Root ZX和Propex两种根管长度测量仪测量准确性研究
摘要
目的:以离体牙为研究对象,研究根管干燥时、使用冲洗液冲洗时、根尖孔直径不同时,Root ZX和Propex两种根管长度测量仪的测量准确性。
方法:实验一:选取30颗新鲜拔除的下颌单根管前磨牙,将15﹟K锉插入根管,以锉尖与解剖性根尖孔平齐为标准,测量根管实际长度(L)后,将牙齿置于体外根管长度测量模型中,在根管干燥状态和使用不同冲洗液(3% H2O2、0.9% NaCl、2.5% NaClO)使根管浸润情况下,用根管长度测量仪Root ZX和Propex测量根管长度,得到工作长度LR(使用Root ZX测量值)和L_P(使用Propex测量值),再将上述样本沿牙根纵轴方向,用金刚砂车针磨至显露根尖狭窄,测量根尖狭窄至解剖根尖孔的距离(D),计算L与D的差值得到根管实际工作长度。比较根管实际工作长度与使用根管长度测量仪测得的根管工作长度的差值,并进行统计学分析。
实验二:40颗离体下颌单根管前磨牙随机分成A、B、C、D四组,每组10颗,分别用40﹟、60﹟、80﹟、100﹟K型不锈钢根管锉进行根管预备,以获得不同根尖孔直径的根管(直径分别为0.4 mm、0.6 mm、0.8 mm、1.0 mm),同实验一,A、B、C、D四组分别用40﹟、60﹟、80﹟、100﹟K锉插入根管,测得根管实际长度,再将实验牙置于体外根管长度测量模型中,用根管长度测量仪Root ZX和Propex,分别用15﹟和与各组根管直径相匹配的锉进行测量,计算根管实际长度与电测法测得的根管长度的差值,并进行统计学分析。
结果:根管干燥状态及使用不同冲洗液(3% H2O2、0.9% NaCl、2.5% NaClO)使根管浸润状态,对Root ZX和Propex测量准确性无显著性影响(p>0.05);同一根管状态下Root ZX和Propex测量偏差有统计学差异(p<0.05);不同根尖孔直径时,Root ZX和Propex的测量偏差均有统计学差异(p<0.05);当用小号根管锉测量或用与根管相适应的大号根管锉测量时,Root ZX和Propex的测量偏差均有统计学差异(p<0.05);同一状态下Root ZX和Propex的准确率无统计学差异(p>0.05)。
结论:1、根管干燥时和根管内使用同一种冲洗液时,Propex测定工作长度的测量偏差小于Root ZX的测量偏差,但两者的测量准确性无差异;2、根尖孔直径和根管锉的大小均对Root ZX和Propex的测量准确性有影响,根尖孔直径越大并且根管锉越小时,测量偏差越大,而使用与根管相匹配的根管锉进行工作长度的测量时,测量偏差小。
Objective: With the teeth in vitro as research objects, some factors which may have influence on the measurement accuracy of Propex and Root ZX would be studied, including completely dry root canal, irrigate liquids and the size of the apical foramen, besides, the comparative study on the measurement accuracy of the two devices would also be brought into the research scope.
Methods: Experiment 1: Thirty teeth in vitro were implanted into the model in vitro and then measured orderly by Root ZX (A) and Propex (B), both of which were operated according to their own instructions. The working length of root canal (LR or LP) was obtained by EAL (Electronic apical locator) when the root canals were filled with different irrigate fluids, including completely dry, 3% H2O2, 0.9% NaCl and 2.5% NaClO. For the teeth which have been measured, the micro-observation of root apex was done and then the actual working length of root canal (LW=L-D) was obtained by means of software calculation. Finally, the difference value between LW and LR/LP was calculated, and the statistical analysis for the difference value was done. Experiment 2: The 40 teeth in vitro were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C, D) with 10 in each group. To get the ones with different diameter (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm), the root canal were pretreated orderly by different size K file ( type 15~40、type 15~60、type 15~80、type 15~100). Under microscope, for the four groups (A, B, C, D), different type K files (type 40, type 60, type 80, type 100) were respectively used to measure the actual length of the root canal (L). And then the teeth in vitro were implanted into the model in vitro and then measured orderly by Root ZX (A) and Propex (B), both of which were operated according to their own instructions. And the length of root canal (L_(R0) or L_(P0)) was obtained by EAL. Finally, the difference value between L and L_(R0)/L_(P0) was calculated, and the statistical analysis for the difference value was done. Results: The results showed that the measuring deviations of Root ZX
and Propex had no statistical significance (p>0.05) when the root canals were filled with different irrigate fluids, including completely dry, 3% H2O2, 0.9% NaCl and 2.5% NaClO. But the measuring deviation between Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05) when the same root canal was measured. Meanwhile, the measuring deviation of Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05) when the size of apical foramen was different. Regardless of using the small-sized files or using the large-sized files which corresponding to root canals, the measuring deviations of Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05). And the accuracy of Root ZX and Propex had no statistical difference (p>0.05).
