architecture [J]. Automation in Construction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,1-13.
[131] Kim, S.K., and Russel J.S. Framework for an intelligent earthwork system partⅡ Task identification/scheduling and resource allocation methodology [J].Automation in Construction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,15-27.
[132] Tserng, H.P., and Lin, W.Y. Developing an electronic acquisition model forproject scheduling using XML-based information standard [J]. Automation inConstruction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,67-95
[133] Jones, B., and Riley, M. Construction problem solving in a cooperativedistributed agent environment [C]. Computing in Civil Engineering Proceedingsof the First Congress Held in Conjunction with A/E/C systems’94. ASCE, NewYork,1994,1,79-87.
[134] Ganeshan, R, Stumpf, A. L., Lui, L.Y., Golish, M., Chin, S., and Hicks, D.Evaluation of construction time and cost for design alternatives in a collaborativeenvironment [C]. Proceedings of the2nd Congress on Computing in CivilEngineering. ASCE, New York,1995,2,1324-1331.
[135] Goldmann, S. Procura: a project management model of concurrent planning anddesign.” http://www.agr.informatik.uni-kl.de/~sigig/Procura/.1996.(accessed onNovember21,2002)
[136] Khedro, T., Case, M.P., Flemming, U., Genesereth, M.R., Logcher, R., Pederson,C., Snyder, J., Sriram, R.D., and Teicholz, P.M. Development of multi-institutionaltestbed for collaborative facility engineering infrastructure [C]. Proceedings of the2nd Congress on Computing in Civil Engineering. ASCE, New York,1996,2,1308-1315.
[137] Pitt, J., Anderton, M., and Cunningham, J. Normalized interactions betweenautonomous agents [J]. The Journal of Collaborative Computing. KluwerAcademic Publishers, Netherlands,1996,5,201-222.
[138] Khedro,T. Collaborative distributed building engineering [J]. Computer AidedCivil and infrastructure Engineering. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA,1996,14,69-79.
[139] Watkins, M., et al., Using Agent-Based Modeling to Study Construction LaborProductivity as an Emergent Property of Individual and Crew Interactions [J].Journal of Construction Engineering Management,2009,6:657-667.
[140] Jaeseok Lee, L.E.B., Ubiquitous Agent-Based Communication in Construction[J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2008.22:31-39.
[141] Juan C. Nogueira, T.R. Structure and Flexibility of project Teams UnderTurbulent Environments: An Application of Agent-Based Simulation [J]. ProjectManagement Journal,2006,37:5.
[142] Jr. Keesoo Kim, B.C.P., Distributed coordination of project schedule changesusing agent-based compensatory negotiation methodology [J]. ArtificialIntelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing,2003,17:115-131.
[143] Jung Ung Min, H.C.B., Agent-Based Constructiion Supply Chain Simulator(CS2)for Measuring the Value of Real-Time Information Sharing in Construction [J].Journal of Management Engineering,2008,24(4):245-254.
[144] Xiaolong Xue, X.L.Q.S. An agent-based framework for Supply chaincoordination in construction. Automation in Construction [J].2005,14:413-430.
[145] Tah, J.H.M., Towards an agent-based construction supply network modeling andsimulation platform [J]. Automation in Construction,2005,14:353-359.
[146] Xiaolong Xue, Q.S.H.L., Improving agent-based negnotiation efficiency inconstruction supply chains: A relative entropy method [J]. Automation inConstruction,2009,18:975-982.
[147] Monostori, E.I.L. Agent－based framework for pre-contractual evaluation ofparticipants in project-delivery supply-chains [J]. Assembly Automation,2009,29(2):137-153.
[148] Melles, B, Robers, J C B and Wamelink, J W F. A typology for the selection ofmanagement techniques in the construction industry [C]. CIB90ConferenceBuilding Economics and Construction Management Sydney.1990.
[149] Gidado, K. Numerical Index of Complexity in Building Construction withParticular Consideration to its Effect on Production Time [D]. University ofBrighton,1993.
[150] Wozniak, T M.'Significance vs Capability:'Fit for Use' Project Controls'American Association of Cost Engineers[C]. International (Trans)(ConferenceProceedings) Dearborn, Michigan,1993, A.2.1-8.
[151] Rowlinson, S M An Analysis of Factors Affecting Project Performance inIndustrial Building[D]. Brunel University,1988
[152] Sidwell, A C. A Critical Study of Project Team Organisational Forms within theBuilding Process[D]. University of Aston,1982
[153] Klir, G J. Complexity: some general observations [J]. Systems Research2(2),1985,131-140
[154] Waldrop, M. Complexity, The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos.Penguin Books.1992.
[155] Kauffman, S.A. At Home in the Universe, The Search for the Laws ofSelforganization and Complexity [D]. Oxford University Press.1995.
[156] Lewin, R. Complexity–Life on the edge of chaos [M]. J.M. Dent Ltd.1993.
[157] Johnson, S. Emergence[M]. Penguin Books.2001.
[158] Lucas, C. The Philosophy of Complexity [OL]. www.calresco.org/themes.htm.2000.
[159] Sven Bertelsen. Construction as a complex system [OL].
