病证结合冠心病心绞痛气虚血瘀证研究
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摘要
冠心病是威胁人类生命的常见病和多发病。在西方国家中,冠心病成为致死的首要原因。在发展中国家,包括中国在内,其发病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,并已成为致死的主要原因之一。探讨冠心病诊断方法和有效防治措施,降低冠心病发病率、死亡率和致残率已成为医学工作者研究的重要课题。
     本论文在梳理古代文献的基础上,检索近10年现代文献有关冠心病心绞痛的研究进展,明确气虚与血瘀、气虚血瘀与冠心病心绞痛的关系,总结气虚血瘀证的治则治法及方药。并通过流行病学临床调查研究,明确冠心病心绞痛气虚、血瘀及气虚血瘀证的分布特点,运用Logistic回归分析,确定气虚、血瘀及气虚血瘀的诊断依据。通过冠心病心绞痛证候与实验指标的关系研究,探讨气虚、血瘀、气虚血瘀的生物学基础。通过对有关冠心病心绞痛治疗的现代文献病例分析,选择符合冠心病心绞痛气虚血瘀证诊断且有明确疗效的病例,系统总结冠心病心绞痛气虚血瘀证常用药物、剂量范围、药物配伍、常用方剂等,探讨治疗气虚血瘀证的用药规律。
     1.现代文献研究
     冠心病心绞痛的病因与年老体衰、情志刺激、劳倦太过、饮食不节等,其病机多与阳虚、气虚、阴虚、寒凝、痰浊、气滞有关,其中气虚血瘀是冠心病心绞痛的基本病机。治疗冠心病心绞痛的常用代表方剂有:血府逐瘀汤、补阳还五汤、桃红四物汤、肾气丸、温胆汤、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、丹参饮、小陷胸汤等。
     2.流行病学临床调查研究
     通过临床流行病学调查研究,搜集到经冠脉造影确诊的冠心病心绞痛病人297例。其中气虚者234例,占总病例的78.8%;血瘀者257例,占总病例的86.5%;气虚血瘀者201例,占全部病例的67.7%。研究表明,气虚和血瘀是冠心病心绞痛的最主要证候要素。
     分别以气虚、血瘀和气虚血瘀为因变量,以症状和体征为自变量,运用Logistic回归分析,筛选出气虚、血瘀、及气虚血瘀的诊断指标,确定诊断依据。
     血瘀诊断指标按相关系数大小排列依次是:舌脉青紫(15.7280)、瘀点斑(14.5488)、舌脉怒张(14.1818)、刺痛(13.7902)、绞痛(13.7743)、脉涩(13.5036)、舌脉紫红(12.6984)。
     气虚诊断指标按相关系数大小排列依次是:语声低微(9.6150)、倦怠乏力(8.8945)、自汗(8.2317)、活动诱发(8.1845)、面色萎黄(7.6159)、腰膝酸软(6.9995)、隐痛(5.6460)、舌胖大(5.2584)、气短(4.4093)。
     气虚血瘀诊断指标按相关系数大小排列依次是:语声低微(4.4851)、舌脉迂曲(3.6887)、舌脉青紫(2.4424)、倦怠乏力(2.2061)、舌脉紫红(1.9718)、胸痛(1.6425)、自汗(1.4813)、瘀点斑(1.2129)、气短(1.1010)、活动诱发(1.0591)。
     3.气虚血瘀的生物学基础研究
     本研究通过气虚、血瘀、气虚血瘀分别与D-二聚体(D-Dimer)、CD62P、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的关系研究,探讨冠心病心绞痛气虚、血瘀、气虚血瘀的病理变化特点。结果显示,气虚与非气虚两组的各项实验指标相比较,气虚组D-二聚体,CD62P,FIB均高于非气虚组,且存在显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示气虚与上述3项指标最相关。血瘀与非血瘀两组的各项实验指标相比较,血瘀组TNF、CD62P均高于非血瘀组,且有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示血瘀与上述2项指标最相关。气虚血瘀与非气虚血瘀两组的各项实验指标相比较,气虚血瘀组D-二聚体,CD62P,FIB均高于非气虚血瘀组,且有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示气虚血瘀与上述3个指标最相关。研究表明,气虚、血瘀、及气虚血瘀的病理变化各有特点。
     4.治疗气虚血瘀的用药规律研究
     以清华大学CNKI医院知识数据库为主,以冠心病+中医药疗法+气虚血瘀、心绞痛+中医药疗法+气虚血瘀、胸痹+气虚血瘀为检索词,查阅1997年10月至2006年10月国内的文献115篇。运用描述性统计方法(Descriptive Statistic)和聚类分析(Cluster Analysis)进行统计处理。
     ①治疗气虚血瘀证最常用的中药中,益气药以黄芪最常用,其次是甘草/炙甘草、党参,再次是人参、茯苓/茯神等;活血药以丹参、川芎最常用,其次是赤芍、红花、当归,再次是三七、郁金、桃仁、元胡等。
     ②分别统计出治疗气虚血瘀证的常用中药的剂量范围及平均用量,如黄芪用量范围100-15g,平均32.57g;党参45-10g,平均19.85g;丹参100-10g,平均23.72g;赤芍30-9g,平均13.95g;当归25-9g,平均13.92g,等。
     ③治疗气虚血瘀证常用的方剂有主要有生脉散、冠心Ⅱ号、当归补血汤、丹参饮、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、柴胡疏肝散等。
     ④治疗气虚血瘀证常用的对药有:党参和白术、太子参和泽泻、蒲黄和香附、桃仁和红花、木香和黄连、砂仁和檀香、枸杞和生/熟地。3药组合有:人参、麦冬、五味子;甘草/炙甘草、丹参、葛根;降香、川芎、赤芍;三七、桂枝、白芍;柴胡、枳壳、桔梗。4药组合有:黄芪、当归、水蛭、地龙;瓜蒌、薤白、延胡索、郁金。4药以上组合有:陈皮、茯苓/茯神、半夏、竹茹、枳实、酸枣仁、远志。
     ⑤冠心病心绞痛气虚血瘀证在临床上往往会同时兼有其它证候,故在益气活血药的基础上,许多专家都会根据病情、体质、四时变化等随证加减用药,有理气药、化痰药、安神药、解表药、利湿药等。
Coronary disease is a disease that pose as the most important threats to human life.In western countries, Coronary disease is the most lethal reasons of death.In developing countries, including China, its disease rate and mortality rate were escalating on yearly basis.The discussion of diagnosis methods and the effective preventing and controlling measures of Coronary diseases, reducing the Coronary diseases incidence rate, mortality rate and crippling rate has become an important topic for the medical workers studies.
