水稻籽粒中锌生物有效性与调控机制
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摘要
锌是人体必需的微量元素之一,据报道世界上超过20亿人口存在不同程度缺锌问题。稻米是世界上50%人群的主粮,因此,研究稻米锌营养强化对人体健康具有重要意义。目前的稻米锌营养强化的研究大多数只报道了稻米锌含量,对于稻米锌生物有效性的报道较少。为了全面衡量稻米的锌营养价值,本研究建立了体外消化/Caco.2细胞模型应用于稻米锌生物有效性的评价。采用该模型评价了基因型、施肥措施(叶面喷施不同形态锌肥、磷锌互作、硫锌互作)、加工工艺(发芽和锌强化)对稻米籽粒锌生物有效性的影响。结果如下：1.对本试验条件下建立的Caco.2模型的生长状态和模型性能进行监测,并采用该模型研究膳食成分对锌吸收的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下Caco-2细胞跨膜电阻值稳定在630Ωcm2:Caco-2顶膜碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于基底侧,表明本实验室条件下构建的Caco-2模型已形成类似小肠上皮细胞的形态学结构,细胞已形成紧密连接并产生良好极性,可作为肠道营养物质吸收的体外模型。分析不同浓度锌(0-50μmol/L)在Caco-2模型中的吸收结果表明,锌吸收量在5-50μmol/L浓度范围随着浓度增加直线上升。膳食成分对锌吸收率的影响表明,随着植酸/锌摩尔比值的增加锌吸收率明显下降。当铁/锌摩尔比值为为10：1时,铁对锌有一定的抑制效果。钙对锌吸收无影响。维生素C对锌吸收无影响。半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸对锌吸收量具有一定促进作用。
2.对大田条件下统一种植收获的15个供试水稻品种的锌含量、营养品质组分、锌生物有效性、生物可利用锌总量进行研究。结果表明,供试水稻品种精米锌含量和锌生物有效性存在显著基因型差异。对稻米营养品质组分与锌生物有效性的相关性分析,结果表明,稻米锌生物有效性与锌含量呈现无相关,与植酸呈负相关,与硫含量和半胱氨酸含量成显著正相关。稻米生物可利用锌含量也存在显著基因型差异。稻米生物可利用锌含量与锌含量呈正比,与硫含量呈正比,与半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸成正比。植酸呈弱的负相关。因此,在生产实践中可以通过提高稻米锌含量,减低稻米植酸含量,增加含硫氨基酸含量来实现稻米生物可利用锌总量的增加。本试验中,IR68144和Bing91185都表现较高的稻米生物可利用锌总量,可作为今后水稻锌营养强化的研究材料。
3.研究大田条件下,叶面喷施不同形态锌肥(氨基酸锌肥、硫酸锌、柠檬酸锌、EDTA螯合锌)对稻米锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施锌肥对水稻产量无影响,但是显著提高了三个品种的糙米和精米锌含量。糙米和精米锌含量存在显著性正相关,说明叶面喷施锌肥对精米锌含量的提高来自于糙米部分提高的锌。四种形态锌肥的稻米锌富集效果分析表明,氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌优于柠檬酸锌和EDTA螯合锌。分析原因是可能与氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌分子量小有利于叶面供应的锌渗透进入水稻体内发挥作用有关。叶面喷施锌肥对水稻精米营养品质分析表明,叶面喷施锌肥显著降低了水稻精米植酸含量；对精米蛋白质含量、钙和铁含量无影响。精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量分析表明,叶面喷施锌肥提高了精米锌生物有效性(增幅4.8-35.3%)和生物可利用锌总量(增幅13.9-68.4%)。效果最佳的是氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌。分析认为叶面喷施锌肥对稻米锌含量的提高,同时降低了植酸含量是造成稻米生物可利用锌总量提高的主要原因。
4.研究盆栽条件下,不同施磷水平、叶面喷施锌肥对水稻籽粒锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤施磷量的增加,水稻产量呈现明显上升趋势,锌肥对水稻产量的影响较小。在0-100mk/kg土施磷量范围内,稻米锌含量随着磷的增加而增加,在150-200mg/kg土施磷量范围内,稻米锌含量随之磷的增加而降低。磷肥施用结合锌肥能促进稻米锌含量提高。磷肥施用明显提高了植酸含量。喷锌能降低稻米植酸含量。土壤施用磷肥和喷锌肥对稻米锌生物有效性影响表明,不施磷和高磷肥(磷施用量超过>150mg/kg)的锌生物有效性与稻米可吸收锌总量均有低于其他磷施用量(50mg/kg土、100mg/kg土),特别是在200mg/kg土施磷量时对稻米锌生物有效性和稻米可吸收锌总量抑制效果最明显。而施用磷时,结合叶面喷施锌肥对精米锌生物有效性和稻米生物可利用锌含量均具有促进作用。以上结果说明,合理的施用磷肥,辅以叶面锌肥有利于稻米锌生物有效性的提高。
5.研究盆栽条件下,不同水平硫肥和锌肥施用对稻米锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,硫肥对水稻产量具有增加效果,锌肥对水稻产量无影响。硫肥的施用提高了对水稻籽粒锌含量,且辅以锌肥后,水稻籽粒锌含量随着硫肥施用量的增加而增加。对稻米营养品质分析表明,施硫肥对水稻精米植酸含量无影响,对水稻硫含量有显著提高,对半胱氨酸有显著提高。锌肥降低了植酸含量,对蛋白质含量、硫含量、半胱氨酸含量无显著影响。精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量分析表明,单独施硫肥和锌肥对锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量影响较小。但硫肥和锌肥配合施用后,精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量获得明显提高,30mg/kg土硫肥和5mg/kg土锌肥组合时效果最佳。本研究表明,硫肥和锌肥配合施用降低了稻米植酸含量,增加了含硫氨基酸含量,来提高稻米锌生物有效性,同时也增加了稻米锌含量,从而促进了稻米生物可利用锌总量的积累。