Conclusions: 1. When the root canals were completely dry or filled with the same irrigate fluid, the measuring deviation of Propex was smaller than that of Root ZX, but the differences between them had no statistical significance. 2. The size of apical foramen and the size of file could affect the accuracy of Root ZX and Propex, respectively. The bigger the size of apical foramen and the smaller the size of file, the greater the deviation. So files which corresponding to root canals should be recommended to the clinical application, when measuring the working length of root canals.
方法:实验一:选取30颗新鲜拔除的下颌单根管前磨牙,将15﹟K锉插入根管,以锉尖与解剖性根尖孔平齐为标准,测量根管实际长度(L)后,将牙齿置于体外根管长度测量模型中,在根管干燥状态和使用不同冲洗液(3% H2O2、0.9% NaCl、2.5% NaClO)使根管浸润情况下,用根管长度测量仪Root ZX和Propex测量根管长度,得到工作长度LR(使用Root ZX测量值)和L_P(使用Propex测量值),再将上述样本沿牙根纵轴方向,用金刚砂车针磨至显露根尖狭窄,测量根尖狭窄至解剖根尖孔的距离(D),计算L与D的差值得到根管实际工作长度。比较根管实际工作长度与使用根管长度测量仪测得的根管工作长度的差值,并进行统计学分析。
实验二:40颗离体下颌单根管前磨牙随机分成A、B、C、D四组,每组10颗,分别用40﹟、60﹟、80﹟、100﹟K型不锈钢根管锉进行根管预备,以获得不同根尖孔直径的根管(直径分别为0.4 mm、0.6 mm、0.8 mm、1.0 mm),同实验一,A、B、C、D四组分别用40﹟、60﹟、80﹟、100﹟K锉插入根管,测得根管实际长度,再将实验牙置于体外根管长度测量模型中,用根管长度测量仪Root ZX和Propex,分别用15﹟和与各组根管直径相匹配的锉进行测量,计算根管实际长度与电测法测得的根管长度的差值,并进行统计学分析。
结果:根管干燥状态及使用不同冲洗液(3% H2O2、0.9% NaCl、2.5% NaClO)使根管浸润状态,对Root ZX和Propex测量准确性无显著性影响(p>0.05);同一根管状态下Root ZX和Propex测量偏差有统计学差异(p<0.05);不同根尖孔直径时,Root ZX和Propex的测量偏差均有统计学差异(p<0.05);当用小号根管锉测量或用与根管相适应的大号根管锉测量时,Root ZX和Propex的测量偏差均有统计学差异(p<0.05);同一状态下Root ZX和Propex的准确率无统计学差异(p>0.05)。
结论:1、根管干燥时和根管内使用同一种冲洗液时,Propex测定工作长度的测量偏差小于Root ZX的测量偏差,但两者的测量准确性无差异;2、根尖孔直径和根管锉的大小均对Root ZX和Propex的测量准确性有影响,根尖孔直径越大并且根管锉越小时,测量偏差越大,而使用与根管相匹配的根管锉进行工作长度的测量时,测量偏差小。
Objective: With the teeth in vitro as research objects, some factors which may have influence on the measurement accuracy of Propex and Root ZX would be studied, including completely dry root canal, irrigate liquids and the size of the apical foramen, besides, the comparative study on the measurement accuracy of the two devices would also be brought into the research scope.
