英语动词时态的隐喻研究
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摘要
时态，作为一个语法范畴，一直是语法学家们研究的重点，并历来被定义为表示时间区别的动词形式。然而，这种定义常常受到语言事实的挑战，因为在相当多的情形下，时态并不用来表示时间区别。于是，传统语法学家们抑或把那些不表示时间区别的用法称为“特殊用法”，抑或把它们归于语气范畴之下。这种做法给英语动词时态的教和学都带来困惑。这主要由于以前的研究多注重时态的语言学特征，而忽略了其非时间标记用法的认知机制。
随着认知语言学的兴起，国内外不少学者在时态研究方面作了不少有益的、新的尝试，尤其是对过去时的研究，已颇见成果。本文在前辈研究的基础上，运用映射理论，对过去时和现在时的种种用法尝试性地做出一个系统的解释，进一步完善了新的时态观。
受在认知语义学框架下进行的多义词研究的启发，本文运用时态的隐喻扩展思维来解释时态的不同用法。我们认为时态标记式意义的扩展如同词汇意义的扩展一样，是人类隐喻思维作用的结果。过去时最初是用来表示时间上的距离关系的动词标记式，通过人类的隐喻思维方式，亦即隐喻映射，这种动词标记式的距离性意义从时间域扩展到了真值域和心理域；而隐喻映射所依赖的意象图式是从过去时在时间域的原始用法中抽象出来的距离性意义意象图式。因此，过去时的实质便是距离性。现在时最初是用来表示时间上的联系性关系的动词标记式。联系性即无距离性。通过隐喻映射，这种动词标记式的联系性意义从时间域扩展到了真值域、想象真值域和心理域。其隐喻映射所依赖的意象图式是从现在时在时间域的原始用法中抽象出来的联系性意义意象图式。因此，现在时的实质便是联系性，即无距离性。
本文通过对动词时态标记式意义的研究，延伸了隐喻在语言学领域的研究范畴：意义的隐喻扩展不只存在于词汇层面，也同样体现在动词时态标记式之中。文中所采用的认知方法为英语动词时态的研究提供了又一视角。过去时和现在时的隐喻映射过程反映了人类如何获取知识及如何通过已知来认知未知的普遍认知机制。对英语动词时态的不同用法所进行的新的阐释为二语的时态教学提供了明晰而且一致的解释方法。
Tense, as a grammatical category, has long been studied, andtraditionally it has been defined as a verbal form for expressing timedistinctions. However, this definition is always challenged by languagefacts for there are quite a number of situations in which tense is not usedfor time indication. Hence, traditional grammarians either declare thoseuses as "abnormal uses" or put them under the category of mood, whichmakes tense of the English verb both difficult to interpret and to learn.This embarrassing situation results from the fact that previous researcheshave centered their attention on the linguistic features of tense andignored the cognitive mechanism of non-time-indication uses of tense.
Recently, however, quite a number of researchers home and abroadhave tried new ways to understand and interpret tense in English. Specialefforts have been exerted on the study of the past tense and achievementshave been made. This thesis takes their achievements as its foundationand tries to offer a coherent and systematic explanation to the differentuses of both the past tense and the present tense.
Enlightened by the polysemy research done within the framework ofcognitive semantics, this paper adopts a new approach to the study oftense of the English verb and applies the notion of metaphoricalextensions to the explanation of the different uses of tense. By this newapproach, past tense is understood as a tense which is originally used toexpress remote relationship in time and extends its meaning ofremoteness from time domain to truth-value domain and to psychology domain through metaphorical mappings based on the image schema ofdistance extracted from the original use of the past tense in time domain.Thus, past tense gains a unified meaning—distance. While the presenttense is understood as a tense which is originally used to expressconnectiveness in time and extends its meaning of connectiveness fromtime domain to truth-value domain, imaginary truth-value domain, and topsychology domain through metaphorical mappings based on the imageschema of connectiveness extracted from the original use of the presenttense in time domain. Hence, the present tense gains a unifiedmeaning—connectiveness, namely non-distance.
This thesis broadens the scope of metaphor research and thecognitive approach adopted in this thesis provides a new perspective forthe study of tense of the English verb. Besides, the new interpretation ofthe uses of tense of the English verb offers a practical help for theteaching of tense in SLA.
