红菜薹的小孢子培养及其应用与表观遗传学初步研究
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摘要
红菜薹是十字花科芸薹属白菜亚种,是我国的特产蔬菜,在长江流域地区是人们十分喜爱的蔬菜。游离小孢子培养是直接从花蕾或花药中获得游离小孢子群体而进行培养并获得单倍体再生植株的方法。通过小孢子培养获得单倍体再生植株是进行单倍体相关遗传研究和蔬菜育种的重要手段和技术方法。本文对红菜薹小孢子培养和表观遗传学研究进行了一些研究,并对红菜薹蔬菜育种方面进行了一些探讨。
在本研究中,选取具有代表性的红菜薹品种进行游离小孢子培养实验。分别探索不同基因型、培养基成分、温度因素等条件对胚状体植株再生的影响。结果表明了不同供试基因型的小孢子胚诱导率具有显著差异,低温诱导和高温诱导都对小孢子诱导出胚具有重要的影响。在培养基中加入一定浓度的活性碳对小孢子胚的诱导具有促进作用。诱导出的胚状体再生成为植株的过程中也受到多种因素的影响。研究表明低温处理可以提高胚状体的再生率,同时固体培养基中的琼脂浓度也对生成再生植株具有重要影响。
细胞核的倍性和染色质组织结构与细胞的发育分化状态有重要联系。本研究对红菜薹的正常组织和小孢子胚状体细胞,应用荧光原位杂交实验分析了红菜薹细胞核的结构和染色质组织方式进行研究探索。实验结果表明：与正常的根或叶体细胞相比,胚状体细胞具有复杂的细胞核倍性水平,并且具有多核现象。胚状体细胞的染色质组织结构也与正常体细胞具有一些差异,这可能与其细胞核倍性和分化状态是相关的。在正常组织中,细胞核染色质的组织方式基本上都呈染色质中心的模式,而在胚状体细胞核中则不具有这种结构特点。
一些研究报告指出,特异的染色质组织结构会具有特异的表观遗传学特征,染色质的表观遗传学特征不仅反映了染色质的结构和功能,同时还反映了基因表达调控状况、细胞分化状态。因此,我们对红菜薹的体细胞组织和小孢子胚状体细胞核都进行了表观遗传学修饰水平分析,探索胚状体诱导分化过程中的表观遗传调控过程。应用免疫染色技术、染色质免疫共沉淀技术等分别分析了细胞核的组蛋白乙酰化修饰和甲基化修饰以及DNA甲基化修饰情况。结果表明：红菜薹作为十字花科植物植物,它与拟南芥细胞核的结构和表观遗传学特征具有相似的特征。正常体细胞组织与胚状体的细胞核组织结构和细胞核倍性具有一些差异,其表观遗传学修饰特征也相应地具有一些差异。这些分子细胞遗传学研究工作将会对红菜薹的小孢子培养和育种工作提供重要的指导作用。
Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinesis var.purpurea Tsen et Lee is a cultivated cabbage subspecies from Brassica, which is an unique vegetable in China and very popular in the area of Chinese Changjiang River. A microspore culture technique is a method for obtaining regenerated haploid plants by the way of culturing the isolated microspores. The haploid plants obtained by microspore culture are significant and essential for genetics research of haploid and vegetable breeding. In this research, we carried out some researches on the microspore culture, epigenetics and breeding in B.campestris. The results are as follows:
In this study, variants with good qualities were selected for the microspore culture. Different factors that affect the culture of regenerated embryoid were explored, including the genotypes, culture constitution, and temperature. The results revealed that different genotypes had significantly different frequencies of induced embryoids. Lower or higher temperature both influenced the induction of embryoids. A certain concentration of active carbon can obviously promote the induction of embryoids. The regeneration process of new plants was affected by several factors. The results demonstrated that low temperature treatment could increase the regeneration rate of embryoids and the concentration of agar in the solid culture medium also had significant influence on the regeneration.
It was reported that the ploidy of the nucleus and chromatin arrangement were highly correlated to the cellular developmental and differential states. In this study, some cellular researches were carried out to analyze nuclei from normal tissues and embryoid in B.campestris. Fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments with several different probes were performed to investigate nucleus architecture and chromatin arrangement. The results showed that, compared to the somatic nuclei from normal tissues, nuclei from embryoid had a complicated ploidy level and had the phenomena of muti-nucleus in a single cell. The chromatin arrangement in embryoid was quite different from that in somatic nuclei, which suggested that it was correlated to nucleus ploidy and differential states. In the somatic cell, the chromatin in most of nuclei adapted an organization pattern of chromocenter, but the nuclei in embryoid did not have this feature.
Some studies showed that the chromatins with specific arrangement correspondingly had unique epigenetic features. Specific epigenetic features reflected not only the structure and function of chromatins, but also the regulation of gene expression and differential states. Therefore, we investigated the epigenetics of nuclei from somatic cells and embryoid cell and explored the potential epigenetic regulation of embryoid induction and cell differentiation in microspore cultures. The chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunostaining experiments were used to detect the histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation. The results demonstrated that as a species in Brassica, the nucleus of B.campestris had a similar chromatin arrangement and epigenetic feature with that of Arabidopis nucleus. The chromatin arrangement and nucleus ploidy in embryoid nuclei differed with that in the somatic nucleus, corresponding to the different epigenetic modification features. These cytogenetic results might provide an important instructive role to the microspore culture and breeding in B.campestris.
