北方地区7种主要绿化树种对铅镉胁迫的生理生态响应
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摘要
采用盆栽试验研究了在土壤重金属铅镉胁迫下,2年生的栾树(koelreuteria paniculata)、连翘(Forsythia suspense)、紫叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii cv atropurpurea)、迎春(Jasminum nudiflorum)、红瑞木(Cornus alba)不同器官对铅镉的的积累与转移的影响。探讨这五种树种对铅镉的转移能力,分析他们是否是修复重金属铅镉的理想植物,为城市修复土壤重金属树种的选择提供科学依据。
结果表明：栾树、连翘、紫叶小檗、迎春和红瑞木重金属积累量均表现为根>茎>叶的趋势,其体内铅镉重金属含量随着铅镉浓度的增加而增加。5种树种的转移系数,整体上随着浓度的增加转移系数表现为降低的趋势。铅含量表现为栾树>连翘>紫叶小檗>迎春>红瑞木的趋势,镉含量表现为栾树>紫叶小檗>连翘>迎春>红瑞木的趋势。Pb转移系数顺序表现为连翘>栾树>紫叶小檗>迎春>红瑞木；Cd转移系数顺序表现为栾树>连翘>迎春>紫叶小檗>红瑞木。栾树、连翘、紫叶小檗、迎春、红瑞木铅镉临界值分别为500 mg. kg-1和50 mg. kg-1。
以扦插的方式盆栽垂柳(Salix babylonica)为试验材料,分析不同时间不同浓度铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫下,对垂柳生长、生理生化特性和光合作用的影响,旨在分析垂柳对铅镉的抗性大小,对铅镉的积累与分布特征,及其确定种植垂柳的土壤铅镉的临界值。研究结果表明：
1.在铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫条件下,垂柳高生长、根系生长和生物量均受到抑制,浓度愈大抑制作用也越大。铅镉在垂柳各器官含量表现为根>茎>叶,且随着铅镉处理浓度的增加,垂柳各器官含量呈现增加的趋势,且铅镉复合胁迫大于铅镉单一胁迫的影响。与对照相比,高浓度时铅镉含量均达到显著水平。铅镉在垂柳根中的分配系数大于茎叶。铅镉的转移系数小于1,表明垂柳并不是铅镉的超积累植物。垂柳的铅镉临界值分别为500 mg. kg-1和30 mg.kg-1。
2.垂柳叶片相对电导率呈和MDA含量随铅镉处理浓度的增加而增加。当铅镉的浓度分别为750 mg. kg-1和60 mg. kg-1时,与对照相比差异显著。随着处理浓度和处理时间的增加,垂柳叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX酶活性和GSH、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白表现出先增加后降低的趋势,而脯氨酸含量随着浓度的增加呈现增加的趋势。不同月份之间垂柳叶片保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量之间表现出不一致的变化趋势,但总体上,铅镉复合影响大于镉的影响大于铅对垂柳的影响。
3.在铅的胁迫下,垂柳的活性氧的产生速率、相对电导率与MDA关系密切,呈显著正相关。膜伤害指标与POD、APX呈负相关关系,与SOD、CAT、可溶性糖和脯氨酸呈正相关关系。在镉的胁迫下,膜伤害指标与SOD、POD、APX和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与CAT、可溶性糖和脯氨酸呈正相关关系。在铅镉复合胁迫下,膜伤害指标与SOD、POD、CAT、APX和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与可溶性糖呈正相关关系。保护酶与谷胱甘肽、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与可溶性糖呈正相关关系。
4.垂柳在铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫下,垂柳叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在相同的时间内,随着浓度的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,而胞间CO2浓度呈现相反的变化趋势。垂柳光合日变化规律,随着时间的延长,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在11点作用出现单峰峰值,随后又降低,但胞间CO2浓度呈现V型的变化。从不同季节光合作用变化规律来看,垂柳净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率呈现不同的变化趋势。
同时研究了保定市西郊河道公路污染区3年生、5年生和10年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)对Pb、Cd、Cd、Zn、Cr和Ni的吸收、积累、转移和富集能力,旨在分析不同年龄大小毛白杨对重金属的积累和转移能力。研究结果表明：
5.整体上3年生的毛白杨吸收重金属的能力大于5年生和10年生的毛白杨。重金属含量呈现Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni的规律。毛白杨吸收的重金属均表现为叶、根部和树皮较大,枝和树干较小。Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni的转移能力随着年龄的增加而降低。六种重金属的转移系数均大于1,表明毛白杨具有较强的转运Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni的能力。Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的富集系数随着年龄的增加而降低。
Pb and Cd accumulation and transfer in different organs of five two-year species of koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba under heavy metal Pb and Cd stess were studied through water culture experiments. The transfer ability of the koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba species for Pb and Cd were tested and analyzed to make sure whether they are the perfect plants in renovating heavy metal. Thus, scientific references were provided for selecting proper species in urban areas to renovating heavy metals in soil.
