细水雾喷射系统及灭火机理研究
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摘要
自1987年蒙特利尔公约签署以来，世界各国广泛开展了寻求哈龙系列灭火剂替代品的研究工作。在众多的替代技术中，细水雾灭火技术越来越受到人们的重视，其特点是：无环境污染、不损耗臭氧、无温室效应、灭火迅速、耗水量低、对失火对象破坏性小以及对人员安全，目前已成为国际火灾科学前沿研究的热点之一。
为了研究细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的机理及其灭火效果，设计、搭建了一套细水雾喷射系统实验平台。并在此实验平台上开展了细水雾抑制熄灭单木块和木垛火焰的小尺度模拟实验研究。利用热电偶测温系统、数码摄像机等仪器测量了细水雾作用前后燃烧场与木材温度场的变化特征。结果表明：木材预燃时间、细水雾作用时间、雾通量等参数对灭火过程有显著影响。细水雾抑制熄灭木块火焰的主要机理是燃料表面冷却效应。在实验基础上，从传热学的角度建立了木块内部温度场的简化模型，数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。
The use of water mist (very fine water sprays) for fire suppression is currently receiving increased attention as a replacement technology for halogen-based chemical agents - such as Halon 1301 (CH3Br) the manufacturing of which has been banned by the Montreal Protocol due to their high ozone depletion potential. Water mist technology has been found more advantages such as not contaminating the environment, not destroy the ozone layer, not bring green house effect, fast extinguish, low water consumption, and be safe to the man and other protected objects, it has been received considerable attentions among international fire science research. This article belongs to the field of the science of fire, and is supported by the science fund of Jiang-Su province. According to the objects and requests of the project, an experimental system of water mist was set up. A series of pilot experiment for observing the interaction of water mist with wood fire was conducted. Thermocouples and digital video were used to measu
red the characteristic parameters of the burning area and the temperature of the mood. Experiments indicated that the pre-buming time, the interaction time, and the flux of mist significantly affected the course of extinguishment. The main mechanism of extinguishment was the surface cooling effect. A simplified theoretical model for the change of the interior of the wood was developed based on heat transfer theory, and the calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental results.
为了研究细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的机理及其灭火效果，设计、搭建了一套细水雾喷射系统实验平台。并在此实验平台上开展了细水雾抑制熄灭单木块和木垛火焰的小尺度模拟实验研究。利用热电偶测温系统、数码摄像机等仪器测量了细水雾作用前后燃烧场与木材温度场的变化特征。结果表明：木材预燃时间、细水雾作用时间、雾通量等参数对灭火过程有显著影响。细水雾抑制熄灭木块火焰的主要机理是燃料表面冷却效应。在实验基础上，从传热学的角度建立了木块内部温度场的简化模型，数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。
The use of water mist (very fine water sprays) for fire suppression is currently receiving increased attention as a replacement technology for halogen-based chemical agents - such as Halon 1301 (CH3Br) the manufacturing of which has been banned by the Montreal Protocol due to their high ozone depletion potential. Water mist technology has been found more advantages such as not contaminating the environment, not destroy the ozone layer, not bring green house effect, fast extinguish, low water consumption, and be safe to the man and other protected objects, it has been received considerable attentions among international fire science research. This article belongs to the field of the science of fire, and is supported by the science fund of Jiang-Su province. According to the objects and requests of the project, an experimental system of water mist was set up. A series of pilot experiment for observing the interaction of water mist with wood fire was conducted. Thermocouples and digital video were used to measu
red the characteristic parameters of the burning area and the temperature of the mood. Experiments indicated that the pre-buming time, the interaction time, and the flux of mist significantly affected the course of extinguishment. The main mechanism of extinguishment was the surface cooling effect. A simplified theoretical model for the change of the interior of the wood was developed based on heat transfer theory, and the calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental results.
