英语将来时间表达法的认知解读
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摘要
英语中将来时间的表达法历来是语法学家或语言学者所关心及研究的热门话题。本文主旨不在于探讨英语中是否存在将来时这一时态,而旨在从语义层面探讨各种将来时间表达法所表达的各种意义,并以认知语言学中的语法化、隐喻映现及意象图式为理论框架,以广泛的语料为基础,讨论了各种将来时间表达法的内在认知理据,指出各种结构所表达的意义都与该结构中的主要词汇的基本意义或者该结构的原型意义有关。通过隐喻映现及意象图式的相结合,分析了其意义从空间到时间的映现;而通过换喻探讨了同一模式内部的映现机制,即从基本义到延伸义的映现。通过认知理论对将来时间表达法意义的分析和解读不仅具有重大的理论意义,而且具有深远的现实意义。理论上,本研究的试探性尝试丰富了隐喻等理论的应用范围和理解方式;实践上,本研究为中国的英语时态教学提供了一些启示。
The present thesis calls attention to the different meanings expressed by various English constructions expressing future time, which is always a controversial issue but remains an increasingly significant topic within the research on tense & aspect. Against the theoretical background of grammaticalization, metaphorical mapping and image schema, the present study explains the cognitive process behind the meanings of the constructions expressing future time mainly based on the prescribed rules offered by Quirk et al.
The study views that some of the constructions can be considered as the space to time metaphor (e.g. the construction of be about to + infinitive) and that the meanings expressed by all the constructions expressing future time are much related to the root meanings that the main word in the construction convey or the basic use of the construction. This can be regarded as metonymy within the same model on the basis of a prototype analysis.
The present study offers a new approach to explain the uses of future expressions, so it is of both theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, it enlarges the field that the cognitive approach is applied to; practically, it has some implications on English grammar teaching in China.
The present thesis calls attention to the different meanings expressed by various English constructions expressing future time, which is always a controversial issue but remains an increasingly significant topic within the research on tense & aspect. Against the theoretical background of grammaticalization, metaphorical mapping and image schema, the present study explains the cognitive process behind the meanings of the constructions expressing future time mainly based on the prescribed rules offered by Quirk et al.
The study views that some of the constructions can be considered as the space to time metaphor (e.g. the construction of be about to + infinitive) and that the meanings expressed by all the constructions expressing future time are much related to the root meanings that the main word in the construction convey or the basic use of the construction. This can be regarded as metonymy within the same model on the basis of a prototype analysis.
The present study offers a new approach to explain the uses of future expressions, so it is of both theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, it enlarges the field that the cognitive approach is applied to; practically, it has some implications on English grammar teaching in China.
引文
[1] Bybee, J. L. & Pagliuca. 1987. The Evolution of Future Meaning. Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
[2] Bybee, P. & Perkins. 1991. Back to the Future. Approaches to Grammaticalization [J]. Vol. 2: 17-58
[3] Comrie, B. 2005. Tense. Beijing: Peking University Press.
[4] Dahl, O. 1985. Tense and Aspect System. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[5] Declerck, R. 1991. Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse. London: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.
[6] Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[7] Fleischman, S. 1982. The Future in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[8] Foley, M. & Hall, D. 2005. Longman Advanced Learners’ Grammar: A Self-study Reference & Practice book with answers. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[9] Heine, C. & Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[10] Hopper, J. P. 1991. On Some Principles of Grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Vol.1: 17-37
[11] Hopper, J. P. & Traugott, C. E. 2005. Grammaticalization. Beijing: Peking University Press.
[12] Hornby, S. A. 2005. Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition). Beijing: The Commercial Press.
[13] Indurkhya, B. 1992. Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
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[18] Lakoff, G. 1988. Cognitive Semantics. In Meaning and Mental Representation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Universtiy Press.
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[22] Leech, N. G. 1971. Meaning and the English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
[23] Palmer, F. R. 1986. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[24] Quirk, R. et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. London: Longman Group Limited.
[25] Schibsbye, K. 1970. A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[26] Sweetser, E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics-Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects and Semantic Structure. Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
[27] Taylor, R. J. 2001. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. P149-154
[28] Taylor, R. J. 2002. Cognitive Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
[29] Ungerer F. & Schmid J. H. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[30] Wekker, H. Chr. 1976. The Expression of Future Time in Contemporary British English. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
[31] Young, D. J. 1980. The Structure of English Clauses. New York: Hurchinson & Co. (Publisher) Ltd.