[160] Jiang Lin, Qi Ershi; Du Bo. Study of the characteristics of large-scaleconstruction projects with the viewpoint of complexity[C].2008.
[161]邱婉华,杨敏.项目价值管理理论与实务[M].机械工业出版社.2007:7
[162] Alfredo del Cano, P. E., M. ASCE and M. Pilar de la Cruz P. E.. IntegratedMethodology for Project Risk Management [J]. Journal of constructionengineering and Management,2002,(12):473-485.
[163] Churchill, G.A., Jr. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketingconstructs [J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16,(1):64-73.
[164] Sethi, V., and King, W.R. Development of measures to assess the extent to whichan information technology application provides competitive advantage [J].Management Science,1994,40(12),1601-1627.
[165] Moore, G.C., and Benbasat, I. Development of an instrument to measure theperceptions of adopting an information technology innovation [J]. InformationSystems Research2,1991,3:192-222.
[166]吴绍艳,基于复杂系统理论的工程项目管理协同机制与方法研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[167] Ossi Pesamaa, Per Erik Eriksson, Joseph F. Hair. Validating a model ofcooperative procurement in the construction industry [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2009(27):552-559.
[168] Daniel Castro-Lacouture, G.A.S.J., Construction Project Scheduling with Time,Cost, and Material Restrictions Using Fuzzy Mathematical Models and CriticalPath Method [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering Management,2009,9:.1096-1104.
[169] Cherns A, Bryant DT. Studying the client’s role in construction [J]. ConstructionManagement and Economics,1984,2:177–84.
[170] Love PED, Holt GD, Shen LY, Li H, Irani Z. Using systems dynamics to betterunderstand change and rework in construction project management systems [J].International Journal of Project Management,2002,425-436
[171] Fenn P, Lowe D, Speck C. Conflict and dispute in construction [J]. ConstructionManagement Economy.1997,15(6):513–8.
[172] Harmon KM. Conflicts between owner and contractors: proposed interventionprocess [J]. Journal Management Engineering,2003,19(3):121–5.
[173] Jeffrey K. Pinto, Dennis P. Slevin, Brent English. Trust in project: An empiricalassessment of owner/contractor relationships [J]. International Journal of ProjectManagement.2009(27):638-48.
[174] Green, S., Newcombe, R., Williams, M., Fernie, S. and Weller, S. Supply chainmanagement: a contextual analysis of aerospace and construction [D], in Lewis,T.M.(Ed.), Procurement Systems&Technology Transfer: CIBW92ProcurementSystems Symposium, Department of Civil Engineering, University of the WestIndies, Trinidad,2002,245-61.
[175] Love PED, Gunasekaran A, Li H. Concurrent engineering: a strategy forprocuring construction projects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1998,16(6):375–83.
[176] Korczynski M. The low-trust route to economic development: inter-firmrelations in the UK engineering construction industry in the1980s and1990s [J].Journal of Management Study,1996,33(6):787–808.
[177] Ngowi AB. The role of trustworthiness in the formation and governance ofconstruction alliances [J]. Building Environment,2007,42(4):1828–35
[178] Love, P.E.D., Irani, Z., Cheng, E. and Li, H. A model for supportinginter-organizational relations in the supply chain [J], Engineering Construction&Architectural Management,2002, Vol.9No.1,2-15.
[179] Rodrigues A, Bowers J. The role of system dynamics in project management [J].International Journal of Project Management1996,14(4):213-220.
[180] Ming Sun, X.M., Taxonomy for change causes and effects in constructionprojects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,2009.27:560-572.
[181] Olsen B, Haugland S, Karlsen E, Husoy G. Governance of complexprocurements in the oil and gas industry [J]. Journal of Purchase SupplyManagement.2005,11(1):1–13.
[182] Iwashita S. Custom made housing in Japan and the growth of the supersubcontractor [J]. Construction Management Economy.2001,19(3):295–300.
[183] Hsieh T, Lu S, Wu C. Statistical analysis of causes for change orders inmetropolitan public works. Int J Project Manage2004;22(8):679–86.
[184] Wu C, Hsieh T, Cheng W. Statistical analysis of causes for design change inhighway construction on Taiwan [J]. International Journal of Project Management.2005;23(7):554-63.
[185] Thomas HR, Raynar KA. Scheduled overtime and labor productivity:quantitative analysis [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering Management.1997,123(2):181-8.
[186] Love PED, Smith J. Benchmarking, benchaction, and benchlearning: reworkmitigation in projects [J]. Journal of Management Engineering.2003,19(4):147–59.
[187] Kandil, K.E.A.A., Time-Cost-Quality Trade-Off Analysis for HighwayConstruction [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.2005,4:477-486.
[188] Petzold, T.H.A.K.. Genetic Optimization for Dynamic Project Control [J].Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,2003,7:396-404.
[189] Simon Collyer, Clive M.J. Warren. Project management approaches for dynamicenvironments [J]. International Journal of Project Management.2009(27):355-364
[190] Bagozzi, R.P. An Examination of the validity of two models of attitude [J].Multivariate Behavioral Research,1981,16,(3),323-359.
