三维城市模型的建立以及基于WEB的可视化研究及应用
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摘要
随着GIS的发展,数字城市已经经历了从出现到发展日益成熟。数字城市是以计算机技术、多媒体技术和大规模存储技术为基础,以宽带网络为纽带,运用遥感、全球定位系统、地理信息系统、仿真-虚拟技术等对城市进行多分辨率、多尺度、多时空和多种类的三维描述。数字城市的成功应用离不开三维城市模型。这是因为相对于二维模型,三维城市模型可以给予用户更真实的用户体验和更直接的用户交互方式。利用三维城市模型,用户不需要查看并理解抽象的二维地图,而是可以在虚拟现实环境中鸟瞰、行走、远望、近观,并且可以实现三维相关的分析,如日照分析。
互联网络的迅速崛起和在全球范围内的飞速发展,使万维网(Web)成为高效的信息发布平台。如果能将数字城市与Web技术相结合,人们就可以方便地从因特网的任意节点浏览和获取数字城市的信息,还可以进行各种在线的地理空间分析,使得数字城市能够得到更广泛的应用。如果能让用户在Web浏览器上就可以在虚拟现实环境中查看和操作三维城市模型,将会给用户带来更好的用户体验。
因此,建立具有真实感、不同精度的细节层次、大范围的三维城市模型,并在Web客户端上实现三维城市模型的可视化,将会带来便捷的服务、真实的用户体验、丰富的功能和直接的用户交互方式。这样的特性也会给该GIS软件产品带来更强的竞争优势。由此可见,有关这个课题的研究是非常有意义的。
Autodesk公司的LandXplorer系统是主要用于城市规划的一款三维数字城市产品。本文以LandXplorer的开发为基础,对相应课题展开研究,产生了一定的成果。本文主要由以下几个部分组成。
1.论述了数字城市的发展历史及现状,指出三维城市模型是数字城市的重要部分。
2.介绍了LandXplorer系统的架构设计,作为后续的工作的铺垫。
3.研究了如何建立数字城市的三维模型以及在Web客户端上实现三维城市模型的可视化,并对一些关键问题提出解决方案:
a)提出了以FDO为导入数据的工具,将异构数据源中的GIS数据集成到一个数据模型中。
b)根据二维GIS信息生成地形、建筑、道路、树木及公共设施等的三维模型,实现低成本的、快速的三维城市模型的生成。
c)以四叉树的方式存放模型和实现细节层次(LOD)
d)采用Java OpengGL实现Web端的三维场景渲染。
4.作为Web客户端上三维城市模型可视化的具体实践,详细地论述了LandXplorer系统中Web-based Viewer子系统的设计与实现。
5.最后总结了已完成的工作和对未来的进行展望。
With the development of GIS, digital city has been developing day by day from initial birth to mature. Digital city is based on technology of computer, multimedia and storage for huge amount of data, leveraging wide-band network, 3S technology and virtual reality technology, which implements three-dimensional description of multi-resolution, multi-scale, multi-dimensional space-time. It is necessary for success of digital city to have three-dimensional city model, for the reason that comparing to two-dimensional model, three-dimensional city model gains more reality in user experience and more straightforward manner in user interaction. By three-dimensional city model, users could avoid suffering from abstract two-dimensional map, instead they could get a bird’s-eye view or far view or near view, walk in a virtual reality environment. In addition, by three-dimensional city model, that three-dimensional analysis, like sun-shine analysis, can be implemented.
With worldwide surging development of Internet, Web has become an efficient information publishing platform. If we combined digital city and Web technology, it will be very convenient for users to get information of digital city everywhere. In addition, some on-line analysis can be available for people, making digital city be applied in larger area. If users can experience and manipulate three-dimensional city model in Web browser, it will bring better user experience.
Therefore, establishment of a three-dimensional city model with reality-sense, equipping with different level of details, covering large extent, along with effective visualization on Web browser, bring convenient service, real user experience, powerful functions, as well as straightforward user interaction. Such features also bring the GIS product more competition advantage. Obviously, the study around it is very interesting.