Methods: Experiment 1: Thirty teeth in vitro were implanted into the model in vitro and then measured orderly by Root ZX (A) and Propex (B), both of which were operated according to their own instructions. The working length of root canal (LR or LP) was obtained by EAL (Electronic apical locator) when the root canals were filled with different irrigate fluids, including completely dry, 3% H2O2, 0.9% NaCl and 2.5% NaClO. For the teeth which have been measured, the micro-observation of root apex was done and then the actual working length of root canal (LW=L-D) was obtained by means of software calculation. Finally, the difference value between LW and LR/LP was calculated, and the statistical analysis for the difference value was done. Experiment 2: The 40 teeth in vitro were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C, D) with 10 in each group. To get the ones with different diameter (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm), the root canal were pretreated orderly by different size K file ( type 15~40、type 15~60、type 15~80、type 15~100). Under microscope, for the four groups (A, B, C, D), different type K files (type 40, type 60, type 80, type 100) were respectively used to measure the actual length of the root canal (L). And then the teeth in vitro were implanted into the model in vitro and then measured orderly by Root ZX (A) and Propex (B), both of which were operated according to their own instructions. And the length of root canal (L_(R0) or L_(P0)) was obtained by EAL. Finally, the difference value between L and L_(R0)/L_(P0) was calculated, and the statistical analysis for the difference value was done. Results: The results showed that the measuring deviations of Root ZX
and Propex had no statistical significance (p>0.05) when the root canals were filled with different irrigate fluids, including completely dry, 3% H2O2, 0.9% NaCl and 2.5% NaClO. But the measuring deviation between Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05) when the same root canal was measured. Meanwhile, the measuring deviation of Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05) when the size of apical foramen was different. Regardless of using the small-sized files or using the large-sized files which corresponding to root canals, the measuring deviations of Root ZX and Propex had statistical significance (p<0.05). And the accuracy of Root ZX and Propex had no statistical difference (p>0.05).
Conclusions: 1. When the root canals were completely dry or filled with the same irrigate fluid, the measuring deviation of Propex was smaller than that of Root ZX, but the differences between them had no statistical significance. 2. The size of apical foramen and the size of file could affect the accuracy of Root ZX and Propex, respectively. The bigger the size of apical foramen and the smaller the size of file, the greater the deviation. So files which corresponding to root canals should be recommended to the clinical application, when measuring the working length of root canals.
引文
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9.付少平,范兵,乐进秋. Root ZX根尖定位仪准确性的体外实验研究.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2008 Feb;18(2):80-3
10.程磊,苏勤,黄云霞.根尖孔大小对Root ZX准确性影响的体外研究.华西口腔医学杂志, 2008 Feb;26(1):56-9
11.于飞,马净植,陈卫民. ProPex测量仪对磨牙根管工作长度准确性的临床评价.临床口腔医学杂志, 2008 Jan;24(1):33-4
12.陈岩. Propex根管测量仪测量根管工作长度准确性的临床评价.咸宁学院学报(医学版), 2008 Apr;22(2):142-3
13. Ozsezer E, Inan U, Aydin U. In vivo evaluation of ProPex electronic apex locator. J Endod, 2007 Aug;33(8):974-7. Epub 2007 Jun 22
14. Krajczar K, Marada G, Gyulai G, Toth V. Comparison of radiographic and electronical working length determination on palatal and mesio-buccal root canals of extracted upper molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2008 Aug;106(2):e90-3. Epub 2008 Jun 13
15. Fan W, Fan B, Gutmann JL, Bian Z, Fan MW. Evaluation of the accuracy of three electronic apex locators using glass tubules. Int Endod J, 2006 Feb;39(2):127-35
16. Sunada I. New method for measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent Res, 1962 May;41(5):375-87
