内廊式中小学教学楼室内声环境的研究
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摘要
内廊式教学楼是沿走廊两侧排列一组或两组教室并在端部安排卫生间,楼梯问或办公室等服务用房,组成综合的空间单元。它的特点是教室相对集中,面积紧凑,内部交通线比较短,而且大多数内廊兼休息厅使用,使用时间集中,人流拥挤,教室之间相互干扰大,因此这种建筑组合形式的教学楼室内噪声较大且混响时间较长,对教室内声环境产生一定的负面影响。本文针对这类教学楼室内声环境整体效果进行研究,涉及到建筑形式及功能分区；空间组合；建筑材料；教学设备及声环境设计等因素。
本文通过查阅相关文献资料,在国内外研究成果的基础上,结合现场实地测量,分析研究教学楼室内及周围环境各种声音的特性。在此基础上制定调查问卷,并在教学楼内及周围发放,将调查问卷各项结果进行系统分析,采用模糊数学中的综合评价法对具有代表性的内廊式教学楼西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的主观评价。用模糊数学的目的是把主观上受访者对该教学楼走廊声环境的不同感受评分的百分比,通过计算用-个具体的数值代表受访者对西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的评价状况。
由调查分析和计算,最后得出受访师生对西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的评价结果是：认为课间教学楼内各种声音最嘈杂,声音清晰度不高,声环境整体效果较差；其次是上课教师间互相干扰。因此在调研分析的基础上从声环境的评价入手,通过对铁一中教学楼室内声环境进行测量,搜集数据和系统分析,借鉴国内外成功公建室内声环境设计案例提出科学合理经济可行性改造建议。
Inner-corridor style classroom building has one or two sets of classrooms ranking along an inner-corridor on both sides; and rest rooms, staircases, offices or service rooms by the two ends of corridor, so as to become a space unit. It features centralized classrooms, compact area and short traffic range. But as most inner-corridors are also used as lounge hall, it can cause crowding in its service time and big mutual interference between classrooms. As a result, in this type of classroom building, the indoor noise and long reverberation time have negative impact on Indoor Acoustics. In this paper, the writer will do researches on the overall indoor acoustics in this type of classroom building, concerning architecture form, function division, spatial organization, construction materials, teaching equipments and acoustic design, etc.
Based on domestic and abroad research results, along with on-site measurements, this paper analyzed and studied various acoustic characteristics both inside the classrooms and in the surrounding environment. On this basis, the writer made a questionnaire and did a survey on teachers and students inside and outside the classroom building, finally did statistics and analysis on the survey result. Using Comprehensive Evaluation Method of fuzzy mathematics, this paper evaluated the indoor acoustics of the representative No.1 classroom building of Xi'an Tie Yi Zhong. The purpose of using fuzzy mathematics is to compute the percentage of the subjective survey results into a specific value to represent the acoustic condition.
As analyzed and computed, the interviewed teachers and students evaluated the acoustic condition of No.1 classroom building as:when class break, it's most noisy inside the building, voice articulation is low, overall acoustics is poor; in addition, there exists mutual interference between teachers in class. Therefore, through research and measurements of this building, along with analysis of the data, this paper offered reasonable and feasible suggestions to the indoor acoustic environment improvement of this kind of classroom building.
本文通过查阅相关文献资料,在国内外研究成果的基础上,结合现场实地测量,分析研究教学楼室内及周围环境各种声音的特性。在此基础上制定调查问卷,并在教学楼内及周围发放,将调查问卷各项结果进行系统分析,采用模糊数学中的综合评价法对具有代表性的内廊式教学楼西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的主观评价。用模糊数学的目的是把主观上受访者对该教学楼走廊声环境的不同感受评分的百分比,通过计算用-个具体的数值代表受访者对西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的评价状况。
由调查分析和计算,最后得出受访师生对西安铁一中一号教学楼室内声环境的评价结果是：认为课间教学楼内各种声音最嘈杂,声音清晰度不高,声环境整体效果较差；其次是上课教师间互相干扰。因此在调研分析的基础上从声环境的评价入手,通过对铁一中教学楼室内声环境进行测量,搜集数据和系统分析,借鉴国内外成功公建室内声环境设计案例提出科学合理经济可行性改造建议。
Inner-corridor style classroom building has one or two sets of classrooms ranking along an inner-corridor on both sides; and rest rooms, staircases, offices or service rooms by the two ends of corridor, so as to become a space unit. It features centralized classrooms, compact area and short traffic range. But as most inner-corridors are also used as lounge hall, it can cause crowding in its service time and big mutual interference between classrooms. As a result, in this type of classroom building, the indoor noise and long reverberation time have negative impact on Indoor Acoustics. In this paper, the writer will do researches on the overall indoor acoustics in this type of classroom building, concerning architecture form, function division, spatial organization, construction materials, teaching equipments and acoustic design, etc.
Based on domestic and abroad research results, along with on-site measurements, this paper analyzed and studied various acoustic characteristics both inside the classrooms and in the surrounding environment. On this basis, the writer made a questionnaire and did a survey on teachers and students inside and outside the classroom building, finally did statistics and analysis on the survey result. Using Comprehensive Evaluation Method of fuzzy mathematics, this paper evaluated the indoor acoustics of the representative No.1 classroom building of Xi'an Tie Yi Zhong. The purpose of using fuzzy mathematics is to compute the percentage of the subjective survey results into a specific value to represent the acoustic condition.
As analyzed and computed, the interviewed teachers and students evaluated the acoustic condition of No.1 classroom building as:when class break, it's most noisy inside the building, voice articulation is low, overall acoustics is poor; in addition, there exists mutual interference between teachers in class. Therefore, through research and measurements of this building, along with analysis of the data, this paper offered reasonable and feasible suggestions to the indoor acoustic environment improvement of this kind of classroom building.
引文
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[2]张宗尧,赵秀兰。中小学校建筑设计手册[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社。1999
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[5]张保生.国教育装备的现状与发展趋势[M].中国现代教育装备.2006,
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[17]GBJ76—84.厅堂混响时间测量规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国建设部,
18马大酞,噪声控制学[M].科学出版社
[19]金瑜.心理测量[M].华东师范大学出版社,2001
[20]曹炳元.应用模糊熟悉与系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[21]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004
[22]陈明浩模糊分析学新论[M].科学技术出版社2009
[23]Dubois D, Prade H. Fuzzy Sets and Systems:Theory and Applications[M].. New York:Academic Press,1980
[24],Nahilas S. Fuzzy variables. Fuzzy Set and System,1978
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[26]贾继彦.公共空间内部声环境现状分析与评价方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2003
[27]吴硕贤,张三明,葛坚.建筑声学设计原理[M].第一版.北京：建筑工程出版社,2000：
[28]包紫薇.厅堂音质的综合评价[D].南京：南京大学声学研究所,2008
[29]GB50118—2010.民用建筑隔声设计规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国城乡建设环境部,1988
[30]项端祈。实用建筑声学[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1992
[31]秦佑国,王炳麟.建筑声环境[M].清华大学出版社,1999
[32]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芬著.声学基础[M].南京：南京大学出版社
[33]马大酞.声学手册[M].第一版.北京：科学技术出版社,2004
[34]康玉成。实用建筑吸声设计技术[M]。中国建筑工业出版社2007
[35]项端祈。实用建筑声学[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1992
[36]陈克安.有源噪声控制[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[37]梁华,纪秉勇.混响时间的声场控制及其系统设计[M].电声技术.1997
[38]王微,项端祈,陈金京,薛长健.建筑声学材料与结构设计和应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[39]钟祥璋。建筑吸声材料与隔声材料[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[40]刘克,微穿孔板和微缝板吸声体研究进展[M]。北京：应用声学。2002-3
[41]陆凤华,李竹园.微穿孔吸声体的应用.声学学报(中文版)[J]2001,
[2]张宗尧,赵秀兰。中小学校建筑设计手册[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社。1999
[3]张宗尧,闵玉林。中小学校建筑设计[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社。1991.9
[4]美)威尔.鲍温.学校空间设计[M]。陕西师范大学出版社.2009
[5]张保生.国教育装备的现状与发展趋势[M].中国现代教育装备.2006,
[6]建筑设计资料集编委会。建筑设计资料集[M]。第二版1,3,7集。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1994,1995
[7]J·L·弗里德曼等著《社会心理学》[M]。高地等译黑龙江人民出版社
[8]柳孝图主编建筑物理[M]。中国建筑工业出版社
[9]中国建筑工业出版社编。民用建筑设计规范[S]。中小学校建筑设计规范[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[10]中国建筑科学研究院物理所主编。建筑声学设计手册[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社。
[11]国家教委基建局。中小学建筑设计图集[M]。武汉：华中工学院出版社,1986
[12][美]布拉福德.帕金斯著舒平徐良汪丽君译。中小学建筑[M]。中国建筑工业出版社2005
[13]信息产业部主编。中小学校建筑设计规范[S]。中国计划出版社
[14]]信息产业部主编。中小学建筑间距卫生标准[S]。中国建筑工业出版社
[15]环境保护部主编。声环境质量标准[S]。中国环境科学出版社
[16]沈壕主编.声学测量[M].第一版.北京：科学出版社,1986
[17]GBJ76—84.厅堂混响时间测量规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国建设部,
18马大酞,噪声控制学[M].科学出版社
[19]金瑜.心理测量[M].华东师范大学出版社,2001
[20]曹炳元.应用模糊熟悉与系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[21]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004
[22]陈明浩模糊分析学新论[M].科学技术出版社2009
[23]Dubois D, Prade H. Fuzzy Sets and Systems:Theory and Applications[M].. New York:Academic Press,1980
[24],Nahilas S. Fuzzy variables. Fuzzy Set and System,1978
[25]刘会灯,朱飞MATLAB编程基础与典型应用[M].人民邮电出版社2008
[26]贾继彦.公共空间内部声环境现状分析与评价方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2003
[27]吴硕贤,张三明,葛坚.建筑声学设计原理[M].第一版.北京：建筑工程出版社,2000：
[28]包紫薇.厅堂音质的综合评价[D].南京：南京大学声学研究所,2008
[29]GB50118—2010.民用建筑隔声设计规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国城乡建设环境部,1988
[30]项端祈。实用建筑声学[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1992
[31]秦佑国,王炳麟.建筑声环境[M].清华大学出版社,1999
[32]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芬著.声学基础[M].南京：南京大学出版社
[33]马大酞.声学手册[M].第一版.北京：科学技术出版社,2004
[34]康玉成。实用建筑吸声设计技术[M]。中国建筑工业出版社2007
[35]项端祈。实用建筑声学[M]。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1992
[36]陈克安.有源噪声控制[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[37]梁华,纪秉勇.混响时间的声场控制及其系统设计[M].电声技术.1997
[38]王微,项端祈,陈金京,薛长健.建筑声学材料与结构设计和应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[39]钟祥璋。建筑吸声材料与隔声材料[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[40]刘克,微穿孔板和微缝板吸声体研究进展[M]。北京：应用声学。2002-3
[41]陆凤华,李竹园.微穿孔吸声体的应用.声学学报(中文版)[J]2001,