The LandXplorer provided by Autodesk, Inc. is a kind of digital city product for urban plan. The author study related problems based on LandXplorer development and finally gain plentiful achievements.
The thesis consists of items as following:
(1) Elaborate history and current state of digital city, point out that the three-dimensional city model is an important part of digital city.
(2) Introduce the architectural level design of LandXplorer as preparation for succeeding work.
(3) Study on how to establish three-dimensional city model and implement visualization on Web browser, coming up with solutions for certain important problems:
a. Come up with a solution for integrate GIS data from different data sources into one data model by leveraging FDO facility.
b. Implement low-cost and fast generation of three-dimensional city model by generating terrain surface, buildings, roads, trees, utilities models from two dimensional GIS data.
c. Store model data and implement level of details (LOD) with quad-tree approach.
d. Implement web-based rendering of three-dimensional scene based on Java OpenGL.
(4) Illustrate the design and implementation of web-based Viewer subsystem as a practice of visualization of three-dimensional city model on Web browser.
(5) Finally, summarize the work I have done and look forward to the future.
互联网络的迅速崛起和在全球范围内的飞速发展,使万维网(Web)成为高效的信息发布平台。如果能将数字城市与Web技术相结合,人们就可以方便地从因特网的任意节点浏览和获取数字城市的信息,还可以进行各种在线的地理空间分析,使得数字城市能够得到更广泛的应用。如果能让用户在Web浏览器上就可以在虚拟现实环境中查看和操作三维城市模型,将会给用户带来更好的用户体验。
因此,建立具有真实感、不同精度的细节层次、大范围的三维城市模型,并在Web客户端上实现三维城市模型的可视化,将会带来便捷的服务、真实的用户体验、丰富的功能和直接的用户交互方式。这样的特性也会给该GIS软件产品带来更强的竞争优势。由此可见,有关这个课题的研究是非常有意义的。
Autodesk公司的LandXplorer系统是主要用于城市规划的一款三维数字城市产品。本文以LandXplorer的开发为基础,对相应课题展开研究,产生了一定的成果。本文主要由以下几个部分组成。
1.论述了数字城市的发展历史及现状,指出三维城市模型是数字城市的重要部分。
2.介绍了LandXplorer系统的架构设计,作为后续的工作的铺垫。
3.研究了如何建立数字城市的三维模型以及在Web客户端上实现三维城市模型的可视化,并对一些关键问题提出解决方案:
a)提出了以FDO为导入数据的工具,将异构数据源中的GIS数据集成到一个数据模型中。
b)根据二维GIS信息生成地形、建筑、道路、树木及公共设施等的三维模型,实现低成本的、快速的三维城市模型的生成。
c)以四叉树的方式存放模型和实现细节层次(LOD)
d)采用Java OpengGL实现Web端的三维场景渲染。
4.作为Web客户端上三维城市模型可视化的具体实践,详细地论述了LandXplorer系统中Web-based Viewer子系统的设计与实现。
5.最后总结了已完成的工作和对未来的进行展望。
With the development of GIS, digital city has been developing day by day from initial birth to mature. Digital city is based on technology of computer, multimedia and storage for huge amount of data, leveraging wide-band network, 3S technology and virtual reality technology, which implements three-dimensional description of multi-resolution, multi-scale, multi-dimensional space-time. It is necessary for success of digital city to have three-dimensional city model, for the reason that comparing to two-dimensional model, three-dimensional city model gains more reality in user experience and more straightforward manner in user interaction. By three-dimensional city model, users could avoid suffering from abstract two-dimensional map, instead they could get a bird’s-eye view or far view or near view, walk in a virtual reality environment. In addition, by three-dimensional city model, that three-dimensional analysis, like sun-shine analysis, can be implemented.
With worldwide surging development of Internet, Web has become an efficient information publishing platform. If we combined digital city and Web technology, it will be very convenient for users to get information of digital city everywhere. In addition, some on-line analysis can be available for people, making digital city be applied in larger area. If users can experience and manipulate three-dimensional city model in Web browser, it will bring better user experience.