17. Chang RC, Rota C, Glover RE, Mason RP, Hong JS. A novel effect of an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, on-the production of reactive oxygenspecies by microglia: a study by electron paramgnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Res, 2000 Jan 31;854(1-2):224-9
18.刘思逸,梅陵宣.根管长度电测法的发展史及现状.国际口腔医学杂志, 2006 Sep;33(5):361-3
19. Ushiyama J. New principle and method for measuring the root canal length. J Endod, 1983 Mar;9(3):97-104
20. McDonald NJ. The electronic determination of working length. Dent Clin North Am, 1992 Apr;36(2):293-307
21. Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1995 Feb;79(2):226-31
22.邓蔓菁,刘鲁川,岳玲,王金川,安建平,陈瑶. Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管长度的准确性评价.口腔医学研究, 2005 Feb;21(1):56-8
23.沙鑫家,朱文忠,孙汉堂. Propex根管测量仪测量磨牙牙齿操作长度准确性的临床评价.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2005 Nov;15(11):621-3
24. Huang L Z. An experimental study of the principle of electronic root canal measurement. J Endod, 1987 Feb;13(2):60-4
25. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Aust Dent J, 2006 Sep;51(3):258-62
26. Ibarrola JL, Chapman BL, Howard JH, Knowles KI, Ludlow MO. Effect of preflaring on Root ZX apex locators. J Endod, 1999 Sep;25(9):625-6
27. Wrbas KT, Ziegle AA, Altenburger MJ, Schirrmeister JF. In vivo comparison of working length determination with two electronic apex locators. Int Endod J, 2007 Feb;40(2):133-8
28. D’Assuncao FL, de Albuquerque DS, de Queiroz Ferreira LC. The ability of two apex locators to locate the apical foramen: an in vitro study. J Endod, 2006 Jun;32(6):560-2. Epub 2006 Apr 4
29. Plotino G, Grande NM, Brigante L, Lesti B, Somma F. Ex vivo accuracy of threeelectronic apex locators: Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and ProPex. Int Endod J, 2006 May;39(5):408-14
30. Haffner C, Folwaczny M, Galler K, Hickel R. Accuracy of electronic apex locators in comparison to actual length-an in vivo study. J Dent, 2005 Sep;33(8): 619-25
31. Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. An evaluation of Root ZX and elements diagnostic apex locators. J Endod, 2005 Jul;31(7):507-9
32.冯秀娟.数字电子根尖定位仪在恒前牙牙齿工作长度测量中的应用.青海医药杂志, 2007 Oct;37(10):42-3
33.胡勇.根管测量仪在测量根管长度中的临床应用.基层医学论坛, 2007 May;11(5):400-1
34. Goldberg F, Marroquin BB, Frajlich S, Dreyer C. In vitro evaluation of the ability of three apex locators to determine the working length during retreatment. J Endod, 2005 Sep;31(9):676-8
35. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. In vitro evaluation of the accuracy of five different electronic apex locators for determining the working length of endodontically retreated teeth. Aust Endod J, 2007 Apr;33(1):7-12
2. Pratten DH, McDonald NJ. Comparison of radiographic and electronic working lengths. J Endod, 1996 Apr;22(4):173-6
3. Chang RC, Rota C, Glover RE, Mason RP, Hong JS. A novel effect of an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, on the production of reactive oxygenspecies by microglia:a study by electron paramgnetic resonance spectroscopy.Brain Res, 2000 Jan 31,854(1-2):224-9.
4.陈学鹏,张加理,郑幼洋.不同介质环境下Root ZX测量准确性的实验研究.实用口腔医学杂志,2004 May;20(3):368-9.
5.陈燕,杨明华,朱敏.不同根管冲洗液对根管长度测定仪测量准确性的影响.口腔材料器械杂志, 2006 May;15(2):67-9.
6. Jenkins JA, Walker WA 3rd, Schindler WG, Flores CM. An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of the Root ZX in the presence of various irrigants. J Endod,2001 Mar,27(3):209-11.
7. Meares WA, Steiman HR. The influence of sodium hypochlorite irrigation on the accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod, 2002 Aug;28(8): 595-8
8. Tinaz AC, Sevimli LS, Gorgul G, Turkoz EG. The effects of sodium hypochlorite concentrations on the accuracy of an apex locating device.J Endod,2002 Mar,28 (3):160-2.
9. Ebrahim AK, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. The effects of file size, sodium hypochlorite and blood on the accuracy of Root ZX apex locator in enlarged root canals: an in vitro study. Aust Dent J, 2006 Jun;51(2):153-7
10.陶波,范伟,范兵. Root ZX测量准确性与根尖孔直径关系的实验研究.临床口腔医学杂志,2004 Dec,20(12):736-7.