[191] Marsh, H.W., Hocevar, D. Application of confirmatory factor analysis to thestudy of self-concept: First and higher order factor models and their invarianceacross groups [J]. Psychological Bullentin,1985,3:562-582
[192] Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., Joreskog, K.G. Intraclass reliability estimates: Testingstructural assumptions [J]. Educational and Psychological Measruement,1974,34,1:25-33
[193] Sethi, V., and King, W.R. Development of measures to assess the extent to whichan information technology application provides competitive advantage [J].Management Science1994,40(12):1601-1627.
[194] Venkatraman, N. Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct,dimensionality, and measurement [J]. Management Science,1989,35,(8):942-962.
[195] Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS,andSIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming [M]. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1998.
[196]李登峰.模糊的目标多人决策与对策[M].北京,国防工业出版社，2003：37-48
[197]徐玖平，李军.多目标决策的理论与方法[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2005：51-59
[198] Maiti M K, fuzzy inventory model with two warehouses under possibilitymeasure on fuzzy goal[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,(188):746-774
[199] Alvarez-Valdes R,Crespo E,Tamarit J M, RASP and path relinking for projectscheduling under partially renewable resources[J]. European Journal ofOperational Research，2008,(189):1153-1170
[200] Resende M.G.C,.Marti R,.Gallego,M, GRASP andpath relinking for themax–min diversity problem[J]. Computers&Operations Research.2010,(37):498-508.
[2]陈健.推动对外承包工程发展,服务经济社会发展全局.国际经济合作.2007(3)：4-7．
[3]陈勇强.基于现代信息技术的超大型工程建设项目集成管理研究[D].天津大学,2004.
[4]成思危.复杂性科学探索[M].北京:民主与建设出版社,1999.
[5]戴汝为.复杂巨系统科学——一门21世纪的科学[J].自然杂志,1997,19(1):187-192
[6]陈禹,方美琪.对新的科学思维模式的不懈探索[J].科学,2003(5),22-25.
[7]成思危.与时俱进的中国人文社会科学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[8]成思危.复杂科学与组织管理[J].科学,2003(3),6-9.
[9]约翰·H·霍兰.隐秩序——适应性造就复杂性[M].周牧,韩晖译.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2000
[10]吴秋明,李必强.集成管理学——现代企业管理一门新兴的学科[J].企业管理,2004,(5):87-88
[11]戴汝为等.智能系统的综合集成[M].杭州:浙江科技出版社,1995.
[12]龚建桥等.科技企业集成管理研究论纲[J].科技管理,1996,(3)
[13]刘晓强.集成论初探[J].中国软科学,1997,(10):103
[14]李宝山,刘志伟.集成管理——高科技时代的管理创新[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998：34-35
[15]海峰.管理集成论[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2003:20-25
[16]吴秋明.集成管理论[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004:41-43
[17] Morrison, K. School leadership and complexity theory [M]. New York:RoutledgeFalmer.2002
[18] Merry, U. Coping with uncertainty: Insights from the new sciences of chaos,selforganization, and complexity [M]. Westport, CT: Praeger.1995.
[19] Williams T. M. Modelling complex projects [M]. New York: John Wiley&Sons,Inc.2002
[20] Lissack, M. R.,&Gunz, H. P. Managing complexity in organizations: A view inmany directions [M]. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.1999
[21] Jaafari A. Project management in the age of complexity and change[J]. ProjectManagement Journal,2003,34(4),47-57.
[22] Frame D. The new project management [M]. Wiley&Sons,2002.
[23] Turner JR and Cochrane RA, Goals-and-methods matrix: coping with projectswith ill defined goals and/or methods of achieving them [J]. International Journalof Project Management,1993,11,93-102.
[24] David Baccarini. The Concept of Project Complexity－A Review [J].International Journal of Project Management,1996,14(4):201-204.
[25] Xia W.&Lee G.. Complexity of information systems development projects:Conceptualization and measurement development [J]. Journal of ManagementInformation Systems,2005,22(1),45-85.
[26] Beyer, J. M.,&Trice, H. M. A reexamination of relations between size andvarious components of organizational complexity [J]. Administrative ScienceQuarterly,1979,24(1),48-64.
[27] Dawidson, O., Karlsson, M.,&Trygg, L. Complexity perception: Modeldevelopment and analysis of two technical platform projects in the mobile phonesindustry [J]. International Journal of Information Technology&Decision Making,2004,3(3),493-512.
[28] Dawson, R. J.,&Dawson, C. W.. Practical proposals for managing uncertaintyand risk in project planning [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1998,16(5),299-310.
[29] Tatikonda, M. V.,&Rosenthal, S. R. Technology novelty, project complexity andproduct development project execution success: A deeper look at task uncertaintyin product innovation [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2000,47(1),74-87.
[30] Williams, A., Davidson, J., Waterworth, S.,&Partington, R. Total qualitymanagement versus business process re-engineering: a question of degree [C].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers--Part B–EngineeringManufacture,2002,217(1),1.
[31] Roberts, T. L., Cheney, P. H., Sweeney, P. D.,&Hightower, R. T. The effects ofinformation technology project complexity on group interaction [J]. Journal ofManagement Information Systems,2004,21(3),223-247.
