水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的制备及性能研究
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摘要
水性聚氨酯涂料具有无毒、无味、不污染环境、安全环保的特点，正在逐步取代传统的溶剂型涂料，特别是水性双组分聚氨酯涂料，由于具有较高的交联密度，其性能可与溶剂型涂料相媲美，已经引起了人们极大的兴趣。本论文制备了三种用于水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的含羟基组分，即丙烯酸分散体、丙烯酸乳液和有机硅改性丙烯酸乳液，研究了这些分散体和乳液在制备过程中聚合物的羟值、酸值、玻璃化温度、乳化剂、反应温度等对聚合转化率、凝聚物含量、聚合物粘度和粒径的影响，用红外光谱、热重分析、透射电镜和感应偶合等离子技术表征了其结构、组成、形态和热稳定性。然后将其与亲水改性多异氰酸酯配合，制备了水性双组分聚氨酯涂料，研究了上述因素对漆膜性能的影响，通过扫描电镜观察了固化后漆膜表面形态、红外光谱表征了漆膜结构，制得了与传统溶剂性涂料性能相当的水性双组分聚氨酯涂料。此外用原位聚合法制备了纳米SiO_2／苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯复合乳液和无皂丙烯酸乳液，研究了不同SiO_2含量、反应温度等对聚合反应稳定性的影响，测定了所得乳胶粒的粒径，分析了在乳液中SiO_2含量，并进行了在SiO_2存在下乳液聚合反应的动力学研究。所得到的主要结论如下：
1．为了制备能作为水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的羟基组分，首次全面系统地研究了含羟基丙烯酸树脂水溶解规律，制得了丙烯酸树脂分散体，发现含羟基丙烯酸树脂用水溶解时，具有与不含羟基丙烯酸树脂略为不同的溶解行为，不存在初始的粘度下降过程，溶解时出现粘度峰值后，粘度急剧下降。羟值越大，初始粘度越低，而最终粘度越高。含羟基丙烯酸树脂的水溶性规律为：树脂的酸值、羟值、中和度增加，树脂的水溶性增加；玻璃化温度升高，外观水溶性基本相同，但浊度明显升高，粘度和固体含量呈升高趋势。
2．为了制备能作为水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的羟基组分，首次研究了高羟基含量丙烯酸乳液的制备过程。在含较高亲水单体(如甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)的乳液聚合体系中，难以制得稳定的预乳化液，不能采用工业生产中常用的预乳化工艺，而只能采用混合单体直接滴加的方法；由于单体混合物的亲水亲油值较高，用阴
摘要
离子型乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)和非离子型乳化剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(oP)
混合，用量为单体总量的3%，且比例在6:4时，乳液聚合时具有最低的凝聚物
含量和最高的单体转化率;乳液聚合反应温度升高，可以提高单体转化率，增加
反应速度，但凝聚率相应提高;随着经基单体含量的增加，聚合过程中凝聚率增
加，聚合物乳胶粒平均直径增加;梭基单体有一个最佳的用量(2.6%)，过高或
过低凝聚率均提高;梭基含量对乳液的粘度有较大的影响，当梭基含量较低时，
梭基含量增加，乳液粘度增加明显;含经基乳液粒子由于含亲水基团较多，使
得乳胶粒径增大，乳胶粒子大多数互相凝聚在一起，‘处于凝聚态。
3.为了改进作为水性双组分聚氨醋涂料的轻基组分的丙烯酸乳液的性能，
首次使用含双键的有机硅单体来改性含轻基丙烯酸乳液，使之与丙烯酸单体混合
物共聚。采用正交实验方法，通过对有机硅改性丙烯酸乳液聚合过程中凝聚物含
量、乳液粘度影响的研究，确定的最佳的反应条件是:以SLS/OP为乳化剂、比
例为4/6、用量为2%、丙烯酸单体的用量1.5%、反应温度为75℃、改性剂Vt叭S
用量是1.5%、改性剂后加入方式下聚合反应过程中有最低的凝聚物含量。有机
硅改性丙烯酸乳液轻值增加时，乳液聚合过程中产生的凝聚物降低，乳液的粘度
增加。固体含量增加，聚合过程中产生的凝聚物迅速增加，难以制得固体含童较
高的乳液。ICP技术发现乳液中510:的理论值与实测值较为吻合，说明有机硅单
体全部参加了反应。较高有机硅单体改性的丙烯酸乳液聚合物具有较高的分解温
度，改性后乳液的粒径比未改性时小。
4.无皂乳液具有单分散性好、表面洁净、成本低廉、不影响产品性能的特
点，首次研究了含或不含纳米粒子的含经基和梭基的丙烯酸无皂乳液聚合，发现
含或不含纳米粒子的无皂乳液聚合后的粒子粒径较大，具有单分散性;较多的纳
米粒子导致较大的乳液粒径;反应温度升高，凝聚物含量下降，而乳液粘度和乳
胶粒粒径增加，在相同的反应温度下，纳米粒子降低了聚合过程中的凝聚物含量，
增加了乳液聚合物的粘度和粒径;不论纳米粒子是否存在，当无皂乳液核组成中
亲水单体AA和HEMA用量增加时，乳胶粒粒径均减少。
5.将制得的丙烯酸分散体与亲水改性多异氰酸酷组分配制水性双组分聚氨
酷涂料，发现漆膜表干和实干比较快，干燥时间随玻璃化温度升高而缩短，随酸
值的增加而增加;附着力、柔韧性和冲击强度比较好;光泽随分散体羚值、酸值
张发爱博士论文:水性双组分聚氛醋涂料的制备和性能研究
的增加和玻璃化温度升高而降低;硬度随玻璃化温度升高而升高:较高的酸值使
涂料的耐化学品性和耐水性较差，轻值在100 mgKOH/g时较好，而酸值应尽可
能低。丙烯酸分散体和亲水的多异氰酸酷没有进行有效的化学交联反应。
6.将制得的含轻基丙烯酸乳液与亲水改性多异氰酸酷组分配制水性双组分
聚氨醋