6.研究发芽和硫酸锌强化对三个供试品种(两优培九、Bing91185、秀水110)糙米锌生物有效性的影响,试验结果表明,发芽糙米锌含量随着锌强化浓度(25-250mg/L)增加而增加,在<150mg/L硫酸锌强化浓度处理对糙米的发芽率无显著影响,发芽和锌发芽过程对植酸含量影响分析表明,发芽和锌强化处理都能显著降低了糙米植酸含量,但两者之间无显著性差异。但是锌发芽糙米锌强化的植酸/锌摩尔比值显著低于发芽糙米。糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量的影响分析表明,发芽处理对糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量无影响,而锌强化处理提高了糙米糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量。本研究表明,发芽虽然一定程度降低了植酸含量,但是残留的植酸仍能干扰锌在肠道的吸收。而锌强化过程,降低了植酸含量,使植酸/锌摩尔比值大幅度下降,通过提高了锌含量,提高了稻米生物可利用锌总量。因此,仅仅靠发芽加工工艺对糙米锌生物有效性无影响,需要结合锌强化过程能明显提高糙米锌生物有效性。本试验中,三个供试水稻品种的发芽糙米锌生物有效性存在显著性差异,这与锌强化后,三个供试水稻品种糙米锌积累和糙米植酸含量的差异有关。本研究表明,推荐100mg/L硫酸锌用于制备锌强化发芽糙米,此时锌强化发芽糙米的锌含量符合推荐的每日锌摄入量15mg,并且具有最佳的生物可利用锌总量。
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a well documented global public health problem, affecting nearly half of the world population, particular in developing countries, where high proportion of cereal crops consumed as a staple food. Rice (Oryza stavia L.), is one of the leading staple crop for half of the world's population and, hence, is the main source of Znto human. Therefore, it's important to investigate the mechanisms of rice gain Zn bioavailability in term of human nutritioa The current study was aimed to establish Caco-2cell model to assess the Znbioavailability from rice grain. Using this model we evaluate the effect of genotype, different agricutrual practices (foliar Zn ferilization, application of phosphorus and foliar Zn ferilizaion, application of sulfur and Zn ferilization) and grain processing technology (germination and zinc fortification) on Zn bioavailability. The main results are summarized as below:
1. The performance of Caco-2cell cultured in our laboratory was assessed, and using this model we investigate the effect of dietary ligands on Zn uptake by cell line. Caco-2cells50000cells/cm2were seeded in to the polycarbonate microporal mebrane in transwell bichambers. After21days of culture, the transepithelial electrical resistance value was630Q. cm2. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in apical side of Caco-2cell layer was significantly higher than that of basolateral side. These results indicated that Caco-2cells cultured in our laboratory had similar to the intestinal epithelial cells in morphologically, formed well tight junctions and produced polarity, and could be used as an in vitro model to investigate absorption mechanisms of nutrients. Using this Caco-2cell model we investigate the Zn solution (0-50μmol/L) to Zn uptake, the results indicated that Zn uptake increased by increasing Zn level (0-50μmol/L). Generally, the uptake of Zn in Caco-2cell model was increased by Zn supplementation. In the current study, the effects of inhibitors and/or promoter on Zn uptake in Caco-2cell model were also investigated. The results were as follows: Phytic acid was inhibited Zn transport, and finally inhibited Zn uptake in Caco-2cell, especially in phytic acid/Zn molar ratio=1:10, maximal the inhibition of Zn uptake was found. Iron has no effect on Zn uptake in lower iron/zinc molar value, only in iron/zinc molar value=1:10, Zn uptake was decreased. Calcium had no effect on zinc uptake in Caco-2cell modeL Vitamin C also had no effect on Zn uptake in Caco-2cell model. Zinc uptake was enhanced by cysteine, methinonine.
