外商在华直接投资的区位分布差异性研究
摘要
在经济全球化的浪潮中，国际直接投资和跨国公司充当了主要角色，国际直接投资日益成为当今国际经济合作的主流现象。改革开放以来，外商直接投资以空前的速度在我国发展起来，到目前为止，我国已成为世界上接受外商直接投资最多的国家之一，2002年底我国实际利用外商直接投资527.43亿美元，不仅突破500亿美元大关，并且首次超过美国成为世界引资第一大国。但是在这种总量快速发展的背后也存在着一些结构性的矛盾，其中地区结构失衡由于和我国地区增长格局的密切联系而显得更加突出，因而对我国外商直接投资的区位布局进行调整就显得尤为迫切。
1979年制定的《中华人民共和国合资企业经营企业法》确定了外商直接投资企业在我国的合法地位。到目前为止，我国引进外商直接投资经历了1979—1987年的起步发展、1988—1991年的持续发展、1992—1995年中期的高速发展以及1995年中期以后的稳定增长四个阶段；在这种虽有波动但不断趋于平稳发展的进程当中，外商直接投资在地域上，表现出严重的失衡和倾斜，一直呈现出沿“三大地带”陡然而降的特征，80年代其主要集中于东南沿海地区，进入90年代以后，其总体上出现了沿海(岸)“北上”和沿江“内进”的趋势，进入1993年后，这种扩散的趋势开始减弱，形成了目前特殊的外商直接投资区位分布格局。我国外商直接投资的诸多特征和我国改革开放的时空推进具有高度的关联性。
“区位”一词来源于德语，在德语中为“Sdandort”，译为英语为“Location”，因此其准确的汉语名称应译为“分布的地点或地区”。根据国际直接投资的经济实质和我国接受外商直接投资的区位分布差异状况，对外商直接投资区位分布差异进行理论研究是理论和实践发展的双重需要，也为本文进行实证分析提供了理论分析框架。建立在外商直接投资行为(动机)理论和区位经济理论基础上的外商直接投资区位差异的理论分析，其主要着眼于受资方的角度，有别于邓宁的“国际生产折衷理论”、帕里的“外商直接投资区位理论”，主要从国内一般区域分析出发，从自然、成本、市场、集聚、社会制度、资源配置效率等方面为实证计量因素提供了理论上的依据；对港澳台中小投资者而言，信息的非对称所导致的风险因素是其进行区位选择的理论依据。
本文在建立外商直接投资区位分布差异理论分析框架的基础上，以城市为样
外商在华直接投资的区位分布差异性研究
本单元，应用多元线性回归分析方法对截面数据进行回归，得出区域内的集聚经
济、市场规模、基础设施、经济发展水平和市场化程度的影响作用在不断加强，
而工资则出现了与理论分析所相反的情况，表明外商直接投资较多的地区劳动力
成本己开始上升。定性分析作为实证计量分析的补充，不仅具有方法论上的意义，
而且弥补了由于计量因素的人为选择所带了的局限性。
外商在华直接投资区位分布呈现出明显的不平衡性，其程度超过了我国各地
区之间经济发展的差异，本文从定性分析和定量分析的角度发现，发现这种不平
衡性对地区经济增长格局的影响作用在不断地加大。因此，从其对不同地区之间
经济增长的影响出发，调整和引导外商直接投资区位分布格局是我国实行区域均
衡发展战略的关键所在。而经济全球化所要求的外资政策自由化及由其带来的外
资政策趋同是大势所趋，也是我国作为WTO成员的客观要求。我国参与国际分工
的格局随着跨国公司的全球战略正在悄然发生改变，决定国际直接投资的因素和
以往比较也出现了新变化。笔者主要以前述理论和实证分析的结果为依据，在新
的国际环境背景下，提出一些可资借鉴的对策性建议。
In the wave tide of international economic, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) becomes the main role with multinational companies. FDI is becoming the main current way that international economy cooperates. Since open-reform FDI has been developing at quick speed in our country. So far, our country has been one of the nations that accept FDI most in the world. But in the back of gross fleet development there also is some constructional antinomy. The region construction is lopsided severely because of the close contact of the region economic structure. As a result the adjustment to the region layout proceed of FDI seems to be urgent particularly.
《The business enterprise method of joint ventures in the People's Republic of China established》 made sure the legal position in our country in 1979.So far our country has experienced four stages: the start development of 1979-1987;the developing of 1988-1991; the super-speed development of 1992-1995 and the stability increases hereafter. Among the steady development of FDI there is motion tend, FDI takes on unbalance on the region. Many characteristics of FDI in our country have the high connection with the characteristics of time-space during open-reform.
According to the economic substance of FDI and the different condition of kinds of regions, theories research is dual demand in theory and in practice. Theory analysis frame is established the behavior and motive of FDI. Established the theories analyze frame of FDI, the city is regarded as the sample unit and the diverse line return is applied to analyze data in the text. As result, gathering-economy, market scale, the level of economy development, foundation facilities and the market degree turn the influence function continuously. But the wage appears contrary with the theories analysis, which means labor force cost has been rising in regions that attract FDI more. The qualitative analysis conducts substantial evidence, which has not only the meaning on the methodology but also making up the localization of the artificial choice of calculating the factor.