11.陶波,范伟,范兵.根尖孔直径对Root ZX和Neosono Ultima EZ测量准确性的影响.临床口腔医学杂志,2005 Sep;21(9):526-7.
12. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Aust Dent J, Sep;52006 1(3):258-62.
13.麦浪,范伟. Root ZX测量准确性与测量电极关系的实验研究.临床口腔医学杂志, 2004 Nov;20(11):678-9.
14. Thomas AS, Hartwell GR, Moon PC. The accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files. J Endod, 2003 Oct;29(10): 662-3.
15.刘虹,李奉华,谢晓莉.副根管对根管长度电测法准确性影响的临床研究.临床口腔医学杂志, 2002 Oct;18(5):354-5.
16.张玉幸,林南雁,张卫红.根管长度电测法准确性的研究.中国医刊,2005 Jul;40(7):39-40.
17.邓蔓菁,刘鲁川,安建平,岳玲,王金川,陈瑶,陈渝斌.牙髓状态对Root ZX根尖电测仪准确性的影响.口腔医学研究, 2005 Dec;21(6):628-30
18. Dunlap CA,Remeikis NA,BeGole EA,Rauschenberger CR.An in vivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method in vital and necrotic canals.J Endod,1998 Jan;24(1):48-50.
19. Ibarrola JL,Chapman BL, Howard JH, Knowles KI, Ludlow MO. Effect of preflaring on Root ZX apex locators.J Endod,1999 Sep;25(9):625-6.
20. Wrbas KT, Ziegle AA, Altenburger MJ, Schirrmeister JF.In vivo comparison of working length determination with two electronic apex locators.Int Endod J,2007 Feb;40(2):133-8.
21. D’Assuncao FL, de Albuquerque DS, de Queiroz Ferreira LC. The ability of two apex locators to locate the apical foramen: an in vitro study.J Endod,2006 Jun;32(6):560-2.Epub 2006 Apr 4.
22. Plotino G, Grande NM, Brigante L, Lesti B, Somma F. Ex vivo accuracy of three electronic apex locators: Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and ProPex. Int Endod J, 2006 May;39(5):408-14
23. Haffner C,Folwaczny M,Galler K,Hickel R.Accuracy of electronic apex locators in comparison to actual length-an in vivo study.J Dent,2005 Sep;33(8): 619-25.
24. Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. An evaluation of Root ZX and elements diagnostic apex locators.J Endod,2005 Jul;31(7):507-9.
25. Shabahang S, Goon WW, Gluskin AH. An in vivo evaluation of Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod, 1996 Nov;22(11):616-8
26.吴卫,曾启新,熊耀环.应用根尖定位仪测定根管工作长度准确性评价.广西医科大学学报,2005 Apr;22(2):240-2.
27.邓蔓菁,刘鲁川,岳玲,王金川,安建平,陈瑶.Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管长度的准确性评价.口腔医学研究,2005 Feb;21(1):56-8.
28.陈惠萍,王茜,王双.Root ZX根尖定位仪测量恒牙工作长度的体内准确性研究.口腔医学研究,2006 Dec;22(6):695-6.
29.吴国英.根管长度电测仪测定后牙根管工作长度的临床研究.临床口腔医学杂志,2005 Dec;21(12):742-3.
30.葛学军,刘晶,李霞,王翔宇,任秀云,罗晓晋,张并生.ROOT ZX根尖定位仪测量老年人后牙工作长度准确性研究.山西职工医学院学报,2006 May;16(2):16-8.
31.戴琳,周杰,卫克文.ROOT ZX根尖定位仪测量老年人后牙牙齿操作长度的应用.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志,2004 Nov;14(11):626-7.
32.张超源,郑幼洋.Root ZX在老年人后牙不同根管条件下的临床应用.中华老年口腔医学杂志,2007 Jan;5(1):37-8.
33.吕健,曹奕.根管测量仪测量老年人根尖周炎磨牙根管工作长度的准确性.齐鲁医学杂志,2006 Aug;21(4):343-4.