随着认知语言学的兴起，国内外不少学者在时态研究方面作了不少有益的、新的尝试，尤其是对过去时的研究，已颇见成果。本文在前辈研究的基础上，运用映射理论，对过去时和现在时的种种用法尝试性地做出一个系统的解释，进一步完善了新的时态观。
受在认知语义学框架下进行的多义词研究的启发，本文运用时态的隐喻扩展思维来解释时态的不同用法。我们认为时态标记式意义的扩展如同词汇意义的扩展一样，是人类隐喻思维作用的结果。过去时最初是用来表示时间上的距离关系的动词标记式，通过人类的隐喻思维方式，亦即隐喻映射，这种动词标记式的距离性意义从时间域扩展到了真值域和心理域；而隐喻映射所依赖的意象图式是从过去时在时间域的原始用法中抽象出来的距离性意义意象图式。因此，过去时的实质便是距离性。现在时最初是用来表示时间上的联系性关系的动词标记式。联系性即无距离性。通过隐喻映射，这种动词标记式的联系性意义从时间域扩展到了真值域、想象真值域和心理域。其隐喻映射所依赖的意象图式是从现在时在时间域的原始用法中抽象出来的联系性意义意象图式。因此，现在时的实质便是联系性，即无距离性。
本文通过对动词时态标记式意义的研究，延伸了隐喻在语言学领域的研究范畴：意义的隐喻扩展不只存在于词汇层面，也同样体现在动词时态标记式之中。文中所采用的认知方法为英语动词时态的研究提供了又一视角。过去时和现在时的隐喻映射过程反映了人类如何获取知识及如何通过已知来认知未知的普遍认知机制。对英语动词时态的不同用法所进行的新的阐释为二语的时态教学提供了明晰而且一致的解释方法。
Tense, as a grammatical category, has long been studied, andtraditionally it has been defined as a verbal form for expressing timedistinctions. However, this definition is always challenged by languagefacts for there are quite a number of situations in which tense is not usedfor time indication. Hence, traditional grammarians either declare thoseuses as "abnormal uses" or put them under the category of mood, whichmakes tense of the English verb both difficult to interpret and to learn.This embarrassing situation results from the fact that previous researcheshave centered their attention on the linguistic features of tense andignored the cognitive mechanism of non-time-indication uses of tense.
Recently, however, quite a number of researchers home and abroadhave tried new ways to understand and interpret tense in English. Specialefforts have been exerted on the study of the past tense and achievementshave been made. This thesis takes their achievements as its foundationand tries to offer a coherent and systematic explanation to the differentuses of both the past tense and the present tense.
Enlightened by the polysemy research done within the framework ofcognitive semantics, this paper adopts a new approach to the study oftense of the English verb and applies the notion of metaphoricalextensions to the explanation of the different uses of tense. By this newapproach, past tense is understood as a tense which is originally used toexpress remote relationship in time and extends its meaning ofremoteness from time domain to truth-value domain and to psychology domain through metaphorical mappings based on the image schema ofdistance extracted from the original use of the past tense in time domain.Thus, past tense gains a unified meaning—distance. While the presenttense is understood as a tense which is originally used to expressconnectiveness in time and extends its meaning of connectiveness fromtime domain to truth-value domain, imaginary truth-value domain, and topsychology domain through metaphorical mappings based on the imageschema of connectiveness extracted from the original use of the presenttense in time domain. Hence, the present tense gains a unifiedmeaning—connectiveness, namely non-distance.
This thesis broadens the scope of metaphor research and thecognitive approach adopted in this thesis provides a new perspective forthe study of tense of the English verb. Besides, the new interpretation ofthe uses of tense of the English verb offers a practical help for theteaching of tense in SLA.
引文
lbertazzi, L. 2000. Meaning and Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Alexander, L. G. 1991. Longman English Grammar. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社。
Aritotle. 1938. Organon I: The Categories. On Interpretation. Trans. Harold P. Cooke. Prior Analytics. Trans. Hugh Tredennick. London: Heinemann, and Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).
Binnick, Robert I. 1991. Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense & Aspect. Oxford University Press.