FDI in our country presents obvious unbalance in area distributing. The degree exceeds the development of economy at every locality area. With the angle of the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis, the author discovers this kind of unbalance enlarges the influence function of the structure of economy increases at different regions. Therefore, adjusting and guiding the unbalance of FDI in area distributing are important and urgent. On the basis of the substantial evidence the analytic result the author puts forward some suggestion.
1979年制定的《中华人民共和国合资企业经营企业法》确定了外商直接投资企业在我国的合法地位。到目前为止，我国引进外商直接投资经历了1979—1987年的起步发展、1988—1991年的持续发展、1992—1995年中期的高速发展以及1995年中期以后的稳定增长四个阶段；在这种虽有波动但不断趋于平稳发展的进程当中，外商直接投资在地域上，表现出严重的失衡和倾斜，一直呈现出沿“三大地带”陡然而降的特征，80年代其主要集中于东南沿海地区，进入90年代以后，其总体上出现了沿海(岸)“北上”和沿江“内进”的趋势，进入1993年后，这种扩散的趋势开始减弱，形成了目前特殊的外商直接投资区位分布格局。我国外商直接投资的诸多特征和我国改革开放的时空推进具有高度的关联性。
“区位”一词来源于德语，在德语中为“Sdandort”，译为英语为“Location”，因此其准确的汉语名称应译为“分布的地点或地区”。根据国际直接投资的经济实质和我国接受外商直接投资的区位分布差异状况，对外商直接投资区位分布差异进行理论研究是理论和实践发展的双重需要，也为本文进行实证分析提供了理论分析框架。建立在外商直接投资行为(动机)理论和区位经济理论基础上的外商直接投资区位差异的理论分析，其主要着眼于受资方的角度，有别于邓宁的“国际生产折衷理论”、帕里的“外商直接投资区位理论”，主要从国内一般区域分析出发，从自然、成本、市场、集聚、社会制度、资源配置效率等方面为实证计量因素提供了理论上的依据；对港澳台中小投资者而言，信息的非对称所导致的风险因素是其进行区位选择的理论依据。
本文在建立外商直接投资区位分布差异理论分析框架的基础上，以城市为样
外商在华直接投资的区位分布差异性研究
本单元，应用多元线性回归分析方法对截面数据进行回归，得出区域内的集聚经
济、市场规模、基础设施、经济发展水平和市场化程度的影响作用在不断加强，
而工资则出现了与理论分析所相反的情况，表明外商直接投资较多的地区劳动力
成本己开始上升。定性分析作为实证计量分析的补充，不仅具有方法论上的意义，
而且弥补了由于计量因素的人为选择所带了的局限性。
外商在华直接投资区位分布呈现出明显的不平衡性，其程度超过了我国各地
区之间经济发展的差异，本文从定性分析和定量分析的角度发现，发现这种不平
衡性对地区经济增长格局的影响作用在不断地加大。因此，从其对不同地区之间
经济增长的影响出发，调整和引导外商直接投资区位分布格局是我国实行区域均
衡发展战略的关键所在。而经济全球化所要求的外资政策自由化及由其带来的外
资政策趋同是大势所趋，也是我国作为WTO成员的客观要求。我国参与国际分工
的格局随着跨国公司的全球战略正在悄然发生改变，决定国际直接投资的因素和
以往比较也出现了新变化。笔者主要以前述理论和实证分析的结果为依据，在新
的国际环境背景下，提出一些可资借鉴的对策性建议。
In the wave tide of international economic, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) becomes the main role with multinational companies. FDI is becoming the main current way that international economy cooperates. Since open-reform FDI has been developing at quick speed in our country. So far, our country has been one of the nations that accept FDI most in the world. But in the back of gross fleet development there also is some constructional antinomy. The region construction is lopsided severely because of the close contact of the region economic structure. As a result the adjustment to the region layout proceed of FDI seems to be urgent particularly.
《The business enterprise method of joint ventures in the People's Republic of China established》 made sure the legal position in our country in 1979.So far our country has experienced four stages: the start development of 1979-1987;the developing of 1988-1991; the super-speed development of 1992-1995 and the stability increases hereafter. Among the steady development of FDI there is motion tend, FDI takes on unbalance on the region. Many characteristics of FDI in our country have the high connection with the characteristics of time-space during open-reform.
According to the economic substance of FDI and the different condition of kinds of regions, theories research is dual demand in theory and in practice. Theory analysis frame is established the behavior and motive of FDI. Established the theories analyze frame of FDI, the city is regarded as the sample unit and the diverse line return is applied to analyze data in the text. As result, gathering-economy, market scale, the level of economy development, foundation facilities and the market degree turn the influence function continuously. But the wage appears contrary with the theories analysis, which means labor force cost has been rising in regions that attract FDI more. The qualitative analysis conducts substantial evidence, which has not only the meaning on the methodology but also making up the localization of the artificial choice of calculating the factor.
FDI in our country presents obvious unbalance in area distributing. The degree exceeds the development of economy at every locality area. With the angle of the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis, the author discovers this kind of unbalance enlarges the influence function of the structure of economy increases at different regions. Therefore, adjusting and guiding the unbalance of FDI in area distributing are important and urgent. On the basis of the substantial evidence the analytic result the author puts forward some suggestion.
引文
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[3] Aitken, B.,G..Hanson and A.Harrison(1994), Spillovers, Foreign Direct Investment and Export Behavior, Journal of International Ecomomics 43:103-132
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