34.王世明,张成飞,段成钢,姚丽萍.三种根管长度测量仪测定根尖吸收牙齿工作长度准确性的比较研究.现代口腔医学杂志,2004 Mar;18(2):130-1.
35. Goldberg F,De Silvio AC,Manfre S,Nastri N.In vitro measurement accuracy of an electronic apex locator in teeth with simulated apical root resorption. J Endod, 2002 Jun;28(6):461-3.
36.张平.Root ZX测量仪测定根尖吸收牙齿工作长度的准确性.实用口腔医学杂志,2006 Nov;22(6):796-7.
37. ElAyouti A,Weiger R, Lost C.The ability of ROOT ZX apexlocator to reduce the frequency of overestimated radiographic working length.J Endod,2002 Feb; 28(2): 116-9.
38. Kielbassa AM,Muller U,Munz I, Monting JS.Clinical evaluation of the measuring accuracy of ROOT ZX in primary teeth.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,2003 Jan;95(1):94-100.
39.方晓,王锋君. Root ZX根管长测定器在根管治疗中的疗效评价.临床口腔医学杂志, 2005 Jun;21(6):362-3
40.张玉娟,黄卫东.用Root ZX避免根管超充的临床体会.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2004 Feb;14(2):71-71.
41.毕先燕,周秀萍,邵立强,原凤霞.利用全自动根管长度测定器进行1次性根充的临床观察.黑龙江医学,2002 Sep;26(9):687-8.
42. Goldberg F, Marroquin BB, Frajlich S, Dreyer C. In vitro evaluation of the ability of three apex locators to determine the working length during retreatment. J Endod, 2005 Sep;31(9):676-8.
43. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. Accuracy of three different electronic apexlocators in detecting simulated horizontal and vertical root fractures. Aust Endod J, 2006 Aug;32(2):64-9
44. Kaufman AY, Fuss Z, Keila S, Waxenberg S. Reliability of different electronic apex locators to detect root perforations in vitro. Int Endod J, 1997 Nov;30(6): 403-7
45. ElAyouti A, Kimionis I, Chu AL, Lost C. Determining the apical terminus of root-end resected teeth using three modern apex locators: a comparative ex vivo study. Int Endod J, 2005 Nov;38(11):827-33
46.薛法义,王素杰,孙汉堂,王晓芳.电子根尖定位仪测量根管长度偏差分析.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2005 Jun;15(6):346-7
47.朱习华,董红,龙明生. ROOT ZX根管测量仪测量根管长度的临床分析.北京口腔医学, 2006 Feb;14(1):63-63
48. Saad AY, al-Nazhan S. Radiation dose reduction during endodontic therapy: a new technique combining an apex locator (Root ZX) and a digital imaging system (RadioVisio Graphy). J Endod, 2000 Mar;26(3):144-7
1.樊明文,周学东.牙体牙髓病学(第二版).北京:人民卫生出版社, 2004.
2.陈燕,杨明华,朱敏.不同根管冲洗液对根管长度测定仪测量准确性的影响.口腔材料器械杂志, 2006 May;15(2):67-69
3. Jenkins JA, Walker WA 3rd, Schindler WG, Flores CM. An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of the Root ZX in the presence of various irrigants. J Endod, 2001 Mar;27(3):209-11
4.陈子欢,宁辉辉,杨芳.次氯酸钠冲洗对Root ZX电子根管长度测量仪精确度的影响.临床医学, 2004 Nov;24(11):9-10
5. Meares WA, Steiman HR. The influence of sodium hypochlorite irrigation on the accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod, 2002 Aug;28(8): 595-8
6.张玉幸,林南雁,张卫红.根管长度电测法准确性的研究.中国医刊, 2005 Jul;40(7):39-40
7. Dunlap CA, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA, Rauschenberger CR. An in vivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method in vital and necrotic canals. J Endod, 1998 Jan;24(1):48-50
8.陶波,范伟,范兵. Root ZX测量准确性与根尖孔直径关系的实验研究.临床口腔医学杂志, 2004 Dec;20(12):736-7
9.付少平,范兵,乐进秋. Root ZX根尖定位仪准确性的体外实验研究.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2008 Feb;18(2):80-3
10.程磊,苏勤,黄云霞.根尖孔大小对Root ZX准确性影响的体外研究.华西口腔医学杂志, 2008 Feb;26(1):56-9
11.于飞,马净植,陈卫民. ProPex测量仪对磨牙根管工作长度准确性的临床评价.临床口腔医学杂志, 2008 Jan;24(1):33-4
12.陈岩. Propex根管测量仪测量根管工作长度准确性的临床评价.咸宁学院学报(医学版), 2008 Apr;22(2):142-3