在本研究中,选取具有代表性的红菜薹品种进行游离小孢子培养实验。分别探索不同基因型、培养基成分、温度因素等条件对胚状体植株再生的影响。结果表明了不同供试基因型的小孢子胚诱导率具有显著差异,低温诱导和高温诱导都对小孢子诱导出胚具有重要的影响。在培养基中加入一定浓度的活性碳对小孢子胚的诱导具有促进作用。诱导出的胚状体再生成为植株的过程中也受到多种因素的影响。研究表明低温处理可以提高胚状体的再生率,同时固体培养基中的琼脂浓度也对生成再生植株具有重要影响。
细胞核的倍性和染色质组织结构与细胞的发育分化状态有重要联系。本研究对红菜薹的正常组织和小孢子胚状体细胞,应用荧光原位杂交实验分析了红菜薹细胞核的结构和染色质组织方式进行研究探索。实验结果表明：与正常的根或叶体细胞相比,胚状体细胞具有复杂的细胞核倍性水平,并且具有多核现象。胚状体细胞的染色质组织结构也与正常体细胞具有一些差异,这可能与其细胞核倍性和分化状态是相关的。在正常组织中,细胞核染色质的组织方式基本上都呈染色质中心的模式,而在胚状体细胞核中则不具有这种结构特点。
一些研究报告指出,特异的染色质组织结构会具有特异的表观遗传学特征,染色质的表观遗传学特征不仅反映了染色质的结构和功能,同时还反映了基因表达调控状况、细胞分化状态。因此,我们对红菜薹的体细胞组织和小孢子胚状体细胞核都进行了表观遗传学修饰水平分析,探索胚状体诱导分化过程中的表观遗传调控过程。应用免疫染色技术、染色质免疫共沉淀技术等分别分析了细胞核的组蛋白乙酰化修饰和甲基化修饰以及DNA甲基化修饰情况。结果表明：红菜薹作为十字花科植物植物,它与拟南芥细胞核的结构和表观遗传学特征具有相似的特征。正常体细胞组织与胚状体的细胞核组织结构和细胞核倍性具有一些差异,其表观遗传学修饰特征也相应地具有一些差异。这些分子细胞遗传学研究工作将会对红菜薹的小孢子培养和育种工作提供重要的指导作用。
Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinesis var.purpurea Tsen et Lee is a cultivated cabbage subspecies from Brassica, which is an unique vegetable in China and very popular in the area of Chinese Changjiang River. A microspore culture technique is a method for obtaining regenerated haploid plants by the way of culturing the isolated microspores. The haploid plants obtained by microspore culture are significant and essential for genetics research of haploid and vegetable breeding. In this research, we carried out some researches on the microspore culture, epigenetics and breeding in B.campestris. The results are as follows:
In this study, variants with good qualities were selected for the microspore culture. Different factors that affect the culture of regenerated embryoid were explored, including the genotypes, culture constitution, and temperature. The results revealed that different genotypes had significantly different frequencies of induced embryoids. Lower or higher temperature both influenced the induction of embryoids. A certain concentration of active carbon can obviously promote the induction of embryoids. The regeneration process of new plants was affected by several factors. The results demonstrated that low temperature treatment could increase the regeneration rate of embryoids and the concentration of agar in the solid culture medium also had significant influence on the regeneration.
It was reported that the ploidy of the nucleus and chromatin arrangement were highly correlated to the cellular developmental and differential states. In this study, some cellular researches were carried out to analyze nuclei from normal tissues and embryoid in B.campestris. Fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments with several different probes were performed to investigate nucleus architecture and chromatin arrangement. The results showed that, compared to the somatic nuclei from normal tissues, nuclei from embryoid had a complicated ploidy level and had the phenomena of muti-nucleus in a single cell. The chromatin arrangement in embryoid was quite different from that in somatic nuclei, which suggested that it was correlated to nucleus ploidy and differential states. In the somatic cell, the chromatin in most of nuclei adapted an organization pattern of chromocenter, but the nuclei in embryoid did not have this feature.
Some studies showed that the chromatins with specific arrangement correspondingly had unique epigenetic features. Specific epigenetic features reflected not only the structure and function of chromatins, but also the regulation of gene expression and differential states. Therefore, we investigated the epigenetics of nuclei from somatic cells and embryoid cell and explored the potential epigenetic regulation of embryoid induction and cell differentiation in microspore cultures. The chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunostaining experiments were used to detect the histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation. The results demonstrated that as a species in Brassica, the nucleus of B.campestris had a similar chromatin arrangement and epigenetic feature with that of Arabidopis nucleus. The chromatin arrangement and nucleus ploidy in embryoid nuclei differed with that in the somatic nucleus, corresponding to the different epigenetic modification features. These cytogenetic results might provide an important instructive role to the microspore culture and breeding in B.campestris.
引文
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