Black, M. 1979. More About Metaphor, in Ortony.
Brown, P. & S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, B. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curme, George O. 1931. Syntax. Boston, D.C: Heath and Company.
Declerk, R. 1991. Tense in English: its Structure and Use in Discourse. World Publishing Corporation.
Diogenes, L. Lives of Eminent Philosophers 2vols. Trans. R.D. Hicks. London: Heinemann, and Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).
Fauconnier, G 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London and New York: Routledge.
Grady, J.E. 1999. Blending and Metaphor. In Gibbs, Metaphor and Cognitive Linguistics. Philadelphia: Benjamin's North America.
Harris, J. 1968. Hermes. London: H. Woodfall. 1751. Repr. Menston, England: Scholar Press.
Jesperson, Otto. 1931. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part Ⅳ:Syntax. Vol.3. London: George Allen & Unwin, and Copenhagen: Ejanar Munksgaard.
Johnson, M 1987. The Body in The mind:The Bodily Basis ofMeaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Joos, M. 1964. The English Verb: Form and Meaning. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G 1988. Cognitive Semantics. In Meaning and Mental Representation. U. Eco. Et al. Eds. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Lakoff, G 1993. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In Ortony, A et al. (eds.), Metaphor and Thought, 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol.1. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol.2. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N. & J. Svartvik. 1974. A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman Group Limited.
Leech, Geoffrey N. 1978. Meaning and the English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics Voi.2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Millward, C.M. 1989. A Biography of the English Language. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Palmer, F.R. 1974. The English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Poutsma, H. 1926. A Grammar of Late Modern English. P. Noordhoff Publisher Groningen.
Quirk, et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Quirk, et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Limited.
Richards, I.A. 1936. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sweetser, E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, J.R. 2002. Cognitive Grammar. New York." Oxford University Press Inc.
Tedeschi, Philip J. & Annie Zaenen, eds.1981. Tense and Aspect. Syntax and Semantics 14. New York: Academic Press.
Ungerer, F. & R.C. Schmid. 1996. An introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Addison Wesley LongmanLimited.
Young, D.J. 1980. The Structure of English clauses. New York: Hutchinson & Co. (Publisher) Ltd.
薄冰，1994，高级英语语法[M]，北京：高等教育出版社。
陈敏哲，2005，英语动词过去时语法意义拓展的隐喻化过程[J]，外语教学与研究，第2期。
陈敏哲，2000，从历时和认知的视角探究英语动词的时态，硕士学位论文，湖南师范大学外国语学院资料室。
方文礼，1998，试论英语一般过去时意义与功能[J]，扬州大学学报，第5期。
方文礼，2002，认知影射机制与英语时体“化实为虚”和“化虚为实”的表意功能[J]，外国语，第6期。
何恒幸，1999，英语时态的不一致及其语篇类型[J]，外国语，第4期。
李赋宁，1991，英语史[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
李国南，2004，英语动词过去时的隐喻认知模式[J]，外语教学与研究，第1期。
李苗，2001，隐喻认知中的概念溶合与语义转移[J]，外语与外语教学，第9期。
刘润清，2002，西方语言学流派[M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
沈家煊，2000，认知语法的概括性[J]，外语教学与研究，第1期。
束定芳，2000，隐喻学研究[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
文旭，1999，国外认知语言学研究综观[J]，外国语，第1期。
姚善友，1964，英语语法学[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
易仲良，1999，英语动词语义语法学[M]，长沙：湖南师范大学出版社。
易仲良，1987，论英语动词过去时态的实质[J]，外国语，第2期。
易仲良，1988，论英语动词现在时态的现联性[J]，现代外语，第4期。
易仲良，1990，论英语动词的时态及语法范畴体系[J]，教学研究，第2期。
易仲良，1998，论英语中“说话时刻”的位移性[J]，外国语，第1期。
张道真，1995，实用英语语法[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
章振邦，1995，新编英语语法教程[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
赵艳芳，2000，认知语言学概论[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
Alexander, L. G. 1991. Longman English Grammar. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社。
Aritotle. 1938. Organon I: The Categories. On Interpretation. Trans. Harold P. Cooke. Prior Analytics. Trans. Hugh Tredennick. London: Heinemann, and Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).