Waterborne polyurethane paints possess innoxious, odorless, no-harm to the environment and safe characteristic, and now are replacing traditional solvent-based paint. Two-component waterborne polyurethane paint which has almost sane properties with solvent-based paint, has attracted much interest in the world. In this paper, three kinds of hydroxyl component are prepared for two-component waterborne polyurethane paint, that is, acrylic dispersion, acrylic emulsion and silicone-modified acrylic emulsion. The influence of the composites of these dispersion and emulsions on polymerization process, viscosity, particle size and coagulum are investigated, infrared spectroscopy (IR), inductance coupling plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) are used to characterized their structure, composite, morphology and thermal stability, respectively. Combined with hydrophilically-modified polyisocyanate at proper NCO/OH ratio, two-component waterborne polyurethane paints are
prepared from these dispersion and emulsions, the film properties of these paints are studied from varying their composites and ratio, surface morphology and molecular structure of these films are observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, nano-scale SiO2 particle is as seed, styrene-acrylate-acrylic acid emulsion polymerization and soapless acrylic emulsion are studied from varying the level of SiO2 particle and reaction temperature, particle size of these emulsions are determined and SiO2 content of participating polymerization is also determined. Kinetic study is carried out in the presence of nano-scale SiO2 particle. From these experiments we may come into these conclusions:
(1). When the acrylic resin containing hydroxyl groups is dissolved in water, its behavior has some difference with same resin without hydroxyl groups, that viscosity decrease in early dissolve stage does not exist, when water is added further, there is a
increase peak in viscosity and then decreased sharply. The more hydroxyl-group, the lower in early viscosity, and the higher in final viscosity. An increase in acid value, hydroxyl value and neutralization degree lead to increase in water-solubility.
(2). In emulsion polymerization system with more level of hydrophilic monomer, such as hydroxylethyl methacrylate, it is difficult to obtain stable pre-emulsification mixture, so the monomer mixture has to be added directly. Because of its high hydrophilelipophile balance (HLB), emulsifier with more HLB is needed. When the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and p-octyl polyethylene glycol phenyl ether (OP) is used and its level in 3% and 6:4 ratio, the polymerization process has the lowest coagulum and the highest monomer conversion. Higher reaction temperature and more level hydroxyl value lead to more coagulum, the latter also lead to larger particle size. The acid value has larger influence on viscosity and coagulum, there exist a best range. The emulsion particle size is larger for its hydrophilicity, most of its particles are connected together.