[32] Williams T. M. The need for new paradigms for complex projects [J].International Journal of Project Management,1999,17(5),269-273.
[33] Xia, W.,&Lee, G. Grasping the complexity of IS development projects [J].Communications of the ACM,2004,47(5),68-74.
[34] Lee, G.. The flexibility and complexity of information systems developmentprojects: Conceptual frameworks, measures, and empirical tests [D]. University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis.2003.
[35] Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D.,&et al. Management informationsystems for the information age (4th ed.)[M]. New York: Irwin, McGraw-Hill.2004.
[36] Hammer, M.,&Champy, J. Reengineering the corporation [M]. New York:HarperBusiness.1993.
[37] Kerzner, H. Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling,and controlling. Hoboken [M]. New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons, Inc..2006.
[38] Meredith, J. R.,&Mantel, S. J., Jr. Project management: A managerial approach(5th. ed.)[M]. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons, Inc..2003.
[39] Silverman, D. The theory of organizations [M]. London: Heinemann EducationalBooks Ltd.1970.
[40] Turner, J. R.,&Simister, S. J. Gower handbook of project management (3rd ed.)
[M]. Hampshire, England: Gower Publishing Limited.2000.
[41] Danilovic, M.,&Sandkull, B. The use of dependence structure matrix anddomain mapping matrix in managing uncertainty in multiple project situations[J]. International Journal of Project Management,2005,23(3):193-203.
[42] Hanseth, O., Ciborra, C. U.,&Braa, K. The control devolution: ERP and the sideeffects of globalization [J]. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems,2001,32(4),34-46.
[43] Laufer, A., Denker, G. R.,&Shenhar, A. J. Simultaneous management: The key toexcellence in capital projects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1996,14(4),189-199.
[44] Pyra, J.,&Trask, J. Risk management post analysis: Gauging the success of asimple strategy in a complex project [J]. Project Management Journal,2002,33(2),41-48.
[45] Pinto, J. K. Project management handbook (1st. ed.)[M]. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.1998.
[46] Wali, A. A., Deshmukh, S. G.,&Gupta, A. D. Critical success factors of TQM: aselect study of Indian organizations [M], Production Planning&Control (Vol.14,pp.3): Taylor&Francis Ltd.2003.
[47] Lundquist, E. Why projects fail [J]. eWeek,2005,22(5),24.
[48] Rouse, W. B.,&Baba, M. L. Enterprise transformation [J]. Communications ofthe ACM,2006,49(7),67-73.
[49] Bossink, B. A. G.. Effectiveness of innovation leadership styles: a manager'sinfluence on ecological innovation in construction projects [J]. ConstructionInnovation,2004,4(4):211.
[50] Kerber, K. W.,&Buono, A. F. Leadership challenges in global virtual teams:Lessons from the field [J]. SAM Advanced Management Journal,2004,69(4):4.
[51] Owen, P. S.,&Demb, A. Change dynamics and leadership in technologyimplementation [J]. Journal of Higher Education,2004,75(6):636.
[52] Thamhain, H. J. Team leadership effectiveness in technology-based projectenvironments [J]. Project Management Journal,2004,35(4):35-47.
[53] Ivory, C.,&Alderman, N. Can project management learn anything from studiesof failure in complex systems?[J]. Project Management Journal,2005,36(3):5-18.
[54] Arsham, H. Leadership decision making [OL].8th. Retrieved April30,2004,from http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII.htm
[55] Bono, J. E.,&Judge, T. A. Personality and transformational and transactionalleadership: A meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(5):901.
[56] Kets de Vries, M. F. R.. Leadership group coaching in action: The zen of creatinghigh performance teams [J]. Academy of Management Executive,2005,19(1):61.
[57] Pearce, C. L. The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadershipto transform knowledge work [J]. Academy of Management Executive,2004,18(1):47-57.
[58] Walumbwa, F. O., Peng, W., Lawler, J. J.,&Kan, s. The role of collectiveefficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes[J]. Journal of Occupational&Organizational Psychology2004, Vol.77:515
[59] Jones, R.,&Deckro, R. The social psychology of project management conflict [J].European Journal of Operational Research,1993,64:216-228.
[60] Austin, S., Newton, A., Steele, J.,&Waskett, P. Modelling and managing projectcomplexity [J]. International Journal of Project Management,2002,20:191-198.
[61] Bani Ali, A. S. An assessment of the impact of the fit among computerselfefficacy, task characteristics and systems characteristics on performance andinformation systems utilization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation[M], The GeorgeWashington University, Washington, DC.2005
[62] Pillai, A. S., Joshi, A.,&Rao, K. S. Performance measurement of R&D projectsin a multi-project, concurrent engineering environment [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2002,20(2):165.
[63] Decarlo, D., Lewis, J. P.,&Wysocki, R. K. The world class project manager:professional development guide[M]. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.2001.
[64] Stuckenbruck, L. C. The Implementation of project management: Theprofessional's handbook [M]. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.1981.
[65] Winter M, Smith C, Morris P, Cicmil S. Directions for future research in projectmanagement: The main findings of a UK government funded research network [J].Interational Journal of Project Management.2006,24(8):638–49.