2. Zinc bioavailability of polished rice among15rice varieties was evaluated. Significant difference on Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability was found among15tested rice cultivars (T<0.05). Analysis of the relationship between grain biochemical properties and Zn bioavailability indicated that no significant correlation between Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability (P>0.05). Phytic acid was negatively related to Zn bioavailability (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between sulfur and cystein content, and Zn bioavailability (P<0.05). Significant difference on amount of bioavailable Zn among15genotypes was observed. The variation on amount of bioavailable Zn might be attributed from the combined effect of Zn concentration, phytic acid (P<0.05), sulfur and cysteine content in polished rice (P<0.05). According to current study, IR68144and Bing91185contain the highest amount of bioavailable Zn, thus IR68144and Bing91185were observed as promising rice genotypes for ongoing Zn biofortification program.
3. Four different Zn forms were applied as a foliar treatment among three rice cultivars under field condition. Foliar Zn fertilization was an effective way to promoting grain Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability among three cultivars, especially, in case of Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4. On average, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4increased Zn concentration in polished rice. Generally, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4increased Zn bioavailability more effectively than Zn-EDTA and Zn-Cirate. The effectiveness of foliar applied Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4was higher than Zn-EDTA and Zn-Citrate on improvement of Zn concentration, and reduction of phytic acid, as a results higher accumulation of bioavailable Zn in polished rice. Moreover, foliar Zn application could maintain grain yield, the protein and minerals (Fe and Ca) content in polished rice. Foliar application of Zn in rice offers a practical and useful approach to improve bioavailable Zn in polish rice. According to current study, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4are recommended as excellent foliar Zn forms to ongoing agronomic biofortification.
4. We investigate the interaction effects of phosphorus and foliar Zn fertilization on rice grain Zn content and bioavailability. Grain yield was increased with phosphorus fertilization, but no changed by foliar Zn fertilization. Zn content in rice grain increased with the increase phosphorus fertilizer dose from0to100mg/kg and above this dose150-200mg/kg significantly reduces the grain Zn content. The phosphorus application combined with foliar Zn fertilizer can significantly increase rice Zn concentration (P<0.05). Phosphorus application significantly improved the phytic acid content (P<0.05). Application of foliar Zn fertilizers significantly reduce grain phytic acid content (P<0.05). No phosphorus application and high phosphorus application (more than150mg/kg) contain lower Zn bioavailability and amount of bioavailable Zn than those of other phosphorus treatments (50mg/kg,100mg/kg) especially in the level of200mg/kg, the bioavailability of Zn from polished rice was the lowest. When phosphorus fertilizer combined with foliar Zn fertilizer could improve the and Zn bioavailability and amount of bioavailable Zn of polished rice. Thus, regulation of phosphorus level, and combined with folair Zn fertilization should be considered to improvement the amount of bioavailable Zn.
5. A soil pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sulfur and Zn fertilization on Zn content and bioavailability in rice. The results show that sulfur fertilizer had a positive effect on rice grain yield, while Zn fertilization had no effect on rice grain yield. The Zn concentration in polished rice was significant increased by application of sulfur and Zn fertilization. Sulfur fertilization had no effect on phytic acid content, but increased grain total sulfur, cysteine and methinonine content. Zn fertilization has negative effect on phytic acid, but no effect on contents of total sulfur, cysteine and methionine content. Supply of sulfur fertilization alone had no effect on grain Zn bioavailability, when combined with Zn fertilization, and significantly increased Zn bioavailability. The reason might be attributed from the decrease of phytic acid, improvement of Zn content by sulfur fertilization combined with Zn fertilization, as a result increased the bioavailable Zn.
6. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bio availability of brown rice of three widely grown cultivars using Caco-2cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (P<0.05) as the external Zn supply increased from25to250mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (P>0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when Zn supply was lower than150mg/L. Zn fortification during germination process has significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These results might be attributed from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, significant difference (P<0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability, this results might be attributed from the differences in molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on Zn intake among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with100mg/L ZnSO4as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contain high Zn concentration and bioavailable Zn. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185fortified with Zn through germination process contain high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as a improved sources of Zn for target populations.
2.对大田条件下统一种植收获的15个供试水稻品种的锌含量、营养品质组分、锌生物有效性、生物可利用锌总量进行研究。结果表明,供试水稻品种精米锌含量和锌生物有效性存在显著基因型差异。对稻米营养品质组分与锌生物有效性的相关性分析,结果表明,稻米锌生物有效性与锌含量呈现无相关,与植酸呈负相关,与硫含量和半胱氨酸含量成显著正相关。稻米生物可利用锌含量也存在显著基因型差异。稻米生物可利用锌含量与锌含量呈正比,与硫含量呈正比,与半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸成正比。植酸呈弱的负相关。因此,在生产实践中可以通过提高稻米锌含量,减低稻米植酸含量,增加含硫氨基酸含量来实现稻米生物可利用锌总量的增加。本试验中,IR68144和Bing91185都表现较高的稻米生物可利用锌总量,可作为今后水稻锌营养强化的研究材料。
3.研究大田条件下,叶面喷施不同形态锌肥(氨基酸锌肥、硫酸锌、柠檬酸锌、EDTA螯合锌)对稻米锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施锌肥对水稻产量无影响,但是显著提高了三个品种的糙米和精米锌含量。糙米和精米锌含量存在显著性正相关,说明叶面喷施锌肥对精米锌含量的提高来自于糙米部分提高的锌。四种形态锌肥的稻米锌富集效果分析表明,氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌优于柠檬酸锌和EDTA螯合锌。分析原因是可能与氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌分子量小有利于叶面供应的锌渗透进入水稻体内发挥作用有关。叶面喷施锌肥对水稻精米营养品质分析表明,叶面喷施锌肥显著降低了水稻精米植酸含量；对精米蛋白质含量、钙和铁含量无影响。精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量分析表明,叶面喷施锌肥提高了精米锌生物有效性(增幅4.8-35.3%)和生物可利用锌总量(增幅13.9-68.4%)。效果最佳的是氨基酸锌肥和硫酸锌。分析认为叶面喷施锌肥对稻米锌含量的提高,同时降低了植酸含量是造成稻米生物可利用锌总量提高的主要原因。
4.研究盆栽条件下,不同施磷水平、叶面喷施锌肥对水稻籽粒锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤施磷量的增加,水稻产量呈现明显上升趋势,锌肥对水稻产量的影响较小。在0-100mk/kg土施磷量范围内,稻米锌含量随着磷的增加而增加,在150-200mg/kg土施磷量范围内,稻米锌含量随之磷的增加而降低。磷肥施用结合锌肥能促进稻米锌含量提高。磷肥施用明显提高了植酸含量。喷锌能降低稻米植酸含量。土壤施用磷肥和喷锌肥对稻米锌生物有效性影响表明,不施磷和高磷肥(磷施用量超过>150mg/kg)的锌生物有效性与稻米可吸收锌总量均有低于其他磷施用量(50mg/kg土、100mg/kg土),特别是在200mg/kg土施磷量时对稻米锌生物有效性和稻米可吸收锌总量抑制效果最明显。而施用磷时,结合叶面喷施锌肥对精米锌生物有效性和稻米生物可利用锌含量均具有促进作用。以上结果说明,合理的施用磷肥,辅以叶面锌肥有利于稻米锌生物有效性的提高。
5.研究盆栽条件下,不同水平硫肥和锌肥施用对稻米锌生物有效性的影响。结果表明,硫肥对水稻产量具有增加效果,锌肥对水稻产量无影响。硫肥的施用提高了对水稻籽粒锌含量,且辅以锌肥后,水稻籽粒锌含量随着硫肥施用量的增加而增加。对稻米营养品质分析表明,施硫肥对水稻精米植酸含量无影响,对水稻硫含量有显著提高,对半胱氨酸有显著提高。锌肥降低了植酸含量,对蛋白质含量、硫含量、半胱氨酸含量无显著影响。精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量分析表明,单独施硫肥和锌肥对锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量影响较小。但硫肥和锌肥配合施用后,精米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量获得明显提高,30mg/kg土硫肥和5mg/kg土锌肥组合时效果最佳。本研究表明,硫肥和锌肥配合施用降低了稻米植酸含量,增加了含硫氨基酸含量,来提高稻米锌生物有效性,同时也增加了稻米锌含量,从而促进了稻米生物可利用锌总量的积累。