Therefore, establishment of a three-dimensional city model with reality-sense, equipping with different level of details, covering large extent, along with effective visualization on Web browser, bring convenient service, real user experience, powerful functions, as well as straightforward user interaction. Such features also bring the GIS product more competition advantage. Obviously, the study around it is very interesting.
The LandXplorer provided by Autodesk, Inc. is a kind of digital city product for urban plan. The author study related problems based on LandXplorer development and finally gain plentiful achievements.
The thesis consists of items as following:
(1) Elaborate history and current state of digital city, point out that the three-dimensional city model is an important part of digital city.
(2) Introduce the architectural level design of LandXplorer as preparation for succeeding work.
(3) Study on how to establish three-dimensional city model and implement visualization on Web browser, coming up with solutions for certain important problems:
a. Come up with a solution for integrate GIS data from different data sources into one data model by leveraging FDO facility.
b. Implement low-cost and fast generation of three-dimensional city model by generating terrain surface, buildings, roads, trees, utilities models from two dimensional GIS data.
c. Store model data and implement level of details (LOD) with quad-tree approach.
d. Implement web-based rendering of three-dimensional scene based on Java OpenGL.
(4) Illustrate the design and implementation of web-based Viewer subsystem as a practice of visualization of three-dimensional city model on Web browser.
(5) Finally, summarize the work I have done and look forward to the future.
引文
[1].百度百科,http://baike.baidu.com/view/8446.htm
[2].赵峥.三维城市重建中基于ROAM的地形渲染[D].2007.
[3].百度百科,http://baike.baidu.com/view/69230.htm
[4].闫博.“数字城市”地理信息基础平台研究与设计[D].2005.
[5].孙敏,马蔼乃,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2)
[6].李新.三维城市标志物建模与可视化研究[D].2008.
[7].吴慧欣.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].2007.
[8].王永波.基于点云的空间对象表面重建及其多分辨率表达方法研究[D].2008.
[9].叶秋果,滕惠忠,郭思海等.基于多源数据的三维城市建模方法[J].海洋测绘,2006,26(6)
[10].李艳.大规模三维城市高效可视化关键技术研究[D].2007.
[11].印桂生,陈怀友,张菁等.基于九宫格的累进LOD地形绘制算法[J].西南交通大学学报,2010,45(3)
[12].夏杰,陈奇.基于静态LOD的海量地形绘制中的接缝算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2010,31(22)
[13]. Yangwen Jia,Hongli Zhao,Cunwen Niu et al.A WebGIS-based system for rainfall-runoff prediction and real-time water resources assessment for Beijing[J].Computers & geosciences,2009,35(7)
[14].龚明.基于WebGIS的三维城市地图的技术研究与应用[D].2010.
[15].牛千.WebGIS数据共享应用与研究——以西南大学WebGIS数据共享平台为例[D].2010.
[16].林绍福.面向数字城市的空间信息Web服务互操作与共享平台[D].2002.
[17].余柏蒗,吴健平,曾春润等.GIS Web Service开发方法研究[A].第二届中国国际数字城市建设技术研讨会论文集[C].2006.
[18].张秋文,王乘.数字城市整体构架与关键技术[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(7)
[19].祁成兵.FDO技术在地理信息系统中的应用[J].城市勘测,2009,(4)
[20]. Autodesk Asia Pte Ltd编著.Autodesk地理信息系统解决方案.北京:电子工业出版社,2010:12
[21]. FDO官方网站(http://fdo.osgeo.org/)
[22].肖源源.基于虚拟城市的三维空间模型的研究[D]. 2008.26-42
[23]. Rottensteiner, F..Automatic generation of high-quality building models from lidar data[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2003,23(6)
[24].胡春.数字城市中的建筑物提取及三维景观重建技术研究[D].2004.
[25].宋成芳.三维CAD模型数据与数码城市GIS数据的集成方法[D].2003.