[66] Shenhar AJ, Dvir D. Project management research－the challenge andopportunity [J]. Project Management Journal.2007,38(2):93–9.
[67] Pillai, A. S., Joshi, A.,&Rao, K. S. Performance measurement of R&D projectsin a multi-project, concurrent engineering environment [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2002,20(2),165.
[68] Collins, A.,&Baccarini, D. Project success-A survey [J]. Journal ofConstruction Research,2004,5(2),211-231.
[69] Dretske F I. Knowledge and the Flow of Information, the David Hume Series,Philosophy and Cognitive Science Reissues [M]. San Francisco: CSLIPublications,1999
[70] Deshmukh A V. Talavage J J, Barash M M. Complexity in ManufacturingSystems, Part1: Analysis of Static Complexity [J]. IIE Transactions,1998,30(10):645-655
[71] Deshmukh A V, Talavage J J, Barash M M. Characteristics of Part MixComplexity Measure for Manufacturing Systems [C]. IEEE InternationalConference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, New York,1992
[72] Frizelle G, Woodcock E. Measuring Complexity as an Aid to DevelopingOperational Strategy [J]. International Journal of Operations&ProductionManagement,1995,15(5):26-39
[73] Frizelle G. The Management of Complexity in Manufacturing [M]. London:Business Intelligence,1998
[74] Karp A, Ronen B. Improving Shop Floor Control: an Entropy Model Approach[J]. International Journal of Production Research,1992,30(4):923-938
[75] Ronen B, Karp A. An Information Entropy Approach to the Small-lot Concept[J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1994,41(1):88-92
[76] Yao D D. Material and Information Flows in Flexible Manufacturing Systems [J].Material Flow,1985,2(3):143-149
[77] Yao D D, Pei F F. Flexible Parts Routing in Manufacturing Systems [J]. IIETransactions,1990,22(1):48-55
[78]孙林岩，吕坚.制造系统复杂性度量方法研究[J].中国机械工程,2004.15(10):869-872.
[79] Janet E,饶运清.基于信息熵的制造系统复杂性测度及其在调度中的应用[J].机械工程学报,2006.42(7):8-13.
[80] Alamoudi, R.H., Interaction based measure of manufacturing systems complextiyand supply chain systems vulnerability using information entropy [M]. MiamiUniversity: Coral Gables.2008
[81]肖辉,吴冲锋,吴文峰,吴伟.复杂性度量法在股票市场中的应用[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2002.11(3):190-193.
[82]杨春霞,周佩玲,刘隽郭.基于虚拟股市的演化复杂性度量与分析[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006.36(5):556-561.
[83]达庆利,王福来.复杂性度量方法的改进及其在证券市场的应用[J].系统工程学报,2007.22(5):455-460.
[84]贺国光，刘峰涛.基于近似熵和统计复杂度的交通流复杂性测度[J].中国公路学报,2007.20(4):108-112.
[85] F. T. Liu, Y.T., CRITERION AND MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOWSYSTEM COMPLEXITY: CHAOS, FRACTAL AND COMPLEXITY.2007.
[86]贺国光，刘峰涛.基于L-Z方法的宏观交通运输系统复杂性测度[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008.40(12):2058-2061.
[87] Wu T. On concepts of complexities and its meaning in research [J]. Journal ofRenmin University of China,2004,5,1-9.
[88] Camci, A., An assessment of alignment between project complexity and projectmanagement style [D].2006, University of Central Florida.258.
[89] Khaled M Nassar And Mohamed Y Hegab, P.E.M.A., Developing a ComplexityMeasure for Project Schedules [J]. Journal of Construction EngineeringManagement,2006,6:554-561.
[90] Burkatzky, F.H.H., Development of Measurement Scales for Project Complexityand System Integration Performance[D]. Walden University.2007.
[91]颜竣，李星寰.软件能力成熟度模型[J].信息工程学报，2001，2(4)：20-21
[92] Pippa Newman. Summary of Presentation. The Institution of Electrical Engineers,1999
[93]王丹，孙颖，李忠富.项目管理成熟度模型在我国建设企业的应用[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报：自然科学版，2005，21(6)：811-814
[94] R.Max Wideman. Comparing PRINCE2with PMBOK [M]. Canada: AEWServices, Vancouver, BC,2002
[95]李鹏，戴俊俊，顾瑾.从流程层面到组织层面的扩展：项目管理成熟度研究综述[J].物流科技，2005，28(121)：117-122
[96]张新星.基于PRINCE2的项目管理成熟度模型及应用[D].天津大学.2007.
[97]张宪.建设工程项目管理成熟度模型研究[D].河北工业大学.2007.