6.研究发芽和硫酸锌强化对三个供试品种(两优培九、Bing91185、秀水110)糙米锌生物有效性的影响,试验结果表明,发芽糙米锌含量随着锌强化浓度(25-250mg/L)增加而增加,在<150mg/L硫酸锌强化浓度处理对糙米的发芽率无显著影响,发芽和锌发芽过程对植酸含量影响分析表明,发芽和锌强化处理都能显著降低了糙米植酸含量,但两者之间无显著性差异。但是锌发芽糙米锌强化的植酸/锌摩尔比值显著低于发芽糙米。糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量的影响分析表明,发芽处理对糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量无影响,而锌强化处理提高了糙米糙米锌生物有效性和生物可利用锌总量。本研究表明,发芽虽然一定程度降低了植酸含量,但是残留的植酸仍能干扰锌在肠道的吸收。而锌强化过程,降低了植酸含量,使植酸/锌摩尔比值大幅度下降,通过提高了锌含量,提高了稻米生物可利用锌总量。因此,仅仅靠发芽加工工艺对糙米锌生物有效性无影响,需要结合锌强化过程能明显提高糙米锌生物有效性。本试验中,三个供试水稻品种的发芽糙米锌生物有效性存在显著性差异,这与锌强化后,三个供试水稻品种糙米锌积累和糙米植酸含量的差异有关。本研究表明,推荐100mg/L硫酸锌用于制备锌强化发芽糙米,此时锌强化发芽糙米的锌含量符合推荐的每日锌摄入量15mg,并且具有最佳的生物可利用锌总量。
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a well documented global public health problem, affecting nearly half of the world population, particular in developing countries, where high proportion of cereal crops consumed as a staple food. Rice (Oryza stavia L.), is one of the leading staple crop for half of the world's population and, hence, is the main source of Znto human. Therefore, it's important to investigate the mechanisms of rice gain Zn bioavailability in term of human nutritioa The current study was aimed to establish Caco-2cell model to assess the Znbioavailability from rice grain. Using this model we evaluate the effect of genotype, different agricutrual practices (foliar Zn ferilization, application of phosphorus and foliar Zn ferilizaion, application of sulfur and Zn ferilization) and grain processing technology (germination and zinc fortification) on Zn bioavailability. The main results are summarized as below:
1. The performance of Caco-2cell cultured in our laboratory was assessed, and using this model we investigate the effect of dietary ligands on Zn uptake by cell line. Caco-2cells50000cells/cm2were seeded in to the polycarbonate microporal mebrane in transwell bichambers. After21days of culture, the transepithelial electrical resistance value was630Q. cm2. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in apical side of Caco-2cell layer was significantly higher than that of basolateral side. These results indicated that Caco-2cells cultured in our laboratory had similar to the intestinal epithelial cells in morphologically, formed well tight junctions and produced polarity, and could be used as an in vitro model to investigate absorption mechanisms of nutrients. Using this Caco-2cell model we investigate the Zn solution (0-50μmol/L) to Zn uptake, the results indicated that Zn uptake increased by increasing Zn level (0-50μmol/L). Generally, the uptake of Zn in Caco-2cell model was increased by Zn supplementation. In the current study, the effects of inhibitors and/or promoter on Zn uptake in Caco-2cell model were also investigated. The results were as follows: Phytic acid was inhibited Zn transport, and finally inhibited Zn uptake in Caco-2cell, especially in phytic acid/Zn molar ratio=1:10, maximal the inhibition of Zn uptake was found. Iron has no effect on Zn uptake in lower iron/zinc molar value, only in iron/zinc molar value=1:10, Zn uptake was decreased. Calcium had no effect on zinc uptake in Caco-2cell modeL Vitamin C also had no effect on Zn uptake in Caco-2cell model. Zinc uptake was enhanced by cysteine, methinonine.