13. Ozsezer E, Inan U, Aydin U. In vivo evaluation of ProPex electronic apex locator. J Endod, 2007 Aug;33(8):974-7. Epub 2007 Jun 22
14. Krajczar K, Marada G, Gyulai G, Toth V. Comparison of radiographic and electronical working length determination on palatal and mesio-buccal root canals of extracted upper molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2008 Aug;106(2):e90-3. Epub 2008 Jun 13
15. Fan W, Fan B, Gutmann JL, Bian Z, Fan MW. Evaluation of the accuracy of three electronic apex locators using glass tubules. Int Endod J, 2006 Feb;39(2):127-35
16. Sunada I. New method for measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent Res, 1962 May;41(5):375-87
17. Chang RC, Rota C, Glover RE, Mason RP, Hong JS. A novel effect of an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, on-the production of reactive oxygenspecies by microglia: a study by electron paramgnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Res, 2000 Jan 31;854(1-2):224-9
18.刘思逸,梅陵宣.根管长度电测法的发展史及现状.国际口腔医学杂志, 2006 Sep;33(5):361-3
19. Ushiyama J. New principle and method for measuring the root canal length. J Endod, 1983 Mar;9(3):97-104
20. McDonald NJ. The electronic determination of working length. Dent Clin North Am, 1992 Apr;36(2):293-307
21. Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1995 Feb;79(2):226-31
22.邓蔓菁,刘鲁川,岳玲,王金川,安建平,陈瑶. Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管长度的准确性评价.口腔医学研究, 2005 Feb;21(1):56-8
23.沙鑫家,朱文忠,孙汉堂. Propex根管测量仪测量磨牙牙齿操作长度准确性的临床评价.牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志, 2005 Nov;15(11):621-3
24. Huang L Z. An experimental study of the principle of electronic root canal measurement. J Endod, 1987 Feb;13(2):60-4
25. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Aust Dent J, 2006 Sep;51(3):258-62
26. Ibarrola JL, Chapman BL, Howard JH, Knowles KI, Ludlow MO. Effect of preflaring on Root ZX apex locators. J Endod, 1999 Sep;25(9):625-6
27. Wrbas KT, Ziegle AA, Altenburger MJ, Schirrmeister JF. In vivo comparison of working length determination with two electronic apex locators. Int Endod J, 2007 Feb;40(2):133-8
28. D’Assuncao FL, de Albuquerque DS, de Queiroz Ferreira LC. The ability of two apex locators to locate the apical foramen: an in vitro study. J Endod, 2006 Jun;32(6):560-2. Epub 2006 Apr 4
29. Plotino G, Grande NM, Brigante L, Lesti B, Somma F. Ex vivo accuracy of threeelectronic apex locators: Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and ProPex. Int Endod J, 2006 May;39(5):408-14
30. Haffner C, Folwaczny M, Galler K, Hickel R. Accuracy of electronic apex locators in comparison to actual length-an in vivo study. J Dent, 2005 Sep;33(8): 619-25
31. Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. An evaluation of Root ZX and elements diagnostic apex locators. J Endod, 2005 Jul;31(7):507-9
32.冯秀娟.数字电子根尖定位仪在恒前牙牙齿工作长度测量中的应用.青海医药杂志, 2007 Oct;37(10):42-3
33.胡勇.根管测量仪在测量根管长度中的临床应用.基层医学论坛, 2007 May;11(5):400-1
34. Goldberg F, Marroquin BB, Frajlich S, Dreyer C. In vitro evaluation of the ability of three apex locators to determine the working length during retreatment. J Endod, 2005 Sep;31(9):676-8
35. Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. In vitro evaluation of the accuracy of five different electronic apex locators for determining the working length of endodontically retreated teeth. Aust Endod J, 2007 Apr;33(1):7-12