[26].康志忠.数字城市中街道景观主体三维可视化的快速实现研究[D].2004.
[27]. Maxime Lhuillier, Long Quan, "A Quasi-Dense Approach to Surface Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Images," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp. 418-433, March, 2005
[28]. Giuliani, J. L., LaDieu, J., and McKeown, D.M. (2008). Parametric Generation of Street Level Details for Urban Visualization. In Proceedings of the IMAGE 2008 Conference, pages 104 - 116, St. Louis,Missouri, USA. IMAGE Society.
[29]. H. Ledoux and M. Meijers. Extruding building footprints to create topologically consistent 3D city models. In A. Krek, M. Rumor, S. Zlatanova, and E. Fendel, editors, Urban and Regional Data Management, UDMS Annual 2009, pages 39–48. CRC Press, 2009
[30].姚慧敏,崔铁军,邵世新等.基于四叉树的LOD地形模型及其数据组织方法研究[A].中国地理信息系统协会第四次会员代表大会暨第十一届年会论文汇编[C]. 2007.
[31]. O3D官方网站, http://code.google.com/intl/en/apis/o3d/docs/techoverview.html
[32].吴永喜.基于Google O3D的湖泊水域自然场景模拟技术研究与实现[D]. 2009.
[33].维基百科ActiveX, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX
[34].刘振宇,徐方,陈英林等.一种通用的机器人三维图形仿真的实现[J].机器人, 2001, 23 (5) _4.
[35]. Sun官方网站, http://java.sun.com/applets/
[36]. JOGL官方网站, http://jogamp.org/jogl/www/
[37]. D. McDonald, "Hardware accelerated graphics in Java," vol.:: JOINT CONFERENCE INFORMATION SCIENCES;2709 MONTGOMERY ST, DURHAM, NC 27705 USA;DURHAM, 2005, pp. 1708-1712.
[38]. Z. Xu, et al., "Opengl programming in Java," vol. 7, 2005, pp. 51-5.
[39]. Zhigen Xu,Yusong Yan,Jim X. Chen.OPENGL PROGRAMMING IN JAVA[J].Computing in science & engineering,2005,7(1)
[40].马斌,李仲学,李翠平等.基于J2EE平台和B/S结构的地矿工程三维可视化仿真技术[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 28 (2) _4 .
[41].韩义. Web3D及Web三维可视化新发展——以WebGL和O3D为例[J].科技广场,2010,(05)
[42].万剑华,郑红霞,丁仁伟.基于WEB三维虚拟场景的建立[J].测绘科学,2005,30(4)
[43].陈健松,徐从富,潘云鹤等.基于地形的三维场景绘制方法[J].计算机工程与应用, 2006, 42 (8) _3 .
[44].维基百科, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering
[2].赵峥.三维城市重建中基于ROAM的地形渲染[D].2007.
[3].百度百科,http://baike.baidu.com/view/69230.htm
[4].闫博.“数字城市”地理信息基础平台研究与设计[D].2005.
[5].孙敏,马蔼乃,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2)
[6].李新.三维城市标志物建模与可视化研究[D].2008.
[7].吴慧欣.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].2007.
[8].王永波.基于点云的空间对象表面重建及其多分辨率表达方法研究[D].2008.
[9].叶秋果,滕惠忠,郭思海等.基于多源数据的三维城市建模方法[J].海洋测绘,2006,26(6)
[10].李艳.大规模三维城市高效可视化关键技术研究[D].2007.
[11].印桂生,陈怀友,张菁等.基于九宫格的累进LOD地形绘制算法[J].西南交通大学学报,2010,45(3)
[12].夏杰,陈奇.基于静态LOD的海量地形绘制中的接缝算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2010,31(22)
[13]. Yangwen Jia,Hongli Zhao,Cunwen Niu et al.A WebGIS-based system for rainfall-runoff prediction and real-time water resources assessment for Beijing[J].Computers & geosciences,2009,35(7)
[14].龚明.基于WebGIS的三维城市地图的技术研究与应用[D].2010.