Results showed that for koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba species the absorption ability trend of heavy metals was root＞stem＞leaf. Their content of heavy metals Pb and Cd were added but transfer factor of Pb and Cd were reduced with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration. Pb content trend was koelreuteria paniculata＞Forsythia suspense＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba, while the Cd content trend was Forsythia suspense＞koelreuteria paniculata＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba. Transfer factor trend of Pb was koelreuteria paniculata＞Forsythia suspense＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba, while transfer factor trend of Cd was Forsythia suspense＞koelreuteria paniculata＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba. Critical values of Pb, Cd in koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum and Cornus alba were 500 mg·kg-1 and 100 mg·kg-1 respectively.
Effects of single and combined Pb and Cd stress on the growth, Physiological biochemical characteristic and photosynthesis of Salix babylonica in different time were tested with concentration gradients of Pb and Cd added to soil. Pb and Cd resistance, accumulation and distribution of Salix babylonica were analyzed, and critical values of Pb and Cd in soil for planting Salix babylonica were defined. The results were as follows:
1. Height growth, root growth and biomass of Salix babylonica were all rejected under single and combined Pb and Cd stress, and the inhib function was raised with increase of concentration. Content trend of heavy metals in different organs of Salix babylonica was root＞stem＞leaf, and the content raised with increase of concentration. The effects of Pb and Cd combined stress were more significant than those of Pb and Cd single stress. Compared with controls, the content of Pb and Cd with high concentration reached a significant level. The allocation coefficient trend of Pb and Cd in Salix babylonica was root＞stem＞leaf. The transfer factor was less than 1, indicating that Salix babylonica was not over-accumulation plant. The critical value of Pb and Cd for Salix babylonica were 500 mg·kg-1 and 30 mg·kg-1 respectively.
2. Membrane permeability and content of MDA of Salix babylonica leaf were added with increase of Pb and Cd concentration. When the concentration of Pb and Cd were 750 mg·kg-1 and 60 mg·kg-1 respectively, significant differences from the controls appeared. Activity of SOD, POD, CAT, APX and content of GSH, soluble protein, soluble sugar raised at first, but then reduced with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration and time. Yet free praline content increased all the time with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration. The trends of protective enzyme activity and permeate content were different in different months, but in general the effects of Pb and Cd combined stress were stronger than those of Pb and Cd single stress.
3. Under Pb stress, the production rate of superoxide anion radical, Membrane permeability of Salix babylonica were closely related to MDA, and showed significant positive correlation. Membrane permeability index and POD, APX were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with SOD, POD, APX and soluble sugar. Membrane permeability index and SOD, POD, APX and soluble protein were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with CAT, soluble sugar and free praline. Under combined Pb and Cd stress, membrane permeability index and SOD, POD, CAT, APX and soluble protein were negative correlation. Protective enzyme and GSH, free praline, soluble protein were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with soluble sugar.
4. Under Pb and Cd single stress and combined stress, Pn, Tr, Gs in Salix babylonica leaf increased at first and decreased later with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration, but Ci showed opposite trend. Value of Pn, Tr, Gs were highest in 11 at morning in a day, and decreased with time extend. The variation of Ci concentration showed a trend of "V" form. Variation trends of Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci in Salix babylonica leaf were different in different seasons.
At the same time, the absorption, distribution and accumulation ability for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni of Populus tomentosa, which were of 3 aged,5aged and 10 aged and along the polluted river road area in Xijiao of Baoding city, were studied in order to identify the ability of Populus tomentosa in accumulating and transfering heavy metals. The results were as follows:
5. The trend of heavy metal absorption ability of Populus tomentosa was 3 years＞5 years＞10 years, and the trend of heavy metal content was Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni. Heavy metals content of Populus tomentosa were high in leaf, root and bark, but low in branch and stem. Transfer ability for Pb, Cr, Zn and Ni were reduced with the increase of age. Transfer factor of Populus tomentosa was greater than 1, indicating that Populus tomentosa was better in transferring Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni. Concentration coefficient of Populus tomentosa for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were decreased with the increase of its age.