2. Zinc bioavailability of polished rice among15rice varieties was evaluated. Significant difference on Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability was found among15tested rice cultivars (T<0.05). Analysis of the relationship between grain biochemical properties and Zn bioavailability indicated that no significant correlation between Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability (P>0.05). Phytic acid was negatively related to Zn bioavailability (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between sulfur and cystein content, and Zn bioavailability (P<0.05). Significant difference on amount of bioavailable Zn among15genotypes was observed. The variation on amount of bioavailable Zn might be attributed from the combined effect of Zn concentration, phytic acid (P<0.05), sulfur and cysteine content in polished rice (P<0.05). According to current study, IR68144and Bing91185contain the highest amount of bioavailable Zn, thus IR68144and Bing91185were observed as promising rice genotypes for ongoing Zn biofortification program.
3. Four different Zn forms were applied as a foliar treatment among three rice cultivars under field condition. Foliar Zn fertilization was an effective way to promoting grain Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability among three cultivars, especially, in case of Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4. On average, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4increased Zn concentration in polished rice. Generally, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4increased Zn bioavailability more effectively than Zn-EDTA and Zn-Cirate. The effectiveness of foliar applied Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4was higher than Zn-EDTA and Zn-Citrate on improvement of Zn concentration, and reduction of phytic acid, as a results higher accumulation of bioavailable Zn in polished rice. Moreover, foliar Zn application could maintain grain yield, the protein and minerals (Fe and Ca) content in polished rice. Foliar application of Zn in rice offers a practical and useful approach to improve bioavailable Zn in polish rice. According to current study, Zn-amino acid and ZnSO4are recommended as excellent foliar Zn forms to ongoing agronomic biofortification.
4. We investigate the interaction effects of phosphorus and foliar Zn fertilization on rice grain Zn content and bioavailability. Grain yield was increased with phosphorus fertilization, but no changed by foliar Zn fertilization. Zn content in rice grain increased with the increase phosphorus fertilizer dose from0to100mg/kg and above this dose150-200mg/kg significantly reduces the grain Zn content. The phosphorus application combined with foliar Zn fertilizer can significantly increase rice Zn concentration (P<0.05). Phosphorus application significantly improved the phytic acid content (P<0.05). Application of foliar Zn fertilizers significantly reduce grain phytic acid content (P<0.05). No phosphorus application and high phosphorus application (more than150mg/kg) contain lower Zn bioavailability and amount of bioavailable Zn than those of other phosphorus treatments (50mg/kg,100mg/kg) especially in the level of200mg/kg, the bioavailability of Zn from polished rice was the lowest. When phosphorus fertilizer combined with foliar Zn fertilizer could improve the and Zn bioavailability and amount of bioavailable Zn of polished rice. Thus, regulation of phosphorus level, and combined with folair Zn fertilization should be considered to improvement the amount of bioavailable Zn.
5. A soil pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sulfur and Zn fertilization on Zn content and bioavailability in rice. The results show that sulfur fertilizer had a positive effect on rice grain yield, while Zn fertilization had no effect on rice grain yield. The Zn concentration in polished rice was significant increased by application of sulfur and Zn fertilization. Sulfur fertilization had no effect on phytic acid content, but increased grain total sulfur, cysteine and methinonine content. Zn fertilization has negative effect on phytic acid, but no effect on contents of total sulfur, cysteine and methionine content. Supply of sulfur fertilization alone had no effect on grain Zn bioavailability, when combined with Zn fertilization, and significantly increased Zn bioavailability. The reason might be attributed from the decrease of phytic acid, improvement of Zn content by sulfur fertilization combined with Zn fertilization, as a result increased the bioavailable Zn.
6. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bio availability of brown rice of three widely grown cultivars using Caco-2cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (P<0.05) as the external Zn supply increased from25to250mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (P>0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when Zn supply was lower than150mg/L. Zn fortification during germination process has significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These results might be attributed from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, significant difference (P<0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability, this results might be attributed from the differences in molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on Zn intake among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with100mg/L ZnSO4as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contain high Zn concentration and bioavailable Zn. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185fortified with Zn through germination process contain high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as a improved sources of Zn for target populations.
引文
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