(3). Optimum reaction condition for silicon-modified acrylic emulsion is determined from matrix experiment according to coagulum, the results are as follows: SLS/OP as mixed emulsifiers, its level at 2% with ratio 4/6, the level of acrylic acid and vinyl trimethoxyl silicane(VTMS) is all 1.5%, and VTMS is added in late stage of polymerization, in this situation the system has the lowest coagulum. When the hydroxyl value of such polymer increases, the coagulum decreases; and solid content of such polymer increases, the coagulum increases greatly, so it is difficult to get higher solid content emulsion. ICP results indicate that almost all of VTMS participated the polymerization. The particle size of silicon-modified acrylic emulsion is smaller than that unmodified emulsion. More level of VTMS increases the thermal temperature of such polymer.
(4). The particle size of emulsifier-free emulsion is larger than the emulsion with emulsifier, and has
1．为了制备能作为水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的羟基组分，首次全面系统地研究了含羟基丙烯酸树脂水溶解规律，制得了丙烯酸树脂分散体，发现含羟基丙烯酸树脂用水溶解时，具有与不含羟基丙烯酸树脂略为不同的溶解行为，不存在初始的粘度下降过程，溶解时出现粘度峰值后，粘度急剧下降。羟值越大，初始粘度越低，而最终粘度越高。含羟基丙烯酸树脂的水溶性规律为：树脂的酸值、羟值、中和度增加，树脂的水溶性增加；玻璃化温度升高，外观水溶性基本相同，但浊度明显升高，粘度和固体含量呈升高趋势。
2．为了制备能作为水性双组分聚氨酯涂料的羟基组分，首次研究了高羟基含量丙烯酸乳液的制备过程。在含较高亲水单体(如甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)的乳液聚合体系中，难以制得稳定的预乳化液，不能采用工业生产中常用的预乳化工艺，而只能采用混合单体直接滴加的方法；由于单体混合物的亲水亲油值较高，用阴
摘要
离子型乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)和非离子型乳化剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(oP)
混合，用量为单体总量的3%，且比例在6:4时，乳液聚合时具有最低的凝聚物
含量和最高的单体转化率;乳液聚合反应温度升高，可以提高单体转化率，增加
反应速度，但凝聚率相应提高;随着经基单体含量的增加，聚合过程中凝聚率增
加，聚合物乳胶粒平均直径增加;梭基单体有一个最佳的用量(2.6%)，过高或
过低凝聚率均提高;梭基含量对乳液的粘度有较大的影响，当梭基含量较低时，
梭基含量增加，乳液粘度增加明显;含经基乳液粒子由于含亲水基团较多，使
得乳胶粒径增大，乳胶粒子大多数互相凝聚在一起，‘处于凝聚态。
3.为了改进作为水性双组分聚氨醋涂料的轻基组分的丙烯酸乳液的性能，
首次使用含双键的有机硅单体来改性含轻基丙烯酸乳液，使之与丙烯酸单体混合
物共聚。采用正交实验方法，通过对有机硅改性丙烯酸乳液聚合过程中凝聚物含
量、乳液粘度影响的研究，确定的最佳的反应条件是:以SLS/OP为乳化剂、比
例为4/6、用量为2%、丙烯酸单体的用量1.5%、反应温度为75℃、改性剂Vt叭S
用量是1.5%、改性剂后加入方式下聚合反应过程中有最低的凝聚物含量。有机
硅改性丙烯酸乳液轻值增加时，乳液聚合过程中产生的凝聚物降低，乳液的粘度
增加。固体含量增加，聚合过程中产生的凝聚物迅速增加，难以制得固体含童较
高的乳液。ICP技术发现乳液中510:的理论值与实测值较为吻合，说明有机硅单
体全部参加了反应。较高有机硅单体改性的丙烯酸乳液聚合物具有较高的分解温
度，改性后乳液的粒径比未改性时小。
4.无皂乳液具有单分散性好、表面洁净、成本低廉、不影响产品性能的特
点，首次研究了含或不含纳米粒子的含经基和梭基的丙烯酸无皂乳液聚合，发现
含或不含纳米粒子的无皂乳液聚合后的粒子粒径较大，具有单分散性;较多的纳
米粒子导致较大的乳液粒径;反应温度升高，凝聚物含量下降，而乳液粘度和乳
胶粒粒径增加，在相同的反应温度下，纳米粒子降低了聚合过程中的凝聚物含量，
增加了乳液聚合物的粘度和粒径;不论纳米粒子是否存在，当无皂乳液核组成中
亲水单体AA和HEMA用量增加时，乳胶粒粒径均减少。
5.将制得的丙烯酸分散体与亲水改性多异氰酸酷组分配制水性双组分聚氨
酷涂料，发现漆膜表干和实干比较快，干燥时间随玻璃化温度升高而缩短，随酸
值的增加而增加;附着力、柔韧性和冲击强度比较好;光泽随分散体羚值、酸值
张发爱博士论文:水性双组分聚氛醋涂料的制备和性能研究
的增加和玻璃化温度升高而降低;硬度随玻璃化温度升高而升高:较高的酸值使
涂料的耐化学品性和耐水性较差，轻值在100 mgKOH/g时较好，而酸值应尽可
能低。丙烯酸分散体和亲水的多异氰酸酷没有进行有效的化学交联反应。
6.将制得的含轻基丙烯酸乳液与亲水改性多异氰酸酷组分配制水性双组分
聚氨醋
Waterborne polyurethane paints possess innoxious, odorless, no-harm to the environment and safe characteristic, and now are replacing traditional solvent-based paint. Two-component waterborne polyurethane paint which has almost sane properties with solvent-based paint, has attracted much interest in the world. In this paper, three kinds of hydroxyl component are prepared for two-component waterborne polyurethane paint, that is, acrylic dispersion, acrylic emulsion and silicone-modified acrylic emulsion. The influence of the composites of these dispersion and emulsions on polymerization process, viscosity, particle size and coagulum are investigated, infrared spectroscopy (IR), inductance coupling plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) are used to characterized their structure, composite, morphology and thermal stability, respectively. Combined with hydrophilically-modified polyisocyanate at proper NCO/OH ratio, two-component waterborne polyurethane paints are