结果表明：栾树、连翘、紫叶小檗、迎春和红瑞木重金属积累量均表现为根>茎>叶的趋势,其体内铅镉重金属含量随着铅镉浓度的增加而增加。5种树种的转移系数,整体上随着浓度的增加转移系数表现为降低的趋势。铅含量表现为栾树>连翘>紫叶小檗>迎春>红瑞木的趋势,镉含量表现为栾树>紫叶小檗>连翘>迎春>红瑞木的趋势。Pb转移系数顺序表现为连翘>栾树>紫叶小檗>迎春>红瑞木；Cd转移系数顺序表现为栾树>连翘>迎春>紫叶小檗>红瑞木。栾树、连翘、紫叶小檗、迎春、红瑞木铅镉临界值分别为500 mg. kg-1和50 mg. kg-1。
以扦插的方式盆栽垂柳(Salix babylonica)为试验材料,分析不同时间不同浓度铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫下,对垂柳生长、生理生化特性和光合作用的影响,旨在分析垂柳对铅镉的抗性大小,对铅镉的积累与分布特征,及其确定种植垂柳的土壤铅镉的临界值。研究结果表明：
1.在铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫条件下,垂柳高生长、根系生长和生物量均受到抑制,浓度愈大抑制作用也越大。铅镉在垂柳各器官含量表现为根>茎>叶,且随着铅镉处理浓度的增加,垂柳各器官含量呈现增加的趋势,且铅镉复合胁迫大于铅镉单一胁迫的影响。与对照相比,高浓度时铅镉含量均达到显著水平。铅镉在垂柳根中的分配系数大于茎叶。铅镉的转移系数小于1,表明垂柳并不是铅镉的超积累植物。垂柳的铅镉临界值分别为500 mg. kg-1和30 mg.kg-1。
2.垂柳叶片相对电导率呈和MDA含量随铅镉处理浓度的增加而增加。当铅镉的浓度分别为750 mg. kg-1和60 mg. kg-1时,与对照相比差异显著。随着处理浓度和处理时间的增加,垂柳叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX酶活性和GSH、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白表现出先增加后降低的趋势,而脯氨酸含量随着浓度的增加呈现增加的趋势。不同月份之间垂柳叶片保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量之间表现出不一致的变化趋势,但总体上,铅镉复合影响大于镉的影响大于铅对垂柳的影响。
3.在铅的胁迫下,垂柳的活性氧的产生速率、相对电导率与MDA关系密切,呈显著正相关。膜伤害指标与POD、APX呈负相关关系,与SOD、CAT、可溶性糖和脯氨酸呈正相关关系。在镉的胁迫下,膜伤害指标与SOD、POD、APX和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与CAT、可溶性糖和脯氨酸呈正相关关系。在铅镉复合胁迫下,膜伤害指标与SOD、POD、CAT、APX和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与可溶性糖呈正相关关系。保护酶与谷胱甘肽、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白呈负相关关系,与可溶性糖呈正相关关系。
4.垂柳在铅镉单一胁迫和复合胁迫下,垂柳叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在相同的时间内,随着浓度的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,而胞间CO2浓度呈现相反的变化趋势。垂柳光合日变化规律,随着时间的延长,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率在11点作用出现单峰峰值,随后又降低,但胞间CO2浓度呈现V型的变化。从不同季节光合作用变化规律来看,垂柳净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率呈现不同的变化趋势。
同时研究了保定市西郊河道公路污染区3年生、5年生和10年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)对Pb、Cd、Cd、Zn、Cr和Ni的吸收、积累、转移和富集能力,旨在分析不同年龄大小毛白杨对重金属的积累和转移能力。研究结果表明：
5.整体上3年生的毛白杨吸收重金属的能力大于5年生和10年生的毛白杨。重金属含量呈现Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni的规律。毛白杨吸收的重金属均表现为叶、根部和树皮较大,枝和树干较小。Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni的转移能力随着年龄的增加而降低。六种重金属的转移系数均大于1,表明毛白杨具有较强的转运Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni的能力。Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的富集系数随着年龄的增加而降低。
Pb and Cd accumulation and transfer in different organs of five two-year species of koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba under heavy metal Pb and Cd stess were studied through water culture experiments. The transfer ability of the koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba species for Pb and Cd were tested and analyzed to make sure whether they are the perfect plants in renovating heavy metal. Thus, scientific references were provided for selecting proper species in urban areas to renovating heavy metals in soil.