     This present paper in ancient literatures foundation, researched the near 10 years of modern literatures of related Coronary disease anginapectoris research progress, to clarify about Qi-deficiency and blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis with the Coronary disease angina pectoris relations, summarize Qi-deficiency and blood stasis signs curing method and curing medicines. And through the epidemiology clinical investigation and study, to clarify about Coronary disease anginapectoris Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis signs distributed characteristic, utilizes the Logistic regression analysis, determining Qi deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis diagnosis basis. Through Coronary disease anginapectoris pattern and experimental indicators relational research, discussing Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis's biological basis. Through analyzing to the related Coronary disease anginapectoris treatment in modern literature case of illness, choosing the Coronary disease anginapectoris Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign diagnosis matching criteria and a clear curative effect cases of illness, systematically summarizing Coronary disease anginapectoris Qi-deficiency and blood stasis signs commonly used medicine, the dosage range, the medicine combining, commonly used formula and so on, discussing the treatment of Qi-deficiency and blood stasis signs and its medication rule.
     1.Modern literature research
     The Coronary disease anginapectoris cause of disease varies with the debility of old age, overacting of emotions, extreme fatigue, dietary irregularities and so on, its pathogenesis related with Yang-deficient, Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficient, congealing cold, phlegm turbidity, Qi-stagnancy, etc. From with, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis is the Coronary disease anginapectoris basic pathogenesis. Treatment of Coronary disease anginapectoris commonly used of formulas: House of Blood Stasis Expelling Decoction (血府逐瘀汤), Yang Supplementing Five-Returning Decoction (补阳还五汤), Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four-agents Decoction (桃红四物汤), Kidney Qi Pill (肾气丸) , Gallbladder-warming Decoction (温胆汤) , Trichosanthes Chinese Chives and Pinellia Decoction (栝蒌薤白半夏汤), Salvia Beverage (丹参饮), Minor Chest-Bind Decoction (小陷胸汤) etc.
     2.Epidemiology clinical investigation and study
     Through the clinical epidemiology investigation and study, collects the Coronary disease anginapectoris patients of 297 cases, which diagnosed by Coronary angiography. Qi-deficiency 234 examples, occupy the total case of illness 78.8%; Blood stasis 257 examples, occupy the total case of illness 86.5%; Qi-deficiency and blood stasis 201 examples, occupy the complete case of illness 67.7%. The research indicated that, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis is the Coronary disease anginapectoris most main symptoms essential factor.