[32] 薄冰,《薄冰英语语法》[M],北京:开明出版社,1998。
[33] 薄冰,《薄冰英语语法高阶 2 — 英语时态》[M],北京:开明出版社,2000。
[34] 陈敏哲,《英语动词过去时语法意义拓展的隐喻化过程》[J],外语教学与研究,2005 (2)。
[35] 陈友良,《英语动词进行体的语义实质及认知图示》[J], 外语与外语教学,2004 (3)。
[36] 陈友良,《英语动词进行体认知图示探微》[J], 西安外国语学院学报,2005 (2)。
[37] 郭滨,易仲良,《英语动词现在时态的认知研究》[J], 湖南农业大学学报,2005 (2)。
[38] 何伟,《will 与 shall 的系统功能语法解释》[J], 外语与外语教学,2003 (3)。
[39] 胡壮麟,《认知隐喻学》[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2004。
[40] 蓝纯,《从认知角度看汉语和英语的空间隐喻》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003。
[41] 李国南,《英语动词过去时的隐喻认知模式》[J], 外语教学与研究,2004 (1)。
[42] 李福印,《应用认知语言学:概念隐喻与意象图式在英语学习中的应用》[M],北京:中国文史出版社,2004。
[43] 李基安,《将来和将来时》[J], 外国语,2007 (4)。
[44] 彭卓,《英语动词现在时的隐喻用法初探》[J], 长沙理工大学学报,2004 (4)。
[45] 束定芳,《隐喻学研究》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000。
[46] 宋德生,《语言经济原则对英语进行体表将来结构的诠释》[J], 外语与外语教学,2005 (2)。
[47] 王寅,《认知语法概论》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006。
[48] 袁晓宁,《表态性过去时及进行体礼貌功能的认知轨迹》[J], 外语与外语教学,2006 (4)。
[49] 张道真,《实用英语语法》[M], 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985。
[50] 张菊芬,《从功能语法理论的角度看表达将来时间的主要语法形式》[J], 解放军外国语学院学报,2001 (5)。
[51] 张易,彭宣维,《现在时表达将来时间意义时的情态隐喻特征》 [J],外语与外语教学,2006 (2)。
[52] 章振邦,《新编英语语法教程》[M], 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003。
[53] 赵艳芳,《认知语言学概论》[M], 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001。
[54] 左亚辉,《现在进行体意义与用法的认知研究》[J], 山西广播电视大学学报,2004 (6)。
[2] Bybee, P. & Perkins. 1991. Back to the Future. Approaches to Grammaticalization [J]. Vol. 2: 17-58
[3] Comrie, B. 2005. Tense. Beijing: Peking University Press.
[4] Dahl, O. 1985. Tense and Aspect System. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[5] Declerck, R. 1991. Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse. London: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.
[6] Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[7] Fleischman, S. 1982. The Future in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[8] Foley, M. & Hall, D. 2005. Longman Advanced Learners’ Grammar: A Self-study Reference & Practice book with answers. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[9] Heine, C. & Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[10] Hopper, J. P. 1991. On Some Principles of Grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Vol.1: 17-37
[11] Hopper, J. P. & Traugott, C. E. 2005. Grammaticalization. Beijing: Peking University Press.
[12] Hornby, S. A. 2005. Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition). Beijing: The Commercial Press.
[13] Indurkhya, B. 1992. Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
[14] Johnson, M. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
[15] Joos, M. 1964. The English Verb: Form and Meaning. Madison: the University of Wisconsin Press.
[16] Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[17] Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[18] Lakoff, G. 1988. Cognitive Semantics. In Meaning and Mental Representation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Universtiy Press.
[19] Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol. 1 Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
[20] Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol. 2 Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
[21] Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1975. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman Group Ltd.
[22] Leech, N. G. 1971. Meaning and the English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
[23] Palmer, F. R. 1986. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[24] Quirk, R. et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. London: Longman Group Limited.
[25] Schibsbye, K. 1970. A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[26] Sweetser, E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics-Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects and Semantic Structure. Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
[27] Taylor, R. J. 2001. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. P149-154
[28] Taylor, R. J. 2002. Cognitive Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
[29] Ungerer F. & Schmid J. H. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[30] Wekker, H. Chr. 1976. The Expression of Future Time in Contemporary British English. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
[31] Young, D. J. 1980. The Structure of English Clauses. New York: Hurchinson & Co. (Publisher) Ltd.
[32] 薄冰,《薄冰英语语法》[M],北京:开明出版社,1998。
[33] 薄冰,《薄冰英语语法高阶 2 — 英语时态》[M],北京:开明出版社,2000。
[34] 陈敏哲,《英语动词过去时语法意义拓展的隐喻化过程》[J],外语教学与研究,2005 (2)。
[35] 陈友良,《英语动词进行体的语义实质及认知图示》[J], 外语与外语教学,2004 (3)。
[36] 陈友良,《英语动词进行体认知图示探微》[J], 西安外国语学院学报,2005 (2)。
[37] 郭滨,易仲良,《英语动词现在时态的认知研究》[J], 湖南农业大学学报,2005 (2)。
[38] 何伟,《will 与 shall 的系统功能语法解释》[J], 外语与外语教学,2003 (3)。
[39] 胡壮麟,《认知隐喻学》[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2004。
[40] 蓝纯,《从认知角度看汉语和英语的空间隐喻》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003。
[41] 李国南,《英语动词过去时的隐喻认知模式》[J], 外语教学与研究,2004 (1)。
[42] 李福印,《应用认知语言学:概念隐喻与意象图式在英语学习中的应用》[M],北京:中国文史出版社,2004。
[43] 李基安,《将来和将来时》[J], 外国语,2007 (4)。
[44] 彭卓,《英语动词现在时的隐喻用法初探》[J], 长沙理工大学学报,2004 (4)。
[45] 束定芳,《隐喻学研究》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000。
[46] 宋德生,《语言经济原则对英语进行体表将来结构的诠释》[J], 外语与外语教学,2005 (2)。
[47] 王寅,《认知语法概论》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006。
[48] 袁晓宁,《表态性过去时及进行体礼貌功能的认知轨迹》[J], 外语与外语教学,2006 (4)。
[49] 张道真,《实用英语语法》[M], 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985。
[50] 张菊芬,《从功能语法理论的角度看表达将来时间的主要语法形式》[J], 解放军外国语学院学报,2001 (5)。
[51] 张易,彭宣维,《现在时表达将来时间意义时的情态隐喻特征》 [J],外语与外语教学,2006 (2)。
[52] 章振邦,《新编英语语法教程》[M], 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003。
[53] 赵艳芳,《认知语言学概论》[M], 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001。
[54] 左亚辉,《现在进行体意义与用法的认知研究》[J], 山西广播电视大学学报,2004 (6)。