Results showed that for koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Cornus alba species the absorption ability trend of heavy metals was root＞stem＞leaf. Their content of heavy metals Pb and Cd were added but transfer factor of Pb and Cd were reduced with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration. Pb content trend was koelreuteria paniculata＞Forsythia suspense＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba, while the Cd content trend was Forsythia suspense＞koelreuteria paniculata＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba. Transfer factor trend of Pb was koelreuteria paniculata＞Forsythia suspense＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba, while transfer factor trend of Cd was Forsythia suspense＞koelreuteria paniculata＞Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea＞Jasminum nudiflorum＞Cornus alba. Critical values of Pb, Cd in koelreuteria paniculata, Forsythia suspense, Berberisthunbergiicv atropurpurea, Jasminum nudiflorum and Cornus alba were 500 mg·kg-1 and 100 mg·kg-1 respectively.
Effects of single and combined Pb and Cd stress on the growth, Physiological biochemical characteristic and photosynthesis of Salix babylonica in different time were tested with concentration gradients of Pb and Cd added to soil. Pb and Cd resistance, accumulation and distribution of Salix babylonica were analyzed, and critical values of Pb and Cd in soil for planting Salix babylonica were defined. The results were as follows:
1. Height growth, root growth and biomass of Salix babylonica were all rejected under single and combined Pb and Cd stress, and the inhib function was raised with increase of concentration. Content trend of heavy metals in different organs of Salix babylonica was root＞stem＞leaf, and the content raised with increase of concentration. The effects of Pb and Cd combined stress were more significant than those of Pb and Cd single stress. Compared with controls, the content of Pb and Cd with high concentration reached a significant level. The allocation coefficient trend of Pb and Cd in Salix babylonica was root＞stem＞leaf. The transfer factor was less than 1, indicating that Salix babylonica was not over-accumulation plant. The critical value of Pb and Cd for Salix babylonica were 500 mg·kg-1 and 30 mg·kg-1 respectively.
2. Membrane permeability and content of MDA of Salix babylonica leaf were added with increase of Pb and Cd concentration. When the concentration of Pb and Cd were 750 mg·kg-1 and 60 mg·kg-1 respectively, significant differences from the controls appeared. Activity of SOD, POD, CAT, APX and content of GSH, soluble protein, soluble sugar raised at first, but then reduced with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration and time. Yet free praline content increased all the time with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration. The trends of protective enzyme activity and permeate content were different in different months, but in general the effects of Pb and Cd combined stress were stronger than those of Pb and Cd single stress.
3. Under Pb stress, the production rate of superoxide anion radical, Membrane permeability of Salix babylonica were closely related to MDA, and showed significant positive correlation. Membrane permeability index and POD, APX were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with SOD, POD, APX and soluble sugar. Membrane permeability index and SOD, POD, APX and soluble protein were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with CAT, soluble sugar and free praline. Under combined Pb and Cd stress, membrane permeability index and SOD, POD, CAT, APX and soluble protein were negative correlation. Protective enzyme and GSH, free praline, soluble protein were negative correlation, but it was positively correlated with soluble sugar.
4. Under Pb and Cd single stress and combined stress, Pn, Tr, Gs in Salix babylonica leaf increased at first and decreased later with the increase of Pb and Cd concentration, but Ci showed opposite trend. Value of Pn, Tr, Gs were highest in 11 at morning in a day, and decreased with time extend. The variation of Ci concentration showed a trend of "V" form. Variation trends of Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci in Salix babylonica leaf were different in different seasons.
At the same time, the absorption, distribution and accumulation ability for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni of Populus tomentosa, which were of 3 aged,5aged and 10 aged and along the polluted river road area in Xijiao of Baoding city, were studied in order to identify the ability of Populus tomentosa in accumulating and transfering heavy metals. The results were as follows:
5. The trend of heavy metal absorption ability of Populus tomentosa was 3 years＞5 years＞10 years, and the trend of heavy metal content was Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni. Heavy metals content of Populus tomentosa were high in leaf, root and bark, but low in branch and stem. Transfer ability for Pb, Cr, Zn and Ni were reduced with the increase of age. Transfer factor of Populus tomentosa was greater than 1, indicating that Populus tomentosa was better in transferring Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni. Concentration coefficient of Populus tomentosa for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were decreased with the increase of its age.
引文
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