引文
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2 威廉斯F A．燃烧理论．北京：科学出版社，1976
3 谢象春．湍流射流理论与计算．北京：科学出版社，1975
4 Grosshandler W, et al, Protection of data processing equipment with fine water sprays[R]. Research Report No. 5514, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, USA, 1994
5 Downie Bruce Polymeropoulos Constantine and Gogos George. Interaction of a Water Mist with a buoyant methane diffusion Flame. Fire Safety Journal 24(1995): 359-381
6 Log Torgrim, Cannon-Brooks Peter. 'Water Mist' for fire protection of historic buildings and museums[J]. Museum management and curatorship, 1995, 14(3): 283～298
7 Bill R G, Hansen R L, Richards K. Fine-Spray (Water Mist) Protection of shipboard Engine Rooms[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1997, 29:317～336
8 Kim M B et al, Burning rate of a pool fire with downward-directed sprays, Fire Safety Journal27, 1996:37-48
9 Ndubizu C C, et al, Water Mist Suppression of Small Pool Flame. Annual Conference of Fire Research. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 1998:109-110
10 Abbud-Madrid A, Riedel E P, and J.T. McKinnon. A Study of Flame Propagation on Water-Mist laden Gas in Microgravity. Center for Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space, Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO 80401
11 Fu Chunming, Paul E Sojka, and Yudaya R Sivathanu. Water Mist Impingement onto a Heated Surface. Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories School of Mechanical Engineering Purduce University. 1999
12 Ndubizu C C, et al, The Effects of Droplet Size and injection Orientation on Water Mist Suppression of Low and High Boiling Point Liquid Pool Fires, Combust Science and Technology, 2000. Vol. 157:63-86
13 龚延风，陈卫．建筑消防技术．北京：科学出版社，2002
14 程远平，李增华，消防工程学．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，2002
15 季俊贤，李锦飞．消防安全系统工程．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1996
16 伍作鹏，李书田．建筑材料火灾特性与防火保护．中国建材工业出版社，1999
17 王清安．城市火灾与燃烧．合肥：中国科学技术大学工程热物理系，1990
18 范维澄，王清安，姜冯辉，周建军．火灾学简明教程．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1995
19 傅维镳，张永廉，王清安．燃烧学．北京：高等教育出版社，1989
20 杨世铭，陶文铨．传热学．北京：高等教育出版社，1998
21 刘江虹．细水雾抑制熄灭固体火焰的模拟实验研究[博士学位论文]．中国科学技术大学，2001
22 崔正心，廖光煊，秦俊，范志航．细水雾抑制障碍物稳定火焰的实验研究．火灾科学．2001，10(3)：174-177
23 丛北华，廖光煊，刘江虹．细水雾抑制熄灭室内火灾的有效性模拟实验研究．火灾科学．2002，11(3)：152-156
24 陶文铨．数值传热学．第2版．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2001
25 张洪济．热传导．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
26 王烽华．卤代烷替代药剂暨灭火系统工程设计手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999年12月
27 范维澄，廖光煊，钟茂华．中国火灾科学的今天和明天[J]．中国安全科学学报．2000，10(1)：11～16
28 高作龙．浅谈细水雾灭火系统．本溪冶金高等专科学校学报．2003，5(4)：40-42
29 NFPA, Stand on Water Mist Fire Protection System, NFPA750 2000 Edition, National Fire Protection Association, 2000
30 Robert M Gagnon, Design of Water - Based Fire Protection System, Delmar Publishers, 1996.
31 武铁木．灭火系统的新成员——细水雾灭火系统．中国档案．2003,5：10-12
32 李莹等．中压单流体细水雾灭火系统在液压站及润滑油库中的应用研究．消防技术与产品信息．2003．4：78-82
33 杨立军，王维，胡泽保，张振鹏．两相流乳化型细水雾喷嘴雾化特性研究．北京航空航天大学学报．2002，8，28(4)：413-416
34 游伯坤，阚家钜，江兆章．温度测量与仪表—热电偶和热电阻．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1990
35 陶文铨．计算传热学的近代进展．北京：科学出版社，2001
36 戴嘉尊，邱建贤．微分方程数值解法．南京：东南大学出版社，2002
37 蔡大用，白峰杉．高等数值分析．北京：清华大学出版社，1997
38 李庆扬，关治，白峰杉．数值计算原理．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
39 蒋长锦．科学计算和C程序集．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1998
40 冯金莉，余永刚，陆春义．细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的小尺度实验研究及简化模型．中国安全科学学报．2004，14(3)：56-59
41 John D Anderson, J R. Computational Fluid Dynamics The Basic with Applications. McGraw-Hill Companies.2002
42 E John Finnemore And Joseph B Franzini. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications (Tenth Edition) McGraw-Hill Companies.2003
43 沈维道，郑佩芝，蒋淡安．工程热力学．北京：高等教育出版社．第二版．1983
44 苏长荪主编．高等工程热力学．北京：高等教育出版社，1987
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