     Respectively from Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis as the dependent variable, drafts its symptoms and body symptoms as the independent variable, utilizes the Logistic regression analysis, screens Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis diagnosis standards, determining its diagnosis basis.
     Blood stasis diagnosis standard according to the correlation coefficient size arrangement are in turn: tongue arteries purplish and blue (15.7280) , stasis speckle and spot (14.5488) , curled tongue arteries (14.1818) , stabbing pain (13.7902) , gripping pain (13.7743) , astringent pulse (13.5036) , tongue arteries purplish and red (12.6984) .
     Qi-deficiency diagnosis standard according to the correlation coefficient size arrangement are in turn: faint low voice (9.6150) , fatigue and lack of strength (8.8945) , spontaneous sweating (8.2317) , activity induced (8.1845) , withered-yellow facial complexion (7.6159) , limp aching lumbus and knees (6.9995) , dull pain (5.6460) , tongue enlargement (5.2584) , shortness of breath (4.4093) .
     Qi-deficiency and blood stasis diagnosis standard according to the correlation coefficient size arrangement are in turn: faint low voice (4.4851) , curled tongue arteries (3.6887) , tongue arteries purplish and blue (2.4424) , fatigue and lack of strength (2.2061) , tongue arteries purplish and red (1.9718) , chest pain (1.6425) , spontaneous sweating (1.4813) , stasis speckle and spot (1.2129) , shortness of breath (1.1010) , activity induced (1.0591) .
     3.Qi-deficient and blood stasis biological basic research
     This research through Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis separately with D-Dimer, CD62P, Fibrinogen (FIB), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) relational research, discusses coronary disease anginapectoris Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis pathological change characteristics. The result showed that, Qi-deficiency compares with the non-Qi-deficiency, two groups of each experimental indicators, Qi-deficiency's group D-Dimer, CD62P, FIB is higher than the non-Qi-deficiency group, also has significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) , prompts Qi-deficiency and the above 3 standards are most related. Blood stasis compares with the non-blood stasis, two groups of each experimental indicators, blood stasis's group TNF, CD62P are higher than the non-blood stasis group, also has significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) , prompts blood stasis and the above 2 targets is most related. Qi-deficiency and blood stasis compares with the non-Qi-deficiency and blood stasis, two groups of each experimental indicators, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis's group D-Dimer, CD62P, FIB is higher than the non-Qi-deficiency and blood stasis group, also has significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) , prompts Qi-deficiency and blood stasis and the above 3 targets is most related. The research indicated that, Qi-deficiency, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency and blood stasis pathological changes has their own respective characteristics.
     4.Research of Qi-deficiency and blood stasis treatment with its medication rule
     Primarily using Tsinghua University CNKI hospital knowledge database, by Coronary disease + Chinese medicine therapy + Qi-deficiency and blood stasis, Anginapectoris + Chinese medicine therapy + Qi-deficiency and blood stasis, Chest impediment + Qi-deficiency and blood stasis as the retrieval word, consulted from April, 1992 to October, 2006, consist of 115 domestic literatures. Utilizes Descriptive Statistic and Cluster Analysis statistical method in statistical processing.
     ①The treatment Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign most commonly used Chinese medicine includes: Ginseng Radix (人参) , Codonopsitis Radix (党参) , Astragali Radix (黄芪) , Honey-fried Licorice (炙甘草), Salviae Miltiorrhizae (丹参) , Ligustici Rhizoma (川芎) , Paeoniae Radix Rubra (赤芍) , Carthami Flos (红花) , Angelicae Sinensis Radix (当归) , Notoginseng Radix (三七) etc.
     ②Separately counts the treatment of Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign with commonly used Chinese medicine dosage scope and the average amount used, like Astragali Radix (黄芪) amount used scope 100-15g, averaging 32.57g; Codonopsitis Radix (党参) 45-10g, averaging 19.85g; Salviae Miltiorrhizae (丹参) 100-10g, averaging 23.72g; Paeoniae Radix Rubra (赤芍) 30-9g, averaging 13.95g; Angelicae Sinensis Radix (当归) 25-9g, averaging 13.92g etc.
     ③The treatment of Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign commonly used formula includes: Pulse-Engendering Powder(生脉散), Coronary noⅡ(冠心Ⅱ号), Tangkuei Blood-Supplementing Decoction (当归补血汤) , Salvia Beverage (丹参饮) , Trichosanthes Chinese Chives and Pinellia Decoction (栝蒌薤白半夏汤), Bupleurum Liver-Coursing Powder (柴胡疏肝散) etc.
     ④The treatment of Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign with its commonly used combination of medicines: Codonopsitis Radix (党参) and Atractylodis Ovatae Rhizoma (白术) , Pseudostellariae Radix (太子参) and Alismatis Rhizoma (泽泻) , Typhae Pollen (蒲黄) and Cyperi Rhizoma (香附) , Persicae Semen (桃仁) and Carthami Flos (红花) , Saussureae Radix (木香) and Coptidis Rhizoma (黄连) , Amomi Semen Seu Fructus (砂仁) and Santali Lignum (檀香) , Lycii Fructus (枸杞) and fresh/dried Rehmanniae Radix Exsicatta Seu Recens (生/熟地) . 3 medicines combinations includes: Ginseng Radix (人参) , Ophiopogonis Tuber (脉冬) , Schisandrae Fructus (五味子); Honey-fried Licorice (炙甘草), Salviae Miltiorrhizae (丹参) ,Puerariae Radix (葛根) ; Dalbergiae Lignum (降香) , Ligustici Rhizoma (川芎) , Paeoniae Radix Rubra (赤芍) ; Notoginseng Radix (三七) , Cinnamomi Ramulus (桂枝) , Paeoniae Radix Alba (白芍) ; Bupleuri Radix (柴胡) ,Aurantii Fructus (枳壳) , Platycodonis Radix (桔梗) . 4 medicines combinations includes: Astragali Radix (黄芪) , Angelicae Sinensis Radix (当归) , Hirudo Seu Whitmania(水蛭) ,Lumbricus (地龙) ; Trichosanthis Fructus (瓜蒌) ,Allii Bulbus (薤白) , Corydalis Tuber (延胡索) , Curcumae Tuber (郁金) . More than 4 medicines combination includes: Citri Exocarpium (陈皮) , Poria (茯苓) , Pinelliae Tuber (半夏) , Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam (竹茹) , Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (枳实) , Ziziphi Spinosi Semen (酸枣仁) , Polygalae Radix (远志) .
     ⑤The Coronary disease anginapectoris Qi-deficiency and blood stasis sign in clinical often exists with other signs, therefore in basic of boosting Qi and invigorates blood, many experts according to the condition, physique, four season's changes etc, could vary the medicine combinations along with the signs, such as: rectify Qi medicinal (理气药) , phlegm-transforming medicinal (化痰药) , nerve-calming medicinal (安神药), exterior-resolving medicinal (解表药), dampness-disinhibiting medicinal (利湿药) etc.
引文
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    70.艾军毅.扶正通脉汤治疗冠心病心绞痛45例观察.四川中医,2006,24(8):57-58.
    71.王秋菊.益气养心汤治疗冠心病30例.河南中医,2006,26(6):43-44.
    72.宋晓芳.益气养阴活血通络为主辨证治疗冠心病疗效观察.辽宁中医杂志,2003,30(1):34.
    73.张弘.益气养阴法治疗胸痹50例.中医药信息,2003,20(3):41.
    74.武志平,闫桂玲.益气化痰汤治疗冠心病心绞痛37例.陕西中医,2002,23(8):679.
    75.刘吉生.益气化痰祛瘀方治疗冠心病心绞痛152例.中医药研究,2002,18(2):15.
    76.周世明.益气活血化瘀法治疗冠心病心绞痛60例.光明中医,2006,21(6):62-63.
    77.冯晓纯.益气活血化瘀法治疗冠心病稳定型心绞痛71例临床观察.吉林中医药,2006,26(5):26.
    78.陶玉华,顾晓侠,刘书林.益气滋肾温阳化瘀治疗冠心病32例.辽宁中医药大学学报,2006,8(5):
    79.周健.益气通脉汤为主治疗冠心病心绞痛58例临床观察.湖南中医药导报,2003,9(5):18-19.
    80.王敏,张志玲,宋辉.益气通脉汤治疗冠心病心绞痛38例.中国民间疗法,2003,11(6):41-42.
    81.于庆春,曲利玲,仇永全.中药治疗冠心病心绞痛48例疗效观察.中国初级卫生保健,2003,17(8):93.
    82.尹新中,贾英杰,李艳梅,等.滋阴益气补肾法辨证治疗冠心病心绞痛48例.辽宁中医杂志,2001,28(8):477.
    83.王宇光.逐瘀通脉汤治疗胸痹心痛80例.中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(3):63-64.
    84.白建忠,梅燕,邓华亮.益通复心汤治疗冠心病心绞痛50例.医学文选,2000,19(2):204-205.
    85.卫建立.益心活血汤联合生脉注射液治疗冠心病心绞痛60例.山西中医,2003,19(5):14-15.
    86.张玉焕.当归四逆汤和瓜蒌薤白白酒汤联合心脑康治疗冠心病疗效观察.光明中医,2003,18(5):29-30.
    87.何红涛.补心通脉汤治疗冠心病心绞痛临床疗效观察.四川中医,2004,22(7):35-36.
    88.汪建国.补阳还五汤加减治疗冠心病心绞痛60例疗效观察.实用中医内科杂志,2006,20(2):167-168.
    89.赵丽敏.补阳还五汤加减治疗冠心病心绞痛48例.中医研究,2004,17(3):38.
    90.陈松云,张光霞.双解泻心汤治疗老年冠心病心绞痛30例临床观察.安徽中医临床杂志,2002,14(1):7-9.
    91.卢艳翠,于芝伟.桃红四物汤加减治疗冠心病心绞痛35例.中国实用乡村医生杂志,2004,11(1):34.
    92.巴经辉.田参芪汤治疗冠心病心绞痛60例临床观察.天津中医,2002,19(4):63.
    93.胡维来.通脉汤治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效观察.河南中医,2002,22(5):31-32.
    94.陈邦一,樊兆红.养心疏肝汤治疗冠心病心绞痛160例.实用中西医结合杂志,1997,10(15):1479-1480.
    95.王民选,竭亚萍.养心通脉汤治疗冠心病200例.陕西中医,2002,23(9):828-829.
    96.金陵.益气活血化浊法治疗冠心病心绞痛46例.实用中医内科杂志,2003,17(6):508-509.
    97.陈晓序.益气活血汤治疗心绞痛186例.陕西中医.2001,22(10):603.
    98.景德全,刘歌.冠心合剂治疗冠心病临床疗效观察.河南预防医学杂志,2004,15(5):316.
    99.冯大干.复冠汤治疗心绞痛55例.辽宁中医杂志,2003,30(10):821-822.
    100.郑秋英.养心解郁疏肝汤治疗冠心病心绞痛40例.福建中医药,2004,35(4):8-10.
    101.夏仪莹,张崇泉.血府逐瘀汤加减治疗冠心病心绞痛35例临床观察.中医药导报,2006,12(6):8-10.
    102.陈国新.血府逐瘀汤化裁治疗冠心病30例.陕西中医,2004,25(7):580-581.
    103.张映梅,邓耀波.归脾汤加减治疗冠心病心绞痛56例.云南中医中药杂志,2001,22(3):14-15.
    104.卢建政,指导:柴润芳.活心汤治疗冠心病心绞痛60例.陕西中医,2004,25(2):104-105.
    105.江海,蒋赛金.加味温胆汤治疗冠心病劳累性心绞痛30例小结.湖南中医药导报,2004,10(7):6-7.
    106.张志强,朱文宗.加味瓜蒌薤白半夏汤治疗冠心病心绞痛60例.浙江中西医结合杂志,2003,13(4):246-247.
    107.刘日红.加味生脉饮治疗冠心病心绞痛47例临床观察.中医药导报,2006,12(1):28-29.
    108.潘志学.宽心汤治疗心血瘀阻型冠心病心绞痛40例.中国中医药科技,2001,8(2):126.
    109.吴杰娜,刘增云.宽胸通痹汤治疗冠心病心绞痛60例.陕西中医,2001,22(8):452.
    110.张治祥,杨磊.温阳振心汤治疗冠心病卧位型心绞痛30例.陕西中医,2004,25(7):579-580.
    111.赵福学,赵芳,赵鹏.益心汤治疗冠心病心绞痛366例.河南中医药学刊,2002,17(3):53-54.
    112.马洁.通瘀煎加味治疗冠心病心绞痛89例临床观察.四川中医,2004,22(2):58.
    113.董德保.祛瘀化痰汤治疗冠心病心绞痛52例.湖北中医杂志,2004,26(4):43.
    114.谭利华.生脉汤加减配合西药治疗冠心病临床分析.辽宁中医学院学报,2006,8(3):82.
    115.朱鹏程,龙云,指导:程丑夫.生脉陷胸汤加味治疗劳累性心绞痛40例临床观察.湖南中医药导报,2004,10(5):13-14.

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