[98] IPMA.The research on project-oriented society (POS) to develop and apply amodel of the POS [J]. Project management group,2001
[99] Steve Fahrenkrog, Fred Abrams. Project Management Institute’s OrganizationalProject Management Maturity Model (OPM3TM)[M]. PMI North AmericanCongress,2003
[100] OGC. Project Management Maturity Model(PMMM)[OL]. http://www.ogc.gov.uk/sdtoolkit/reference/tools/PMMM_release_v5.pdf,2002
[101] KLR Consulting inc. Project management maturity model [M]. ManagingBusiness&Technology Solutions,2002
[102] Center for Business Practices. Project Management Maturity [M]. ProjectManagement Solution Inc.,2001
[103]哈罗德·科兹纳.项目管理的战略规划：项目管理成熟度的应用[M].张增华，吕义怀译.北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[104] Young Hoon Kwak, C. William Ibbs. Project management process maturity(PM)2model[J]. Journal of management in Engineering，2002，(7)：150-155
[105] Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering Institute. The CapabilityMaturity Model Guidelines of improving the Software Process [M]. Reading MA：Addition-Wesley,1994
[106] Kam.Jugdev, Janice Tomas. Project management maturity models：The silverbullets of competitive advantage[J].Project Management Journal,2002,33(4)：4-14
[107]罗德尼·特纳，斯蒂芬·西米斯特.项目管理手册[M].李世其等译.北京：机械工业出版社，2004
[108]何新贵，王纬.软件能力成熟度模型[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2000
[109]白思俊.现代项目管理（上、中、下）[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[110]陆巍.项目管理成熟度模型助企业走向卓越[J].管理工程学报，2002,Vol.16,supplement：119-122
[111]五百井俊宏，李忠富.项目管理成熟度(PMMM)研究与应用[J].建筑管理现代化，2004，(2)：5-8
[112]陆伟成.项目管理过程成熟度模型——建筑业知识管理[J].建筑管理现代化，2005，(1)：5-8
[113]李晓亚，王吉峰，吕萍.项目管理聚焦：项目管理成熟度——A公司调查和分析[J].工业技术经济，2006,(4)：113-115
[114]朱大萌，马诗咏.项目风险管理的持续改进方法[J].建筑管理现代化，2004,(4)：11-14
[115]戴敏.浅谈基于OPM3路线图的战略项目办公室模式[J].特区经济，2005，(7)：369-370
[116]於永和.基于项目管理成熟度的工程项目评标研究[J].商业现代化，2006，(7)：163-164
[117]邹坦，冉令刚.施工企业应用项目管理成熟度模型的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济，2004，4(12)：327-329
[118]袁家军，欧立雄，王卫东.神舟飞船项目管理成熟度模型研究[J].中国空间科学技术，2005，25(5)：1-9
[119]欧立雄，袁家军，王卫东.神舟项目管理成熟度模型[J].管理工程学报，2005，19(10)：129-134
[120]朱毅麟.航天器研制项目管理的成熟度[J].航天工业管理，2005，(10)：21-24
[121]黄柯鑫，欧立雄，方炜.航空研制企业持续发展方法研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理，2006，26(8)：121-124
[122]谭云涛，郭波.在科研项目管理中运用成熟度模型的研究[J].山东理工大学学报：自然科学版，2003，17(4)：75-79
[123]熊竹.我国科研院所项目管理成熟度模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理，2005，26(6)：19-21
[124]金德民，郑丕谔.工程咨询企业向项目管理企业转型的探讨[J].中国地质大学学报：社会科学版，2005，5(2)：47-51
[125]林瑞跃，陈志平，凌宗平.组合DEA方法与成熟度模型对项目效益的评价[J].运筹与管理，2004，13(2)：135-138
[126]黄辉，梁工谦，肖茂.企业项目管理成熟度模型的构建与应用研究[J].管理工程学报，2005，19(10)：67-72
[127] Weiss,G. Multiagent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificialintelligence [M]. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.1999.
[128] Turban, E., and Aronson, J.E. Decision support systems and intelligent systems
[M]. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.2001.
[129] Franklin, S., and Graesser, A. Is it an agent, or just a program? A taxonomy forautonomous agents [C]. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop onAgent Theories, Architectures and Languages, Springer-Verlag.1996.
[130] Kim, S.K., and Russel J.S. Framework for an intelligent earthwork system partⅠ system architecture [J]. Automation in Construction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,1-13.
[131] Kim, S.K., and Russel J.S. Framework for an intelligent earthwork system partⅡ Task identification/scheduling and resource allocation methodology [J].Automation in Construction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,15-27.
[132] Tserng, H.P., and Lin, W.Y. Developing an electronic acquisition model forproject scheduling using XML-based information standard [J]. Automation inConstruction. Elsevier, New York,2003,12,67-95
[133] Jones, B., and Riley, M. Construction problem solving in a cooperativedistributed agent environment [C]. Computing in Civil Engineering Proceedingsof the First Congress Held in Conjunction with A/E/C systems’94. ASCE, NewYork,1994,1,79-87.
[134] Ganeshan, R, Stumpf, A. L., Lui, L.Y., Golish, M., Chin, S., and Hicks, D.Evaluation of construction time and cost for design alternatives in a collaborativeenvironment [C]. Proceedings of the2nd Congress on Computing in CivilEngineering. ASCE, New York,1995,2,1324-1331.
[135] Goldmann, S. Procura: a project management model of concurrent planning anddesign.” http://www.agr.informatik.uni-kl.de/~sigig/Procura/.1996.(accessed onNovember21,2002)
[136] Khedro, T., Case, M.P., Flemming, U., Genesereth, M.R., Logcher, R., Pederson,C., Snyder, J., Sriram, R.D., and Teicholz, P.M. Development of multi-institutionaltestbed for collaborative facility engineering infrastructure [C]. Proceedings of the2nd Congress on Computing in Civil Engineering. ASCE, New York,1996,2,1308-1315.