[15].牛千.WebGIS数据共享应用与研究——以西南大学WebGIS数据共享平台为例[D].2010.
[16].林绍福.面向数字城市的空间信息Web服务互操作与共享平台[D].2002.
[17].余柏蒗,吴健平,曾春润等.GIS Web Service开发方法研究[A].第二届中国国际数字城市建设技术研讨会论文集[C].2006.
[18].张秋文,王乘.数字城市整体构架与关键技术[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(7)
[19].祁成兵.FDO技术在地理信息系统中的应用[J].城市勘测,2009,(4)
[20]. Autodesk Asia Pte Ltd编著.Autodesk地理信息系统解决方案.北京:电子工业出版社,2010:12
[21]. FDO官方网站(http://fdo.osgeo.org/)
[22].肖源源.基于虚拟城市的三维空间模型的研究[D]. 2008.26-42
[23]. Rottensteiner, F..Automatic generation of high-quality building models from lidar data[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2003,23(6)
[24].胡春.数字城市中的建筑物提取及三维景观重建技术研究[D].2004.
[25].宋成芳.三维CAD模型数据与数码城市GIS数据的集成方法[D].2003.
[26].康志忠.数字城市中街道景观主体三维可视化的快速实现研究[D].2004.
[27]. Maxime Lhuillier, Long Quan, "A Quasi-Dense Approach to Surface Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Images," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp. 418-433, March, 2005
[28]. Giuliani, J. L., LaDieu, J., and McKeown, D.M. (2008). Parametric Generation of Street Level Details for Urban Visualization. In Proceedings of the IMAGE 2008 Conference, pages 104 - 116, St. Louis,Missouri, USA. IMAGE Society.
[29]. H. Ledoux and M. Meijers. Extruding building footprints to create topologically consistent 3D city models. In A. Krek, M. Rumor, S. Zlatanova, and E. Fendel, editors, Urban and Regional Data Management, UDMS Annual 2009, pages 39–48. CRC Press, 2009
[30].姚慧敏,崔铁军,邵世新等.基于四叉树的LOD地形模型及其数据组织方法研究[A].中国地理信息系统协会第四次会员代表大会暨第十一届年会论文汇编[C]. 2007.
[31]. O3D官方网站, http://code.google.com/intl/en/apis/o3d/docs/techoverview.html
[32].吴永喜.基于Google O3D的湖泊水域自然场景模拟技术研究与实现[D]. 2009.
[33].维基百科ActiveX, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX
[34].刘振宇,徐方,陈英林等.一种通用的机器人三维图形仿真的实现[J].机器人, 2001, 23 (5) _4.
[35]. Sun官方网站, http://java.sun.com/applets/
[36]. JOGL官方网站, http://jogamp.org/jogl/www/
[37]. D. McDonald, "Hardware accelerated graphics in Java," vol.:: JOINT CONFERENCE INFORMATION SCIENCES;2709 MONTGOMERY ST, DURHAM, NC 27705 USA;DURHAM, 2005, pp. 1708-1712.
[38]. Z. Xu, et al., "Opengl programming in Java," vol. 7, 2005, pp. 51-5.
[39]. Zhigen Xu,Yusong Yan,Jim X. Chen.OPENGL PROGRAMMING IN JAVA[J].Computing in science & engineering,2005,7(1)
[40].马斌,李仲学,李翠平等.基于J2EE平台和B/S结构的地矿工程三维可视化仿真技术[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 28 (2) _4 .
[41].韩义. Web3D及Web三维可视化新发展——以WebGL和O3D为例[J].科技广场,2010,(05)
[42].万剑华,郑红霞,丁仁伟.基于WEB三维虚拟场景的建立[J].测绘科学,2005,30(4)
[43].陈健松,徐从富,潘云鹤等.基于地形的三维场景绘制方法[J].计算机工程与应用, 2006, 42 (8) _3 .
[44].维基百科, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering