蒙古国引种蓝果忍冬（lonicera caerulea L）生长特性和栽培技术的研究
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摘要
为了丰富蒙古国忍冬科植物种质资源,通过分析蒙古国农业中心区及蓝果忍冬在加拿大和俄罗斯分布区的气候条件,依照育种学的气候相似理论,于2007年把蓝果忍冬Gerda、 Zolushk、 Goluboyo vereteno、 Berry blue、 Cinderella等5个品种引种到蒙古国农业中心区的达尔罕乌拉省。通过对5个品种蓝果忍冬的引种栽培及繁殖研究,本人认为蓝果忍冬5个品种都能很好的适应蒙古国的达尔罕乌拉省地区气候,并且能在蒙古国地区栽培推广。蓝果忍冬在该地区能正常越冬、开花并结果,也能够收获较好的果实产量。本论文研究蓝果忍冬原产地与引种地气候条件从而确定引种种源地及品种；研究蓝果忍冬引进品种的生理和生长特性；研究蓝果忍冬的生长节律及其适应性；研究蓝果忍冬的果实产量、质量及形成特点；研究蓝果忍冬的繁殖特点及栽培技术等。研究结果表明：
(1)蒙古国达尔罕省、俄罗斯布里亚特省和加拿大萨斯客彻温省三地气候条件的比较分析。
蒙古国和俄罗斯两地的气温浮动比较大,夏天和冬天的气温差距悬殊。在达尔罕乌拉省地区,冬季1月份的平均气温为-21.6℃,夏季植物生长最旺盛的7月份的平均气温为18.3℃；加拿大萨斯喀彻温省地区,冬季1月份的月平均气温为-18℃,夏季7月份的月平均气温为18℃。分析结果说明三地气候条件很相似,有利于开展蓝果忍冬的引种工作。
在蒙古国地区,无霜期为110d左右,这比俄罗斯布里亚特省和加拿大的萨斯喀彻温省地区的植物的生长期短10d左右。三个地区之间的年降雨量比较相近,即都在322mm-360mm之间。降雨量的分配情况相互间稍有不同,在蒙古国地区降雨大部分集中在7-8月份。而春季的4-5月份降雨量非常少,导致植物生长前期出现了脱水症状,这为引种种源确定提供了依据。
(2)蓝果忍冬在引种地的生长特性及生长节律的研究。
蓝果忍冬各品种在蒙古国农业中心地的带达尔罕乌拉省,能够很好的萌芽、开花、结果。各品种在4月中旬气温在+3℃-+8℃时开始萌动,在4月24日到28日期间土壤温度达到+10℃时开始发芽。第4年开始开少量开花,第6年开始能够大量开花；蓝果忍冬各品种年开花规律为从5月4号始花,开花6-7d后进入盛花期,花期为12-15d。
引种的蓝果忍冬各品种的果实成熟期比在蒙古国地区广泛种植的本地果树品种要早21-90d。
(3)蓝果忍冬各品种的适应性研究。
在蒙古国蓝果忍冬各引种品种的生长期为160-164d。在蒙古国地区引种的蓝果忍冬各品种都能顺利完成了整个年生长阶段,停止生长期比其它果树类植物的要早,并封顶准备越冬的开始期也较早,因此蓝果忍冬的耐寒能力非常强。
(4)蓝果忍冬各引种品种的结实量及果实成分的研究。
蓝果忍冬各品种的结果量与果实长度、果实平均重量、枝条数量之间的相关性分析表明,单个灌丛的平均结果量与单个果实的平均重量之间的相关性为中等,即R=0.578,与灌丛的枝条数量之间的相关性较密切,即R=0.796。灌丛果实的平均重量与灌丛枝条数量和单果重量有密切关系,灌丛枝条数量和单果重量越多,其灌丛结果量越多。
(5)蓝果忍冬的苗木培育的特点研究。
用95%的T检验法分析苗木发根的各指标之间的相关性,发现嫩枝插条根长之和与根数量相关性很密切,即R=0.956；根长之和与根直径是逆相关性,即R=-0.880。其规律是根数越多根长之和越大,而根长之和越增大,根部直径越小。
在蒙古国地区的自然气候条件下,对蓝果忍冬引种品种最佳扦插时期的研究表明,最佳扦插时期为6月12日左右。
扦插的最佳土壤配方为：腐殖质含量为1.25%、pH值为8.53、NO3-N为2.1Omg/kg时,各品种的生长特性为最好,其成活率为83.3%。
移植成活率与插条根数(r=0.829)、根长之和(r=0.760)相关性密切。
Based on the theory of acclimatization of certain species to the areas with similar climate condition and with the objective to enrich honeysuckle genetic resources in Mongolia, we conducted study on the acclimatization in Darkhan-uul province of5honeysuckle varieties including Gerda, Zolushka, Goluboyo vereteno, Berry blue, Cinderella originated from Canada and Russia which have similar climate condition to our country and have rich resources of honeysuckle species.
The study focused on mainly acclimatization and propagation technique of honeysuckle varieties. According to study honeysuckle varieties found to have strong potential for successfully acclimatize to weather condition of Darkhan-Uul province, Mongolia. The blue honeysuckle has strong winter survival capacity, good flowering, fruit setting and high yield capacity. These results ensure great opportunity of successful propagation and dissemination of this fruit species in the central cropping zone of Mongolia.
In this thesis, we conducted studies on identification of suitable areas for cultivation and appropriate varieties and physiological and growth features and adaptability of varieties, yield and yield structure as well as cultivation and propagation technique of honeysuckle varieties based on the comparative studies between the areas of origin and areas of acclimatization. The following results have been achieved:
(1) Comparative analysis of weather parameters of Darkhan-Uul in Mongolia, Buriatya in Russia and Saskatchewan in Canada
The high fluctuation in air temperature observed, especially in summer and winter in Mongolia and Russia. In Darkhan-Uul, Mongolia an average winter temperature in January reaches-21.6℃, summer average temperature in July to18.3℃and in Saskatchewan, Canada winter temperature in January reaches-18.6℃， summer average temperature in July to18℃. The analysis shows that the weather conditions in these3regions are very similar and it ensures successful acclimatization of blue honeysuckle.
In Mongolia, the plant growth duration is about110days which is less by10days than Buriatya in Russia and Saskatchewan in Canada. Also, an annual precipitation is similar in3regions about322-360mm. But distribution of annual precipitation is very different. In Darkhan-Uul province, a most of the precipitation comes in July-August, But, limited precipitation come in April-May and it causes lack of moisture in first growth stages of plant. Based on the overall weather analysis we selected suitable areas of acclimatization of honeysuckle varieties.
(2) Study on the growth feature of honeysuckle varieties in the area of acclimatization
The flowering and fruit setting stages of blue honeysuckle varieties have normal development in the central cropping zone of Darkhan-uul province. The bud initiation started mid of April when air temperature reaches to+3℃-+8℃and bud bursting started on24-28April when air temperature is+10℃. All varieties started flowering at4years and mass flowering at6years and flowers start on4May and after6-7days it gets identical and flowering lasts about12-15days.
The blue honeysuckle matures very early and is considered most early matured fruit species in Mongolia. The new blue honeysuckle varieties were able to mature earlier than any other fruit species by21-90days, in Mongolia.
(3) Evaluation on adaptation of blue honeysuckle varieties The total growth duration from bud initiation to dormant condition was about160-164days. The blue honeysuckle varieties acclimatized in central cropping zone of Mongolia have growth and development stages completed earlier, relatively earlier dormancy of apical bud in comparison to other fruit species. As consequence, a blue honeysuckle has strong winter survival.
(4)The yield and yield structure of acclimatized blue honeysuckle
The correlation analysis revealed that single bush yield has moderate correlation to single fruit weight (r=0.578) and strong correlation to number of stem (r=0.796). This result shows that single fruit weight and number of stem have strong impact to yield.
(5)Study on the propagation features of honeysuckle by softwood
The factors that affect to softwood root formation have been evaluated through t criteria relevancy index at95%significance level and identified that root total length has strong correlation to number of roots (r=0,956) and to root diameter.
The experiment identified the most suitable time for making cut and sowing of softwood is12June.
The experiment on the effect of different soil mixture to softwood growth identified that the soil mixture (czhernozem1+sand3parts) with humus content1.25%, pH8.53, N-N032.10mg/kg, is suitable for good root formation and survival rate.
The survival rate for second year has strong correlation to softwood root number (r=0.829) and root total length (r=0.76.
(1)蒙古国达尔罕省、俄罗斯布里亚特省和加拿大萨斯客彻温省三地气候条件的比较分析。
蒙古国和俄罗斯两地的气温浮动比较大,夏天和冬天的气温差距悬殊。在达尔罕乌拉省地区,冬季1月份的平均气温为-21.6℃,夏季植物生长最旺盛的7月份的平均气温为18.3℃；加拿大萨斯喀彻温省地区,冬季1月份的月平均气温为-18℃,夏季7月份的月平均气温为18℃。分析结果说明三地气候条件很相似,有利于开展蓝果忍冬的引种工作。
在蒙古国地区,无霜期为110d左右,这比俄罗斯布里亚特省和加拿大的萨斯喀彻温省地区的植物的生长期短10d左右。三个地区之间的年降雨量比较相近,即都在322mm-360mm之间。降雨量的分配情况相互间稍有不同,在蒙古国地区降雨大部分集中在7-8月份。而春季的4-5月份降雨量非常少,导致植物生长前期出现了脱水症状,这为引种种源确定提供了依据。
(2)蓝果忍冬在引种地的生长特性及生长节律的研究。
蓝果忍冬各品种在蒙古国农业中心地的带达尔罕乌拉省,能够很好的萌芽、开花、结果。各品种在4月中旬气温在+3℃-+8℃时开始萌动,在4月24日到28日期间土壤温度达到+10℃时开始发芽。第4年开始开少量开花,第6年开始能够大量开花；蓝果忍冬各品种年开花规律为从5月4号始花,开花6-7d后进入盛花期,花期为12-15d。
引种的蓝果忍冬各品种的果实成熟期比在蒙古国地区广泛种植的本地果树品种要早21-90d。
(3)蓝果忍冬各品种的适应性研究。
在蒙古国蓝果忍冬各引种品种的生长期为160-164d。在蒙古国地区引种的蓝果忍冬各品种都能顺利完成了整个年生长阶段,停止生长期比其它果树类植物的要早,并封顶准备越冬的开始期也较早,因此蓝果忍冬的耐寒能力非常强。
(4)蓝果忍冬各引种品种的结实量及果实成分的研究。
蓝果忍冬各品种的结果量与果实长度、果实平均重量、枝条数量之间的相关性分析表明,单个灌丛的平均结果量与单个果实的平均重量之间的相关性为中等,即R=0.578,与灌丛的枝条数量之间的相关性较密切,即R=0.796。灌丛果实的平均重量与灌丛枝条数量和单果重量有密切关系,灌丛枝条数量和单果重量越多,其灌丛结果量越多。
(5)蓝果忍冬的苗木培育的特点研究。
用95%的T检验法分析苗木发根的各指标之间的相关性,发现嫩枝插条根长之和与根数量相关性很密切,即R=0.956；根长之和与根直径是逆相关性,即R=-0.880。其规律是根数越多根长之和越大,而根长之和越增大,根部直径越小。
在蒙古国地区的自然气候条件下,对蓝果忍冬引种品种最佳扦插时期的研究表明,最佳扦插时期为6月12日左右。
扦插的最佳土壤配方为：腐殖质含量为1.25%、pH值为8.53、NO3-N为2.1Omg/kg时,各品种的生长特性为最好,其成活率为83.3%。
移植成活率与插条根数(r=0.829)、根长之和(r=0.760)相关性密切。
Based on the theory of acclimatization of certain species to the areas with similar climate condition and with the objective to enrich honeysuckle genetic resources in Mongolia, we conducted study on the acclimatization in Darkhan-uul province of5honeysuckle varieties including Gerda, Zolushka, Goluboyo vereteno, Berry blue, Cinderella originated from Canada and Russia which have similar climate condition to our country and have rich resources of honeysuckle species.
The study focused on mainly acclimatization and propagation technique of honeysuckle varieties. According to study honeysuckle varieties found to have strong potential for successfully acclimatize to weather condition of Darkhan-Uul province, Mongolia. The blue honeysuckle has strong winter survival capacity, good flowering, fruit setting and high yield capacity. These results ensure great opportunity of successful propagation and dissemination of this fruit species in the central cropping zone of Mongolia.
In this thesis, we conducted studies on identification of suitable areas for cultivation and appropriate varieties and physiological and growth features and adaptability of varieties, yield and yield structure as well as cultivation and propagation technique of honeysuckle varieties based on the comparative studies between the areas of origin and areas of acclimatization. The following results have been achieved:
(1) Comparative analysis of weather parameters of Darkhan-Uul in Mongolia, Buriatya in Russia and Saskatchewan in Canada
The high fluctuation in air temperature observed, especially in summer and winter in Mongolia and Russia. In Darkhan-Uul, Mongolia an average winter temperature in January reaches-21.6℃, summer average temperature in July to18.3℃and in Saskatchewan, Canada winter temperature in January reaches-18.6℃， summer average temperature in July to18℃. The analysis shows that the weather conditions in these3regions are very similar and it ensures successful acclimatization of blue honeysuckle.
In Mongolia, the plant growth duration is about110days which is less by10days than Buriatya in Russia and Saskatchewan in Canada. Also, an annual precipitation is similar in3regions about322-360mm. But distribution of annual precipitation is very different. In Darkhan-Uul province, a most of the precipitation comes in July-August, But, limited precipitation come in April-May and it causes lack of moisture in first growth stages of plant. Based on the overall weather analysis we selected suitable areas of acclimatization of honeysuckle varieties.
(2) Study on the growth feature of honeysuckle varieties in the area of acclimatization
The flowering and fruit setting stages of blue honeysuckle varieties have normal development in the central cropping zone of Darkhan-uul province. The bud initiation started mid of April when air temperature reaches to+3℃-+8℃and bud bursting started on24-28April when air temperature is+10℃. All varieties started flowering at4years and mass flowering at6years and flowers start on4May and after6-7days it gets identical and flowering lasts about12-15days.
The blue honeysuckle matures very early and is considered most early matured fruit species in Mongolia. The new blue honeysuckle varieties were able to mature earlier than any other fruit species by21-90days, in Mongolia.
(3) Evaluation on adaptation of blue honeysuckle varieties The total growth duration from bud initiation to dormant condition was about160-164days. The blue honeysuckle varieties acclimatized in central cropping zone of Mongolia have growth and development stages completed earlier, relatively earlier dormancy of apical bud in comparison to other fruit species. As consequence, a blue honeysuckle has strong winter survival.
(4)The yield and yield structure of acclimatized blue honeysuckle
The correlation analysis revealed that single bush yield has moderate correlation to single fruit weight (r=0.578) and strong correlation to number of stem (r=0.796). This result shows that single fruit weight and number of stem have strong impact to yield.
(5)Study on the propagation features of honeysuckle by softwood
The factors that affect to softwood root formation have been evaluated through t criteria relevancy index at95%significance level and identified that root total length has strong correlation to number of roots (r=0,956) and to root diameter.
The experiment identified the most suitable time for making cut and sowing of softwood is12June.
The experiment on the effect of different soil mixture to softwood growth identified that the soil mixture (czhernozem1+sand3parts) with humus content1.25%, pH8.53, N-N032.10mg/kg, is suitable for good root formation and survival rate.
The survival rate for second year has strong correlation to softwood root number (r=0.829) and root total length (r=0.76.
引文
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49 Mongolian statistical yearbook, National statistical office of Mongolia, Various issues,1998
50 Mongolian statistical yearbook, National statistical office of Mongolia,Various issues,2003
51 Mongolian statistical yearbook, National statistical office of Mongolia, Various issues,2004
52 Mongolian statistical yearbook, National statistical office of Mongolia,Various issues,2005
53 Mongolian statistical yearbook, National statistical office of Mongolia,Various issues,2011
276 Zhidechina, T.V. Effect of antistress growth regulator EPIN on Qualitative characteristics of Honeysuckle Planting Stock/T.V. Zhidechina//Abstracts. XXV International Horticultural Congress (IHC). Brussels,1998.-S.-332.
289 Ashimov. R.R, Fefelov V.A, Igoshina V.G, Anomaliesit is flowering and floscules in the Honyesuckle,2009
290 Bassam N.EI, Behl R.K, Prochnow B. Sustainable Agriculture for food, energy and industry, volume 1,2
291 Bob bors, Linda Matthews, Dwarf sour cherries, University extension Press Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 2004, P 38-45
292 Bors.B Breeding of Lonicera caerulea L for Saskatchewan and Canada, University of Saskatchewan,2010
293 Belosokhov F, G Estimation of effectiveness in dusting of the promising types of the honeysuckle of/[F].[G].[Belosokhov], [O].[A].[Belosokhova] [Vestn].Michurin. State university Ns 2. [Michurinsk],2006.-S.82-87.
294 [Shulkovin],[Z].[G],[Belosokhpv],[F],[G],Reaction of honeysuckle for the rejuvenating trimming per year of its conducting of/[F].[G]. [Belosokhov], [O].[A].[Belosokhova]// international practical-scientific conference "the mobilization of the adaptive potential of garden plants under the dynamic conditions of the environment/Of [vseros].[selekts].-tech.the institute of horticulture and....-M.,2004.-S.428433.
295 Bryksin, D,M, Agfobiological esttimation of the types of honeysuckle under the conditions [TSCHR] of/[D].[M].[Bryksin] author's abstract [na] [soisk].the scientific degree of candidate [s].-X. sciences.-[Michurinsk],2007.-22s.
296 Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergowermental Panel on climate Change
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