[137] Pitt, J., Anderton, M., and Cunningham, J. Normalized interactions betweenautonomous agents [J]. The Journal of Collaborative Computing. KluwerAcademic Publishers, Netherlands,1996,5,201-222.
[138] Khedro,T. Collaborative distributed building engineering [J]. Computer AidedCivil and infrastructure Engineering. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA,1996,14,69-79.
[139] Watkins, M., et al., Using Agent-Based Modeling to Study Construction LaborProductivity as an Emergent Property of Individual and Crew Interactions [J].Journal of Construction Engineering Management,2009,6:657-667.
[140] Jaeseok Lee, L.E.B., Ubiquitous Agent-Based Communication in Construction[J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2008.22:31-39.
[141] Juan C. Nogueira, T.R. Structure and Flexibility of project Teams UnderTurbulent Environments: An Application of Agent-Based Simulation [J]. ProjectManagement Journal,2006,37:5.
[142] Jr. Keesoo Kim, B.C.P., Distributed coordination of project schedule changesusing agent-based compensatory negotiation methodology [J]. ArtificialIntelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing,2003,17:115-131.
[143] Jung Ung Min, H.C.B., Agent-Based Constructiion Supply Chain Simulator(CS2)for Measuring the Value of Real-Time Information Sharing in Construction [J].Journal of Management Engineering,2008,24(4):245-254.
[144] Xiaolong Xue, X.L.Q.S. An agent-based framework for Supply chaincoordination in construction. Automation in Construction [J].2005,14:413-430.
[145] Tah, J.H.M., Towards an agent-based construction supply network modeling andsimulation platform [J]. Automation in Construction,2005,14:353-359.
[146] Xiaolong Xue, Q.S.H.L., Improving agent-based negnotiation efficiency inconstruction supply chains: A relative entropy method [J]. Automation inConstruction,2009,18:975-982.
[147] Monostori, E.I.L. Agent－based framework for pre-contractual evaluation ofparticipants in project-delivery supply-chains [J]. Assembly Automation,2009,29(2):137-153.
[148] Melles, B, Robers, J C B and Wamelink, J W F. A typology for the selection ofmanagement techniques in the construction industry [C]. CIB90ConferenceBuilding Economics and Construction Management Sydney.1990.
[149] Gidado, K. Numerical Index of Complexity in Building Construction withParticular Consideration to its Effect on Production Time [D]. University ofBrighton,1993.
[150] Wozniak, T M.'Significance vs Capability:'Fit for Use' Project Controls'American Association of Cost Engineers[C]. International (Trans)(ConferenceProceedings) Dearborn, Michigan,1993, A.2.1-8.
[151] Rowlinson, S M An Analysis of Factors Affecting Project Performance inIndustrial Building[D]. Brunel University,1988
[152] Sidwell, A C. A Critical Study of Project Team Organisational Forms within theBuilding Process[D]. University of Aston,1982
[153] Klir, G J. Complexity: some general observations [J]. Systems Research2(2),1985,131-140
[154] Waldrop, M. Complexity, The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos.Penguin Books.1992.
[155] Kauffman, S.A. At Home in the Universe, The Search for the Laws ofSelforganization and Complexity [D]. Oxford University Press.1995.
[156] Lewin, R. Complexity–Life on the edge of chaos [M]. J.M. Dent Ltd.1993.
[157] Johnson, S. Emergence[M]. Penguin Books.2001.
[158] Lucas, C. The Philosophy of Complexity [OL]. www.calresco.org/themes.htm.2000.
[159] Sven Bertelsen. Construction as a complex system [OL].
[160] Jiang Lin, Qi Ershi; Du Bo. Study of the characteristics of large-scaleconstruction projects with the viewpoint of complexity[C].2008.
[161]邱婉华,杨敏.项目价值管理理论与实务[M].机械工业出版社.2007:7
[162] Alfredo del Cano, P. E., M. ASCE and M. Pilar de la Cruz P. E.. IntegratedMethodology for Project Risk Management [J]. Journal of constructionengineering and Management,2002,(12):473-485.
[163] Churchill, G.A., Jr. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketingconstructs [J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16,(1):64-73.
[164] Sethi, V., and King, W.R. Development of measures to assess the extent to whichan information technology application provides competitive advantage [J].Management Science,1994,40(12),1601-1627.
[165] Moore, G.C., and Benbasat, I. Development of an instrument to measure theperceptions of adopting an information technology innovation [J]. InformationSystems Research2,1991,3:192-222.
[166]吴绍艳,基于复杂系统理论的工程项目管理协同机制与方法研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[167] Ossi Pesamaa, Per Erik Eriksson, Joseph F. Hair. Validating a model ofcooperative procurement in the construction industry [J]. International Journal ofProject Management,2009(27):552-559.
[168] Daniel Castro-Lacouture, G.A.S.J., Construction Project Scheduling with Time,Cost, and Material Restrictions Using Fuzzy Mathematical Models and CriticalPath Method [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering Management,2009,9:.1096-1104.