prepared from these dispersion and emulsions, the film properties of these paints are studied from varying their composites and ratio, surface morphology and molecular structure of these films are observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, nano-scale SiO2 particle is as seed, styrene-acrylate-acrylic acid emulsion polymerization and soapless acrylic emulsion are studied from varying the level of SiO2 particle and reaction temperature, particle size of these emulsions are determined and SiO2 content of participating polymerization is also determined. Kinetic study is carried out in the presence of nano-scale SiO2 particle. From these experiments we may come into these conclusions:
(1). When the acrylic resin containing hydroxyl groups is dissolved in water, its behavior has some difference with same resin without hydroxyl groups, that viscosity decrease in early dissolve stage does not exist, when water is added further, there is a
increase peak in viscosity and then decreased sharply. The more hydroxyl-group, the lower in early viscosity, and the higher in final viscosity. An increase in acid value, hydroxyl value and neutralization degree lead to increase in water-solubility.
(2). In emulsion polymerization system with more level of hydrophilic monomer, such as hydroxylethyl methacrylate, it is difficult to obtain stable pre-emulsification mixture, so the monomer mixture has to be added directly. Because of its high hydrophilelipophile balance (HLB), emulsifier with more HLB is needed. When the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and p-octyl polyethylene glycol phenyl ether (OP) is used and its level in 3% and 6:4 ratio, the polymerization process has the lowest coagulum and the highest monomer conversion. Higher reaction temperature and more level hydroxyl value lead to more coagulum, the latter also lead to larger particle size. The acid value has larger influence on viscosity and coagulum, there exist a best range. The emulsion particle size is larger for its hydrophilicity, most of its particles are connected together.
(3). Optimum reaction condition for silicon-modified acrylic emulsion is determined from matrix experiment according to coagulum, the results are as follows: SLS/OP as mixed emulsifiers, its level at 2% with ratio 4/6, the level of acrylic acid and vinyl trimethoxyl silicane(VTMS) is all 1.5%, and VTMS is added in late stage of polymerization, in this situation the system has the lowest coagulum. When the hydroxyl value of such polymer increases, the coagulum decreases; and solid content of such polymer increases, the coagulum increases greatly, so it is difficult to get higher solid content emulsion. ICP results indicate that almost all of VTMS participated the polymerization. The particle size of silicon-modified acrylic emulsion is smaller than that unmodified emulsion. More level of VTMS increases the thermal temperature of such polymer.
(4). The particle size of emulsifier-free emulsion is larger than the emulsion with emulsifier, and has
引文
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