Binnick, Robert I. 1991. Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense & Aspect. Oxford University Press.
Black, M. 1979. More About Metaphor, in Ortony.
Brown, P. & S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, B. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curme, George O. 1931. Syntax. Boston, D.C: Heath and Company.
Declerk, R. 1991. Tense in English: its Structure and Use in Discourse. World Publishing Corporation.
Diogenes, L. Lives of Eminent Philosophers 2vols. Trans. R.D. Hicks. London: Heinemann, and Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).
Fauconnier, G 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London and New York: Routledge.
Grady, J.E. 1999. Blending and Metaphor. In Gibbs, Metaphor and Cognitive Linguistics. Philadelphia: Benjamin's North America.
Harris, J. 1968. Hermes. London: H. Woodfall. 1751. Repr. Menston, England: Scholar Press.
Jesperson, Otto. 1931. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part Ⅳ:Syntax. Vol.3. London: George Allen & Unwin, and Copenhagen: Ejanar Munksgaard.
Johnson, M 1987. The Body in The mind:The Bodily Basis ofMeaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Joos, M. 1964. The English Verb: Form and Meaning. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G 1988. Cognitive Semantics. In Meaning and Mental Representation. U. Eco. Et al. Eds. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Lakoff, G 1993. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In Ortony, A et al. (eds.), Metaphor and Thought, 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol.1. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar Vol.2. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N. & J. Svartvik. 1974. A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman Group Limited.
Leech, Geoffrey N. 1978. Meaning and the English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics Voi.2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Millward, C.M. 1989. A Biography of the English Language. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Palmer, F.R. 1974. The English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Poutsma, H. 1926. A Grammar of Late Modern English. P. Noordhoff Publisher Groningen.
Quirk, et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Quirk, et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Limited.
Richards, I.A. 1936. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sweetser, E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, J.R. 2002. Cognitive Grammar. New York." Oxford University Press Inc.
Tedeschi, Philip J. & Annie Zaenen, eds.1981. Tense and Aspect. Syntax and Semantics 14. New York: Academic Press.
Ungerer, F. & R.C. Schmid. 1996. An introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Addison Wesley LongmanLimited.
Young, D.J. 1980. The Structure of English clauses. New York: Hutchinson & Co. (Publisher) Ltd.
薄冰，1994，高级英语语法[M]，北京：高等教育出版社。
陈敏哲，2005，英语动词过去时语法意义拓展的隐喻化过程[J]，外语教学与研究，第2期。
陈敏哲，2000，从历时和认知的视角探究英语动词的时态，硕士学位论文，湖南师范大学外国语学院资料室。
方文礼，1998，试论英语一般过去时意义与功能[J]，扬州大学学报，第5期。
方文礼，2002，认知影射机制与英语时体“化实为虚”和“化虚为实”的表意功能[J]，外国语，第6期。
何恒幸，1999，英语时态的不一致及其语篇类型[J]，外国语，第4期。
李赋宁，1991，英语史[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
李国南，2004，英语动词过去时的隐喻认知模式[J]，外语教学与研究，第1期。
李苗，2001，隐喻认知中的概念溶合与语义转移[J]，外语与外语教学，第9期。
刘润清，2002，西方语言学流派[M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
沈家煊，2000，认知语法的概括性[J]，外语教学与研究，第1期。
束定芳，2000，隐喻学研究[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
文旭，1999，国外认知语言学研究综观[J]，外国语，第1期。
姚善友，1964，英语语法学[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
易仲良，1999，英语动词语义语法学[M]，长沙：湖南师范大学出版社。
易仲良，1987，论英语动词过去时态的实质[J]，外国语，第2期。
易仲良，1988，论英语动词现在时态的现联性[J]，现代外语，第4期。
易仲良，1990，论英语动词的时态及语法范畴体系[J]，教学研究，第2期。
易仲良，1998，论英语中“说话时刻”的位移性[J]，外国语，第1期。
张道真，1995，实用英语语法[M]，北京：商务印书馆。
章振邦，1995，新编英语语法教程[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
赵艳芳，2000，认知语言学概论[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社。