[169] Cherns A, Bryant DT. Studying the client’s role in construction [J]. ConstructionManagement and Economics,1984,2:177–84.
[170] Love PED, Holt GD, Shen LY, Li H, Irani Z. Using systems dynamics to betterunderstand change and rework in construction project management systems [J].International Journal of Project Management,2002,425-436
[171] Fenn P, Lowe D, Speck C. Conflict and dispute in construction [J]. ConstructionManagement Economy.1997,15(6):513–8.
[172] Harmon KM. Conflicts between owner and contractors: proposed interventionprocess [J]. Journal Management Engineering,2003,19(3):121–5.
[173] Jeffrey K. Pinto, Dennis P. Slevin, Brent English. Trust in project: An empiricalassessment of owner/contractor relationships [J]. International Journal of ProjectManagement.2009(27):638-48.
[174] Green, S., Newcombe, R., Williams, M., Fernie, S. and Weller, S. Supply chainmanagement: a contextual analysis of aerospace and construction [D], in Lewis,T.M.(Ed.), Procurement Systems&Technology Transfer: CIBW92ProcurementSystems Symposium, Department of Civil Engineering, University of the WestIndies, Trinidad,2002,245-61.
[175] Love PED, Gunasekaran A, Li H. Concurrent engineering: a strategy forprocuring construction projects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,1998,16(6):375–83.
[176] Korczynski M. The low-trust route to economic development: inter-firmrelations in the UK engineering construction industry in the1980s and1990s [J].Journal of Management Study,1996,33(6):787–808.
[177] Ngowi AB. The role of trustworthiness in the formation and governance ofconstruction alliances [J]. Building Environment,2007,42(4):1828–35
[178] Love, P.E.D., Irani, Z., Cheng, E. and Li, H. A model for supportinginter-organizational relations in the supply chain [J], Engineering Construction&Architectural Management,2002, Vol.9No.1,2-15.
[179] Rodrigues A, Bowers J. The role of system dynamics in project management [J].International Journal of Project Management1996,14(4):213-220.
[180] Ming Sun, X.M., Taxonomy for change causes and effects in constructionprojects [J]. International Journal of Project Management,2009.27:560-572.
[181] Olsen B, Haugland S, Karlsen E, Husoy G. Governance of complexprocurements in the oil and gas industry [J]. Journal of Purchase SupplyManagement.2005,11(1):1–13.
[182] Iwashita S. Custom made housing in Japan and the growth of the supersubcontractor [J]. Construction Management Economy.2001,19(3):295–300.
[183] Hsieh T, Lu S, Wu C. Statistical analysis of causes for change orders inmetropolitan public works. Int J Project Manage2004;22(8):679–86.
[184] Wu C, Hsieh T, Cheng W. Statistical analysis of causes for design change inhighway construction on Taiwan [J]. International Journal of Project Management.2005;23(7):554-63.
[185] Thomas HR, Raynar KA. Scheduled overtime and labor productivity:quantitative analysis [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering Management.1997,123(2):181-8.
[186] Love PED, Smith J. Benchmarking, benchaction, and benchlearning: reworkmitigation in projects [J]. Journal of Management Engineering.2003,19(4):147–59.
[187] Kandil, K.E.A.A., Time-Cost-Quality Trade-Off Analysis for HighwayConstruction [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.2005,4:477-486.
[188] Petzold, T.H.A.K.. Genetic Optimization for Dynamic Project Control [J].Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,2003,7:396-404.
[189] Simon Collyer, Clive M.J. Warren. Project management approaches for dynamicenvironments [J]. International Journal of Project Management.2009(27):355-364
[190] Bagozzi, R.P. An Examination of the validity of two models of attitude [J].Multivariate Behavioral Research,1981,16,(3),323-359.
[191] Marsh, H.W., Hocevar, D. Application of confirmatory factor analysis to thestudy of self-concept: First and higher order factor models and their invarianceacross groups [J]. Psychological Bullentin,1985,3:562-582
[192] Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., Joreskog, K.G. Intraclass reliability estimates: Testingstructural assumptions [J]. Educational and Psychological Measruement,1974,34,1:25-33
[193] Sethi, V., and King, W.R. Development of measures to assess the extent to whichan information technology application provides competitive advantage [J].Management Science1994,40(12):1601-1627.
[194] Venkatraman, N. Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct,dimensionality, and measurement [J]. Management Science,1989,35,(8):942-962.
[195] Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS,andSIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming [M]. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1998.
[196]李登峰.模糊的目标多人决策与对策[M].北京,国防工业出版社，2003：37-48
[197]徐玖平，李军.多目标决策的理论与方法[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2005：51-59
[198] Maiti M K, fuzzy inventory model with two warehouses under possibilitymeasure on fuzzy goal[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,(188):746-774
[199] Alvarez-Valdes R,Crespo E,Tamarit J M, RASP and path relinking for projectscheduling under partially renewable resources[J]. European Journal ofOperational Research，2008,(189):1153-1170
[200] Resende M.G.C,.Marti R,.Gallego,M, GRASP andpath relinking for themax–min diversity problem[J]. Computers&Operations Research.2010,(37):498-508.